i 


THE  MOTH  Boo 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  I  (FRONTISPIECE) 

LARVAE    OF    MOTHS 

1.  Hyloicus  cliersis  Hiibner. 

2.  Callosamia  promethea  Drury. 

3.  Cucuilia  convexipennis  Grote  &  Robinson. 

4.  Citheronia  regalis  Fabricius. 

5.  Euchcetias  egle  Drury. 

6.  Sibine  stimulea  Clemens. 

7.  Catocala  innubens  Guenee. 

8.  Samia  cecropia  Linnaeus. 

9.  Prolimacodes  scapha  Harris. 

10.  Seirarctia  echo  Abbot  &  Smith. 

11.  Mamestra  picta  Harris. 
12  Achatodes  zece  Harris. 

13.  Datana  ministra  Drury. 

14.  Phobetron  pithecium  Abbot  &  Smith. 

15.  Nerice  bidenlata  Walker. 

16.  Eurycyttarus  confederata  Grote  &  Robinson. 

17.  Lycia,  cognataria  Guenee. 

18.  Cerura  multiscripta  Riley. 

19.  Tortricidia  testacea  Packard. 


THE  NEW  NATURE  LIBRARY 

THE     MOTH    BOOK 

A  POPULAR~GUIDE  TO  A  KNOWL- 
EDGE OF  THE  MOTHS  OF  NORTH 
AMERICA 


^ 


BY 


W.  J.  HOLLAND,  D.  D.,  PH.  D.,  Sc.  D.,  LL.  D. 

DIRECTOR  OF  THE  CARNEGIE  MUSEUM,  PITTSBURG,  PA.;  LATE  CHANCELLOR  OF  THE 
WESTERN  UNIVERSITY  OF  PENNSYLVANIA;  PRESIDENT  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY 
OF  WESTERN  PENNSYLVANIA;  FELLOW  OF  THE  ZOOLOGICAL  AND  ENTOMOLOGICAL 
SOCIETIES  OF  LONDON ;  MEMBER  OF  THE  ENTOMOLOGICAL  SOCIETY  OF  FRANCE ;  ETC.,  ETC. 


WITH  FORTY-EIGHT  PLATES  IN  COLOR  PHOTOGRAPHY, 
AND  NUMEROUS  ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT,  REPRO- 
DUCING SPECIMENS  IN  THE  COLLECTION  OF  THE  AUTHOR, 
AND  IN  VARIOUS  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE  COLLECTIONS 


VOLUME  FIVE 


GARDEN  CITY  NEW  YORK 

DOUBLEDAY,  PAGE  &  COMPANY 

1916 


COPYRIGHT,    1903,    BY 
W.  J.  HOLLAND 


TO     MY     HONORED     FRIEND, 

ANDREW   CARNEGIE, 

WHOSE    NAME    IS    A    SYNONYM    FOR    FINANCIAL 

SAGACITY    AND    PRACTICAL    BENEVOLENCE, 

I    DEDICATE    THIS    BOOK 


PREFACE 


\17HEN  a  few  years  ago  I  published  "The  Butterfly  Book,"  I 
^'  stated  in  the  preface  to  that  volume  that  I  would  follow  it 
by  the  preparation  of  a  similar  work  upon  the  moths  of  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  provided  the  reception  given  that  venture 
should  seem  to  justify  me  in  so  doing.  "The  Butterfly  Book" 
was  very  favorably  received,  and  not  only  I,  but  my  publishers, 
have  been  besieged  with  letters  from  all  parts  of  the  continent, 
urging  the  fulfillment  of  the  provisional  promise  made  by  me  in 
1898.  A  prompt  compliance  with  these  requests  has,  however, 
unfortunately  been  impossible,  owing  to  the  fact  that  my  official 
duties,  which  are  numerous  and  exacting,  prevent  me  from  devot- 
ing any  but  the  evening  hours  to  the  work  of  literary  composition. 
In  addition  to  the  difficulties  arising  from  this  source,  there  were 
other  and  even  greater  difficulties  which  presented  themselves. 
The  species  of  moths  known  to  occur  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  vastly  exceed  in  number  the  species  of  butterflies  found 
within  the  same  limits.  While  it  was  possible  to  bring  together 
brief  descriptions  and  numerous  illustrations  of  the  majority  of  the 
species  of  butterflies  found  in  the  region,  it  became  evident  at  the 
outset  that  in  dealing  with  the  moths  it  would  be  necessary  to 
resort  to  a  different  method.  It  became  plain  that  a  process  of 
selection  would  have  to  be  followed,  if  the  volume  were  to  be 
kept  within  proper  limits  as  to  size  and  cost.  It  would  have  been 
comparatively  easy  to  have  selected  from  the  abundant  material 
at  my  command  a  series  of  the  more  showy  insects,  and  to  have 
illustrated  these,  but  as  it  is  the  purpose  of  the  series  of  the  books 
of  which  "The  Moth  Book"  is  one  to  provide  in  reasonably 
compact  form  manuals  which  will  with  tolerable  completeness 
cover  the  whole  field,  the  plan  had  to  be  materially  altered.  In- 
stead, therefore,  of  attempting  to  briefly  describe  and  figure  all 
the  thousands  of  species  of  moths  which  have  been  ascertained  to 


Preface 

occur  in  North  America  north  of  Mexico,  the  effort  was  made  to 
select  those  species  which  would  adequately  represent  the  various 
families  and  the  commoner  and  more  important  genera,  thus  pro- 
viding a  work  which  might  serve  as  an  introduction  to  the  study. 
This  process  of  selection  had  to  be  made  with  much  patience  and 
care.  Another  cause  of  delay  arose  from  the  fact  that  it  is  some- 
times difficult  to  obtain  perfect  specimens" for  purposes  of  photo- 
graphic reproduction.  Even  where  species  are  well  known  and 
common,  and  are  abundantly  represented  in  the  collections  to 
which  I  have  access,  it  has  not  infrequently  happened  that  it  was 
almost  impossible  to  discover  specimens  so  perfect  as  to  allow 
of  their  being  reproduced  by  color-photography  in  a  satisfactory 
manner.  Minor  defects,  which  signify  little  to  a  working  natural- 
ist, and  which  can  easily  be  eliminated  from  sight  by  a  draughts- 
man, become  very  serious  blemishes  when  resort  is  had  to  methods 
of  photographic  illustration.  Much  time  had,  therefore,  to  be  spent 
in  searching  through  various  collections  for  the  kind  of  material 
which  was  required,  and  often  in  remounting  specimens  which, 
while  good  enough  for  the  cabinet,  were  not  so  set  as  to  permit 
them  to  be  employed  in  the  photographic  laboratory.  Patience 
and  perseverance,  however,  always  bring  in  due  time  their  re- 
ward, and  I  have  been  able  to  assemble  enough  properly  prepared 
material  to  enable  me  in  the  main  to  accomplish  my  purpose. 

"Brevity  is  the  soul  of  wit,"  and  this  fact  has  not  been 
forgotten  by  the  writer  in  preparing  the  pages  of  this  book.  The 
limitations  necessarily  imposed  by  the  space  available  precluded 
the  preparation  of  lengthy  descriptions.  This  brevity  in  descrip- 
tion is,  however,  as  the  writer  believes,  abundantly  compensated 
for  by  the  illustrations  in  the  Plates.  One  good  recognizable 
figure  of  a  species  is  worth  reams  of  mere  verbal  description. 
Those  who  desire  to  go  deeply  into  the  subject,  and  who  wish 
to  famiharize  themselves  with  all  its  technicalities,  will  find  in 
the  list  of  works  named  in  that  part  of  the  introduction  devoted 
to  the  bibliography  of  the  subject  much  that  they  desire. 

I  am  indebted  to  many  scientific  friends  for  assistance,  but  to 
no  one  am  I  more  indebted  than  to  Dr.  L.  O.  Howard,  the  Ento- 
mologist of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  and  the 
Honorary  Curator  of  Entomology  in  the  United  States  National 
Museum,  and  to  his  amiable  associates,  Dr.  William  H.  Ashmead 

viii 


Preface 

and  Dr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar.  With  unfailing  courtesy  these  gentle? 
men  most  generously  aided  me  by  allowing  me  to  use  the 
material  in  the  National  Collection,  when  it  became  necessary  to 
do  so,  and  in  many  other  ways  gave  me  invaluable  help.  I 
gratefully  acknowledge  the  kindness  of  Professor  J.  B.  Smith,  of 
Rutgers  College,  who  very  graciously  went  over  the  Plates  con- 
taining the  Noctuidce,  thereby  saving  me  in  several  instances 
from  errors  in  determination.  My  best  thanks  are  due  to  Mr. 
William  Beutenmuller,  the  Curator  of  Entomology  in  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  for  his  most 
obliging  courtesy  and  for  much  valued  assistance.  To  Mrs. 
Beutenmuller's  facile  fingers  I  owe  the  frontispiece  and  many 
illustrations  in  the  text.  To  Sir  George  F.  Hampson,  of  the 
British  Museum,  and  to  the  Trustees  of  that  great  institution, 
a  debt  of  gratitude  is  due  for  many  favors,  and  especially 
for  permission  to  use  some  of  the  illustrations  employed  in 
their  publications.  From  Dr.  Henry  Skinner,  of  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  in  Philadelphia,  and  Mr.  Jacob  Doll,  of  the 
Brooklyn  Institute,  I  received  great  assistance.  To  the  Messrs. 
F.  A.  and  H.  S.  Merrick,  of  New  Brighton,  Pa.,  to  Dr.  William 
Barnes,  of  Decatur,  III.,  and  to  Mr.  O.  C.  Poling,  of  Peoria,  111.,  I 
return  thanks  for  the  loan  of  specimens  used  for  illustration. 
The  Honorable  Walter  Rothschild  and  Dr.  Carl  Jordan,  of  Tring, 
England,  placed  me  under  special  obligations  by  permitting  me  to 
see  advance  proofs  of  the  pages  of  their  great  work  upon  the 
Sphingidce.  To  all  of  these  gentlemen,  as  well  as  to  scores  of 
others,  who  have  lent  their  aid  in  the  preparation  of  the  book,  I 
extend  my  heartfelt  thanks. 

While  recognizing  its  imperfections,  I  trust  that  the  volume 
will  accomplish  much  to  quicken  an  interest,  especially  among 
the  young  people  in  our  schools  and  colleges,  in  that  beautiful 
department  of  scientific  inquiry,  which  it  is  designed  to  some 
extent  to  illustrate. 

DIRECTOR'S  OFFICE,  W.  J.  H. 

CARNEGIE  MUSEUM,  PITTSBURGH,  PA. 
September  8,  1903. 


TABLE   OF  CONTENTS 


PAGE 

Dedication  .................      v 

Preface vii 

Table  of  Contents xi 

List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text xv 

List  of  Colored  Plates  xxiii 


INTRODUCTION 


CHAP.  PAGE 

I.  THE  LIFE-HISTORY  AND  ANATOMY  OF  MOTHS     .    .    .    3-18 

How  to  distinguish  a  moth  from  a  butterfly.  The  Eggs  of 
Moths;  Caterpillars:  Structure,  Form,  Color,  Habits,  etc.;  The 
Pupae  of  Moihs:  Form,  Covering,  etc.;  Anatomy  of  Moths: 
Head,  Thorax,  Abdomen,  Legs,  Wings. 

11.  THE  CAPTURE,  PREPARATION,  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  SPECI- 
MENS       19-21 

Special  Instructions  for  Mounting  and  Preparing  the  Smaller 
Forms. 

III.  THE  CLASSIFICATION  OF  MOTHS 22-26 

The  Difficulties  of  Classification.  Various  Views  Entertained 
by  Writers.  Key  to  the  Families  of  North  American  Heterocera. 

IV.  BOOKS   ABOUT  THE    MOTHS   OF    NORTH    AMERICA  .      .      .    27-38 

Early  Writers.     Periodicals..    General  Catalogues  and  Lists. 
General  Works  Containing  Information  as  to  the  Moths  of  ' 
North  America.      Works  Particularly  Useful  in  Studying  the 
Different  Families  of  the  Moths  of  North  America. 


Table  of  Contents 


THE   BOOK 

THE  MOTHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA  NORTH  OF  MEXICO. 

PAGE 

Family  I.     The  Sphingidae  .     .  '-.'    :'   .'n.     .....     41 

Family  II.     The  Saturniidae 80 

Family  III.     The  Ceratocampidae 94 

Family  IV.     The  Syntomidae •     v,  *     *     98 

Family  V.     The  Lithosiidae 103 

Family  VI.     The  Arctiidae , '.  . ;  ,.     .114 

Family  VII.     The  Agaristidae 140 

Family  VIII.     The  Noctuidae    .     .     .     . 151 

Family  IX.     The  Nycteolidae    ....     .     .    '.  ".'" .     .288 

Family  X.     The  Pericopidae 289 

Family  XI.     The  Dioptidae 291 

Family  XII.     The  Notodontidae 292 

Family  XIII.     The  Thyatiridae 303 

Family  XIV.     The  Liparidae 305 

Family  XV.     The  Lasiocampidae 311 

Family  XVI.     The  Bombycidae 315 

Family  XVII.     The  Platypterygidae 320 

Family  XVIII.     The  Geometridae 322 

Family  XIX.     The  Epiplemidae 356 

Family  XX.     The  Nolidae 357 

Family  XXI.     The  Lacosomidae 359 

Family  XXII.     The  Psychidse .  360 

Family  XXIII.     The  Cochlidiidae  .     ...     ....     .     .     .364 

Family  XXIV.     The  Megalopygidae 368 

Family  XXV.     The  Dalceridse      . 369 

Family  XXVI.     The  Epipyropidae 370 

Family  XXVII.     The  Zygaenidae 371 

Family  XXVIII.     The  Thyrididse 374 

Family  XXIX.     The  Cossida? 375 

Family  XXX.     The    ^geriidae 379 

Family  XXXI.     The  Pyralidae 391 

Family  XXXII.     The  Pterophoridae  .     .     .'.    .     .     .     .415 
Family  XXXIII.     The  Orneodidae 417 


Table  of  Contents 
PAGE 

Family  XXXIV.    The  Tortricidae 417 

Family  XXXV.     The  Yponomeutidae 423 

Family  XXXVI.     The  Gelechiidae        424 

Family  XXXVII.     The  Xyloricitidae    .     .     .    -.     .     .     .428 

Family  XXXVIII.     The  CEcophoridae 428 

Family  XXXIX.     The  Blastobasidae    .     ...   .     .     .     .'429 

Family  XL.     The  Elachistidae 430 

Family  XLI.     The  Tineidae "...  430 

Family  XLI  I.     The  Hepialidae .     .  443 

Family  XLI  1 1.     The  Micropterygidae .  444 


DIGRESSIONS  AND  QUOTATIONS 


The  World  of  the  Dark 77 

"Splitters"  and  "Lumpers" 112 

Sugaring  for  Moths 146 

The  Tragedy  of  the  Night  Moth  (Thomas  Carlyle)       .      .  209 

Walking  as  a  Fine  'Art 270 

Das  Lied  vom  Schmetterlinge  (Herder) 290 

Ode  to  an  Insect  (Anacreon) ;  291 

Nasu-no  Take 301 

Moth  Song  (Cortissoz) 310 

The  History  of  Silk  Culture 316 

Transformation  (Henry  Brooke) 321 

Living  and  Dying  (Gosse) 355 

Far  Out  at  Sea  (Home)        363 

Faunal  Subregions 387 

Cupid's  Candle  (Felix  Carmen)        .    , 427 

Clothes-moths '   .  434 

The  End  of  All  (Tennyson)        445 


xni 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS  IN  THE  TEXT 

FIG.                                                .  PAGE 

1.  Dahlia  hesperioides  Pagenstecher    ....;...  3 

2.  Egg  of  Peridroma  saucia        5 

3.  Egg  of  Samia  cecropia 5 

4.  Larva  of  Hyloicus  kalmiae 7 

5.  PupaofTelea  polyphemus 10 

6.  Pupa  of  cut-worm  in  underground  cell 10 

7.  Front  view  of  the  head  of  a  moth 12 

8.  Lateral  view  of  the  head  of  a  moth 12 

9.  Antennae  of  moths ........     .     .     .  13 

10.  Antenna  of  Telea  polyphemus    .     .     .     ,   ...    . ••  .  ..,.     .  13 

1 1 .  Legs  of  a  moth '.  1 5 

12.  Diagram  showing  the  structure  of  the  wings  of  a  moth  16 

13.  Neuration  of  the  wings  of  Hepialus  gracilis 17 

14.  Figures  showing  the  frenulum  and  the  retinaculum    .     .  17 

1 5.  Figure  showing  the  maculation  of  the  wings  of  a  Noctuid  18 

16.  Setting-needle  used  in  mounting  microlepidoptera      .     .  19 

17.  Setting-board  used  in  mounting  microlepidoptera       .     .  20 

18.  Double  mount 21 

19.  "As  it  is  not  done " 26 

20.  Three  joints  of  the  antenna  of  Protoparce  quinquemacu- 

latus 41 

21.  Neuration  of  the  wings  of  Sesia  tantalus 42 

22.  Pupa  of  Protoparce  quinquemaculatus     ..    .    ,     .     .     .  43 

23.  Isoparce  cupressi 48 

24.  Hyloicus  eremitoides     .     .     .     , 50 

25.  Hyloicus  canadensis 51 

26.  Protambulyx  strigilis 54 

27.  Larva  of  Pholus  satellitia 65 

28.  Larva  of  Pholus  achemon 66 

29.  Larva  of  Darapsa  myron    . 68 

30.  Parasitized  larva  of  Darapsa  myron 69 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

3 1 .  Microgaster  which  preys  upon  the  larva  of  Darapsa  myron  69 

32.  Pupa  of  Darapsa  myron ."     .     .  69 

33.  Larva  and  moth  of  Sphecodina  abbotti 70 

34.  Light  form  of  larva  of  Celerio  lineata 76 

35.  Dark  form  of  larva  of  Celerio  lineata 76 

36.  Philosamia  cynthia '  l:   .  •»          .     .  81 

37.  Cocoon  of  Samia  cecropia ....  83 

38.  Larva  of  Callosamia  promethea  .    .     ,          85 

39.  Cocoon  of  Callosamia  promethea    .     .     .     .   ;.     .     .     .  85 

40.  Larva  of  Actias  luna      .......          ....  87 

41.  Larva  of  Telea  polyphemus 88 

42.  Cocoon  of  Telea  polyphemus 88 

43.  Larva  of  Automeris  io 90 

44.  Eggs  of  Buck-moth .     .  92 

45.  Larva  of  Buck-moth 92 

46.  Anisota  rubicunda,  larva  and  pupa 95 

47.  Crambidia  pallida 104 

48.  Crambidia  casta 104 

49.  Palpidia  pallidior 105 

50.  Hypoprepia  fucosa 106 

51.  Hsematomis  mexicana 107 

52.  Comacla  simplex 107 

53.  Bruceia  pulverina 108 

54.  Clemensia  albata 108 

55.  Illice  unifascia 109 

56.  Illice  subjecta 109 

57.  Lerina  incarnata 1 1 1 

58.  Dodia  albertae 117 

59.  Haploa  lecontei 119 

60.  Haploa  contigua 119 

61.  Euerythra  phasma 120 

62.  Larva  of  Ecpantheria  deflorata 120 

63.  Turuptiana  permaculata 121 

64.  Seirarctia  echo 122 

65.  Alexicles  aspersa 122 

66.  Estigmene  prima 122 

67.  Estigmene  acraea 123 

68.  Isia  isabella 125 

xvi 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

69.  Caterpillar  and  pupa  of  Isia  Isabella 125 

70.  Phragmatobia  fuliginosa 126 

71.  Phragmatobia  yarrowi 127 

72.  Apantesis  anna 130 

73.  Kodiosoma  fulva 133 

74.  Ectypia  bivittata  .    . .133 

75.  Euchaetias  egle 135 

76.  Pygarctia  elegans 136 

77.  Hypocrisias  minima -  '.    '.  ;«—.:'.    .  136 

78.  Egg  of  Copidryas  gloved :>.'-  sr  V   *•'.    .  141 

79.  Pupa  of  Copidryas  gloved    .    .    .-  . !  v- V':.    .:  .  -  .    .  142 

80.  Larva  and  moth  of  Copidryas  gloveri  .'  .  •  V   .    .    .    .  142 

81.  Tuerta  sabulosa v  '  1' :  .    .    ;    .    .  143 

82.  Alypia  disparata .    .-'.'    ;:  ....  144 

83.  Alypia  octomaculata .'    J    , 144 

84.  Alypiodes  bimaculata 145 

85.  Apatela  populi,  $ 154 

86.  Apatela  populi,  larva 154 

87.  Apatela  oblinita 158 

88.  Apharetra  dentata 1 58 

89.  Apharetra  pyralis 1 59 

90.  Cerma  cora 161 

91.  Copibryophila  angelica 162 

92.  Platyperigea  praacuta 164 

93.  Platyperigea  discistriga 164 

94.  Fishea  yosemita3 170 

95.  Momaphana  comstocki 172 

96.  Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  larva 173 

97.  Larva  of  Laphygma  frugiperda 174 

98.  Moth  of  Laphygma  frugiperda 174 

99.  Podagra  crassipes 178 

100.  Abagrotis  erratica 180 

101.  Metalepsis  cornuta 181 

102.  Setagrotis  terrifica 181 

103.  Agrotis  ypsilon 182 

104.  Pronoctua  typica 185 

105.  Feltia  subgothica     .''.-•'.    .    . 186 

106.  Eucoptocnemis  fimbdaris 190 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

107.  Mamestra  picta 194 

1 08.  Trichopolia  serrata 199 

109.  Eupolia  licentiosa 199 

1 10.  Larva  of  Heliophila  unipuncta 200 

in.  Pupa  of  Heliophila  unipuncta 200 

112.  Moth  of  Heliophila  unipuncta 201 

113.  Larvae  and  eggs  of  Heliophila  albilinea 202 

114.  Neleucania  bicolorata 203 

115.  Stretchia  muricina 205 

116.  Perigrapha  prim  a 205 

1 17.  Xylina  antennata 206 

1 1 8.  Asteroscopus  borealis 209 

119.  Bellura  gortynides   .    . 211 

120.  Gortyna  immanis 212 

121.  Larva  of  Papaipema  nitela 213 

122.  Ochria  sauzselitse 214 

123.  Pseudorthosia  variabilis 216 

124.  Selicanis  cinereola 216 

125.  Orrhodia  calif ornica 218 

126.  Tristyla  alboplagiata    .    . 220 

127.  Pippona  bimatris 221 

128.  Bessula  luxa .  221 

129.  Oxycnemis  fusimacula 221 

130.  Boll-worm  feeding  on  tomato 223 

131.  Heliothis  armiger 223 

132.  Derrima  stellata .    .  224 

133.  Pseudacontia  crustaria 225 

134.  Grseperia  magnifka 225 

135.  Trichosellus  cupes 226 

136.  Eupanychis  spinosae    .     .     .    „ 226 

137.  Canidia  scissa 226 

1 38.  Palada  scarletina 229 

139.  Sympistis  proprius 229 

140.  Heliodes  restrictalis 230 

141.  Heliosea  pictipennis 230 

142.  Eupseudomorpha  brillians 231 

143.  Larva  of  Psychomorpha  epimenis 232 

144.  Pseudalypia  crotchi 232 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

145.  Larva  of  Euthisanotia  grata 233 

146.  Acherdoa  ferraria 234 

147.  Neumoegenia  poetica 235 

148.  Autographa  brassicae 239 

149.  Diastema  tigris 241 

150.  Eutelia  pulcherrima .  242 

151.  Alabama  argillacea,  egg,  larva,  and  pupa 243 

152.  Anepischetos  bipartita 245 

153.  Diallagma  lutea 245 

154.  Incita  aurantiaca 246 

15*).  Trtchotarache  assimilis 246 

156.  Thalpochares  aetheria 249 

157.  Gyros  muiri 249 

158.  Tornacontia  sutrix       250 

159.  Cerathosia  tricolor       :<.-•  i~"Y  <<  ?.    .    .    .253 

160.  Hormoschista  pagenstecheri 253 

161.  Sylectra  erycata •  .    »    .•:-'.    .  254 

162.  Melanomma  auricinctaria 255 

163.  Argillophora  furcilla 255 

164.  Parora  texana 255 

165.  Capnodes  punctivena 277 

166.  Selenis  monotropa 277 

167.  Latebraria  amphipyroides 279 

1 68.  Epizeuxis  americalis 280 

169.  Epizeuxis  aemula 280 

170.  Zanclognatha  protumnusalis 281 

171.  Sisyrhypena  orciferalis 282 

172.  Hypenula  cacuminalis 283 

173.  Hypenula  opacalis 283 

174.  Tetanolita  mynesalis 284 

175.  Dircetis  pygmaea 284 

176.  Salia  interpuncta 285 

177.  Lomanaltes  eductalis 285 

178.  Hypena  humuli 287 

179.  Eunystalea  indiana 295 

1 80.  Euphyparpax  rosea 298 

181.  Cargida  cadmia        .    .    .    .    .-   .    v'.'/-^U    .    .    .    .301 

182.  Hemerocampa  leucostigma,  moth     .    .    .    .  -  .    .    .    .306 

xix 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

183.  Hemerocampa  leucostigma,    female  moth,   larva,  and 

male  and  female  pupae 307 

184.  Hemerocampa  leucostigma,  full  grown  female  larva  .    .  307 

185.  Doa  ampla 309 

1 86.  Leuculodes  lacteolaria 310 

187.  Hypopacha  grisea 312 

1 88.  Malacosoma  americana,  eggs,  larvae,  and  cocoon.     .     .313 

189.  Malacosoma  disstria,  mature  larva    .    . •<-. •'.«!».>•;  ;   >    .313 

190.  Malacosoma  disstria •*.?;.'«•:„,;.    .  314 

191.  Larva  of  Bombyx  mori ..„:*;.    *j».     .  316 

192.  Cocoon  of  Bombyx  mori .    .    .    ..,,.-..-'.,<«..    .316 

193.  Moth  of  Bombyx  mori     .     .     .     ...>,v    ..   .    *•  .    .    .  316 

194.  Eudeilinea  herminiata 320 

195.  Paleacrita  vernata,  egg,  and  larva     .     ,:\  ..*•..-.  :  .    .325 

196.  Paleacrita  vernata,  male  and  female  moths    .    .   v    .    .  325 

197.  Alsophila  pometaria,  egg,  larva,  and  pupa 326 

198.  Moths  of  Alsophila  pometaria 326 

199.  Larva  of  Eois  ptelearia 334 

200.  Moth  and  cocoon  of  Eois  ptelearia 355 

201.  Fernaldella  fimetaria 337 

202.  Cymatophora  ribearia,  moth 340 

203.  Egg  of  Goose-berry  span-worm 340 

204.  Goose-berry  span-worm 34 1 

205.  Coniodes  plumigeraria 34') 

206.  Coniodes  plumigeraria,  larva 346 

207.  Nigetia  formosalis ,•.,...    .  3sS 

208.  Oiketicus  abboti 361 

209.  Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis  .    ..-..,,..•,..    .361 

210.  Harrisina  americana,  larva,  and  moth 37? 

211.  Harrisina  americana,  larvae  on  grape-leaf 373 

212.  Zeuzera  pyrina ; .« .  .. ••'.    .    .    .  376 

213.  Inguromorpha  basalis 378 

214.  Cossula  magnifica 379 

215.  Synanthedon  acerni 386 

216.  Desmia  funeralis 392 

217.  Glyphodes  quadristigmalis  ' 394 

218.  Phlyctaenodes  sticticalis 395 

219.  Phlyctaenodes  sticticalis,  larvae     ...-..„...  396 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAGE 

220.  Phlyctaenodes  sticticalis,  pupa 396 

221.  Hypsopygia  costalis 400 

222.  Pyralis  farinalis 401 

223.  Diatraea  saccharalis,  larvae     .     . 403 

224.  Cornstalk  attacked  by  Diatraea  saccharalis 404 

225.  Moth  and  pupa  of  Diatrsea  saccharalis 405 

226.  The  Bee-moth    .     .     »    .  H'  '  .-    .     .'.'..     .     .     .  406 

227.  Mineola  juglandis 408 

228.  Mineola  indigenella,  larvae  and  moth  .     .  ! 409 

229.  Mineola  indigenella,  larval  case  among  leaves  .     .     .     .410 

230.  Zophodia  grossulariae  .     . 411 

231.  Canarsia  hammondi 411 

232.  Ephestia  kuehniella      .     .     . 412 

233.  Cocoons  of  Ephestia  kuehniella 413 

234.  Larva  of  Ephestia  cautella 414 

235.  Ephestia  cautella 414 

236.  Plodia  interpunctella 415 

237.  Oxyptilus  periscelidactylus  .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .     .416 

238.  Orneodes  hexadactylus 417 

239.  Eucosma  scudderiana 418 

240.  Ancylis  comptana 419 

241.  Cydia  pomonella 420 

242.  Alceris  minuta 421 

243.  Phthorimaea  operculella 424 

244.  Gnorimoschema  gallaesolidaginis 425 

245.  Anarsia  lineatella,  larvae 426 

246.  Anarsia  lineatella,  moths 427 

247.  Depressaria  heracliana 428 

248.  Holcocera  glandulella 429 

249.  Walshia  amorphella 430 

250.  Bucculatrix  canadensisella 431 

251.  Bucculatrix  pomifoliella 432 

252.  Tineola  bisselliella  (The  Clothes-moth) 432 

253.  Tinea  pellionella.     (The  Fur-moth) 433 

254.  Trichophaga  tapetzella.     (The  Carpet-moth)   ....  434 

255.  Prodoxus  quinquepunctella,  larvae ,.  438 

256.  Prodoxus  quinquepunctella,  moth 439 

257.  Prodoxus  marginatus 439 

xxi 


List  of  Illustrations  in  the  Text 

FIG.  PAG* 

258.  Prodoxus  y-inversa 440 

259.  Prodoxus  reticulata 440 

260.  Prodoxus  coloradensis 440 

261.  Prodoxus  cinereus 441 

262.  Pronuba  yuccasella 442 

263.  Pronuba  yuccasella,  pupae 442 


xxii 


LIST  OF   COLORED   PLATES 

Produced  by  the  color-photographic  process  of  the  American  Colortype 
Company,  New  York  and  Chicago 

FACING 
PAGE 

I.  Larvae  of  Moths Frontispiece 

II.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths)     .     .     ..'.,..,    .'...     42 

III.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths),  &c.       ."....     .     .     48 

IV.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths) 56 

V.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths) 62 

VI.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths) 70 

VII.  Sphingidae  (Hawkmoths) 76 

VIII.  Saturniidae,  Ceratocampidae,  &c 80 

IX.  Saturniidae,  &c 84 

X.  Saturniidae,  Ceratocampidae,  Lasiocampidae      ...  88 

XI.  Saturniidae,  Ceratocampidae,  Lasiocampidae,  &c.  .     .  92 

XII.  Saturniidae,  Cossidae,  Lasiocampidae 96 

XIII.  Syntomidae,  Lithosiidae,  Arctiidae 108 

XIV.  Arctiidae 116 

XV.  Arctiidae 122 

XVI.  Arctiidae,  &c 134 

XVII.  Arctiidae,  Agaristidae,  Noctuidae 140 

XVIII.  Noctuidae 156 

XIX.  Noctuidae 164 

XX.  Noctuidae 176 

XXI.  Noctuidae , 182 

XXII.  Noctuidae 188 

XXIII.  Noctuidae 194 

XXIV.  Noctuidae 204 

XXV.  Noctuidae     . 210 

XXVI.  Noctuidae  .  218 


List  of  Colored  Plates 

FACING 
PAGE 

XXVII.  Noctuida 228 

XXVIII.  Noctuidse 240 

XXIX.  Noctuicte 252 

XXX.  Noctuidse  . 260 

XXXI.  Noctuidse 262 

XXXII.  Noctuidas 266 

XXXIII.  Noctuidae 268 

XXXIV.  Noctuidae 270 

XXXV.  Noctuidaa 272 

XXXVI.  Noctuidae 276 

XXXVII.  Noctuid* 278 

XXXVIII.  Pericopidae,  Dioptidae,  Liparidae,    Megalopygidae, 

&c 290 

XXXIX.  Notodontida 296 

XL.  Notodontidae,  Thyatiridae,  &c.    ..'.....  300 
XLI.  Lasiocampidae,   Hepialidae,   Psychidae,  Platyptery-  314 

gidae,  Lacosomidae,  &c 

XLII.  Noctuidae, -Nycteolidae,  Geometridas 330 

XLIII.  Geometridae 338 

XLIV.  Geometridae 348 

XLV.  Geometridae 354 

XLVI.   y^geriidae ;.'    .     .  382 

XLVII.  Cochlidiidae,  Zygaenidae,  Thryrididae,  Pyralidae      .  394 

XL VIII.  Pyralidae,  Tortricidae,  Tineidae,  &c 412 


INTRODUCTION 


INTRODUCTION 

CHAPTER  I 

THE    LIFE-HISTORY    AND   ANATOMY   OF   MOTHS 

"I  suppose  you  are  an  entomologist?" 

"Not  quite  so  ambitious  as  that,  sir.  I  should  like  to  put  my  eyes  on  the 
individual  entitled  to  that  name.  No  man  can  be  truly  called  an  entomologist, 
sir;  the  subject  is  too  vast  for  any  single  human  intelligence  to  grasp." 

OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES,  The  Poet  at  the  Breakfast  Table. 

THE  great  order  of  the  scale-winged  insects,  or  lepidoptera, 
by  the  consent  of  almost  all  naturalists  has  been  subdivided  into 
two  suborders,  the  Rhopalocera,  or  Butterflies,  and  the  Hetero- 
cera,  or  Moths.  As  Dr.  David  Sharp  well  says,  "  The  only 
definition  that  can  be  given  of  Heterocera  is  the  practical  one  that 
all  Lepidoptera  that  are  not  butterflies  are  Heterocera."* 

The  distinction  made  between  butterflies  and  moths,  accord- 
ing to  which  all  lepidoptera  having  clubbed  antennae  are  to 
be  classified  as  Rhopalocera,  or  butterflies,  and  those  without 
clubbed  antennae  are  to  be  classified  as  Heterocera,  or  moths, 
while  holding  good  in  the  main,  yet  is  found  with  the  increase 
of  our  knowledge  to  have  exceptions,  and  there  are  a  few  fami- 
lies of  lepidoptera,  apparently  forming  con- 
necting links  between  the  butterflies  and  the 
moths,  in  which,  while  most  of  the  structural 
characteristics  are  those  of  the  Heterocera,  the 
antennae  are  distinctly  clubbed.  This  is  true 
of  the  Castniidce,  found  in  tropical  America,  FIG.  i.—  Dahlia 
the  Neocastniida  of  the  Indo-Malayan  region,  JSSS: 
the  Euscbemonidce  of  Australia,  and  certain 
obscure  genera  of  the  Agaristidce,  among  them  that  remarkable 
insect,  Dahlia  hesperioides  Pagenstecher,  which  occurs  in  the 

*Cambridge  Natural  History,  Vol.  VI.  p.  366. 
3 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

Bismarck  Archipelago  and  the  island  of  Buru.  When,  a  few 
years  ago,  I  communicated  a  specimen  of  this  strange  little  moth  to 
Sir  George  F.  Hampson,  he  suggested  that  a  trick  had  been  played 
and  that  the  head  of  a  butterfly  (a  skipper)  had  been  affixed  to 
the  body  of  a  moth,  but  such  was  not  the  case,  as  a  considerable 
series  of  specimens  in  my  possession  showed.  The  incident 
reveals  that  in  classification  hard  and  fast  lines,  based  upon  the 
character  of  a  single  organ,  can  not  be  always  adhered  to.  There 
is  scarcely  any  generalization  in  reference  to  organic  structures 
which  students  have  made  which  has  not  been  found  with  the 
increase  of  knowledge  to  have  its  limitations.  While  all  this  is 
true,  it  is  nevertheless  also  true  that,  so  far  as  the  lepidoptera  of 
the  United  States  and  the  countries  of  British  North  America  are 
concerned,  the  old  distinction  between  the  two  suborders,  based 
upon  the  form  of  the  antennae,  holds  good,  with  the  sole  excep- 
tion of  '"he  insects  belonging  to  the  genus  Megathymus,  which 
are  by  many  authors  classified  with  the  Castniidce,  and  by  others 
with  the  Hesperiidce.  In  the  "Butterfly  Book"  1  have  left  these 
insects  with  the  Hesperiidce.  Leaving  them  out  of  sight,  we  may 
say  that  all  lepidoptera  found  in  the  region  with  which  this  book 
deals,  and  which  do  not  possess  clubbed  antennae,  are  moths. 
The  easiest  way  for  the  beginner  who  lives  in  the  United  States, 
or  Canada,  to  ascertain  whether  the  insect  before  him  is  a  moth, 
is  to  first  familiarize  himself  with  the  structure  of  the  antennae  of 
butterflies,  and  then  by  comparison  to  refer  the  specimens  before 
him  to  their  proper  suborder. 

Moths  undergo  metamorphoses  analogous  to  those  through 
which  butterflies  pass.  They  exist  first  in  the  embryonic  form 
as  eggs.  When  the  eggs  hatch  the  insects  appear  as  larvae,  or 
caterpillars.  .They  are  then,  after  undergoing  a  series  of  molts, 
transformed  into  pupae,  or  chrysalids,  which  may  be  naked,  or 
may  be  provided  with  an  outer  covering,  known  as  the  cocoon, 
which  is  more  or  less  composed  of  silk.  After  remaining  for 
some  time  in  the  pupal  state,  they  appear  as  perfect  four-winged, 
six-footed  insects. 

THE  EGGS  OF  MOTHS 

The  eggs  of  moths,  like  those  of  butterflies,  consist  of  a  shell 
containing  the  embryo  and  the  liquid  food  upon  which  it  subsists 

4 


FIG.  2. — Egg  of 
Peridroma  saucia, 
greatly  enlarged. 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

until  it  has  attained  the  degree  of  maturity  which  permits  it 
to  hatch,  or  come  forth  in  the  first  larval  stage.  The  eggs 
of  moths  have  various  forms.  Spherical,  hemispherical,  cylin- 
drical, and  lenticular,  or  lens-shaped  eggs 
are  common.  The  eggs  of  the  Cochlidiidx,  or 
Slug-moths,  are  broad  and  very  flat,  looking 
like  microscopic  pancakes.  The  surfaces  of 
the  eggs  of  moths  are  seen  under  a  micro- 
scope to  be  more  or  less  ornamented  by 
raised  lines  and  sculpturings.  While  in  some 
cases  the  eggs  of  moths  are  beautifully  spotted  and  mottled,  they 
are  generally  quite  plain  in  color,  white,  pale  green,  bluish- 
green,  or  brown.  Like  the  eggs  of  butterflies,  they  are  provided 
with  a  micropyle.  The  micropyle,  in  the  case  of  such  eggs  as 
are  globular,  conical,  or  cylindrical,  is  situated  on  top.  In  the 
case  of  those  eggs  which  are  flattened  or  lenticular,  the  micro- 
pyle is  located  on  the  outer  margin  or  rim. 

The  eggs  are  always  laid  by  the  female  in  a  state  of  freedom 
upon  that  food-plant  which  is  most  congenial  to  the  larva.  In 
captivity  moths  will  often  deposit  their  eggs 
in  the  receptacle  in  which  they  are  con- 
fined. In  such  cases,  unless  the  observer 
knows  the  food-plant  upon  which  the 
species  feeds,  he  will  be  apt  to  have  great 
difficulty  in  rearing  the  larvae,  unless  by  a 
happy  chance  he  succeeds  experimentally 
in  ascertaining  the  proper  plant.  This  may 
sometimes  be  done  by  introducing  the 
leaves  of  a  number  of  plants  found  in  the  neighborhood  and 
observing  those  to  which  the  young  caterpillars  resort. 

The  date  of  oviposition  varies  with  different  families  and 
genera.  Some  moths  deposit  their  eggs  in  the  fall  and  the  young 
insect  passes  the  winter'  in  the  egg,  emerging  when  the  early 
springtime  brings  opening  flowers  and  leaves.  Some  moths 
lay  their  eggs  in  the  late  summer  and  early  fall;  the  eggs  hatch 
shortly  afterward,  and  the  larvae,  after  molting  one  or  more 
times,  hibernate  in  the  caterpillar  state,  and  in  the  following 
spring  resume  the  process  of  feeding  and  molting  until  such 
time  as  they  are  ready  to  undergo  further  transformation.  Most 

5 


rm 


FIG.  3. — Egg  of  Samia 

cecropia,  greatly 

enlarged. 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

moths  in  temperate  regions  oviposit  in  the  spring  or  early  summer, 
and  the  eggs  hatch  shortly  afterward. 

THE  CATERPILLARS  OF  MOTHS 

The  caterpillars  of  moths  are  of  course  extremely  small  when 
they  first  emerge  trom  the  egg.  '1  hey,  however,  rapidly  increase 
in  relative  size  as  they  continue  the  process  of  feeding  and 
molting,  and  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  larger  species  become 
to  the  ignorant  and  uninformed  even  formidable  in  appear- 
ance. The  larva  of  the  Royal  Walnut-moth,  or  "  Hickory  Horn- 
Devil,"  as  it  is  sometimes  called,  is  a  striking  object.  (See  Plate 
I,  Fig.  4.)  Specimens  six  and  seven  inches  in  length  are  not  at 
all  uncommon.  With  its  curved  horns  and  numeruos  spines  it 
presents  to  the  uninitiated  a  truly  repellent  aspect. 

The  larvae  of  the  Heterocera,  like  those  of  the  Rhopalocera,  are 
principally  phytophagous,  that  is  to  say,  they  feed  upon  vege- 
table matter.  The  food  of  the  vast  majority  consists  of  the  leaves 
of  grasses,  shrubs,  and  trees.  A  few  larvae  feed  upon  woody 
tissues,  and  bore  long  galleries  under  the  bark  or  in  the  wood 
of  trees.  Others  feed  upon  the  pith  of  herbaceous  plants.  A 
number  of  species  feed  upon  the  inside  of  growing  fruits.  Only 
a  very  few  species  are  known  to  be  carnivorous.  In  Australia 
there  occurs  a  Galleriid  moth,  the  larva  of  which  burrows  into 
the  fatty  tissues  of  one  of  the  great  wood-boring  caterpillars  of 
the  region,  and  preys  upon  it  somewhat  as  is  done  by  the  great 
family  of  parasitic  Hymenoptera,  known  to  scientific  men  as  the 
Ichneumonidce.  Certain  Phycids  and  Noctuids  feed  upon  scale- 
insects,  in  the  same  way  in  which  the  larva  of  the  butterfly 
known  as  Feniseca  tarquinius  feeds  upon  the  same  class  of  in- 
sects. Among  the  Tineidce  there  are  certain  species  which,  as 
is  well  known,  feed  upon  hair  and  on  horn.  Every  house- 
wife is  more  or  less  acquainted  with  the  ravages  committed  by 
the  destructive  larvae  of  the  clothes-moth. 

There  is  considerable  variety  in  the  form  of  heterocerous 
larvae,  and  still  greater  variety  in  the  manner  in  which  their 
bodies  are  adorned  by  various  growths  and  colors.  The  body, 
as  is  the  case  with  the  larvae  of  the  Rhopalocera,  is  composed 
normally  of  thirteen  rings  or  somites,  anterior  to  which  is  the 
head. 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

The  head  is  usually  prominent,  and  is  provided  with  man- 
dibles, or  jaws,  eyes,  rudimentary  antennae,  maxillae,  palpi,  and 
a  spinneret  for  the  production  of  silk.  The  head  may  be 
globular,  hemispherical,  or  conoid.  It  is  sometimes  cleft  on  top, 
or  bifid.  It  is  generally  more  or  less  retractile,  or  capable  of 
being  drawn  back,  so  as  to  be  partially  concealed  in  the  folds  of 
the  anterior  somite  of  the  body. 

Of  the  thirteen  somites  forming  the  body  of  the  caterpillar, 
the  three  foremost  are  thoracic,  and  each  is  furnished  with  a  pair 
of  legs  which  correspond  to  the  six  legs  of  the  perfect  insect,  or 
imago.  The  last  two  somites  of  the  body  are  often  so  closely 
united  with  each  other  as  to  be  superficially  indistinguishable. 
The  somites  from  the  third  to  the  eleventh  inclusive  are  provided 
on  either  side  with  spiracles  connecting  with  the  tracheae,  through 
which  the  creature  receives  the  external  air  in  order  to  the  oxy- 
dization  of  the  waste  products  of  the  circulation. 


FIG.  4- — LarvaotHyloicuskalmia:a,  thoracic  legs;  b,  prolegs; 
c,  anal  proleg;  d,  anal  horn;  e,  head. 

The  body  is  usually  supported  at  the  middle  and  at  the  end 
by  prolegs,  or  false  legs.  In  the  majority  of  families  there  are 
four  pairs  of  these  prolegs,  situated  upon  the  sixth,  seventh, 
eighth,  and  ninth  somites,  and  a  fifth  pair  situated  on  the 
thirteenth  or  last  somite.  The  latter  pair  are  called  the  anal 
prolegs.  In  the  larvae  of  the  greater  portion  of  the  Geometridce, 
and  in  those  of  numerous  Noctuidce,  the  prolegs  are  reduced  in 
number,  and  in  many  of  the  Psychidce  they  appear  to  be  wholly 
wanting.  In  most  of  the  Geometridee  the  pair  found  on  the 
ninth  and  thirteenth  somites  are  the  only  prolegs,  and  therefore 
in  order  to  progress  the  creature  makes  a  series  of  movements 
in  which  the  body  is  looped  upward.  These  caterpillars  are 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

known  as  "  loopers  "  or  "measuring-worms."  When,  as  is  the 
case  with  many  genera  of  the  Noctuidce,  a  less  complete  abortion 
of  the  prolegs  occurs,  and  only  a  partial  approximation  to  the 
movement  employed  by  the  larvae  of  the  Geometridce  is  wit- 
nessed, the  caterpillars  are  said  to  be  "  half-loopers,"  or  "semi- 
loopers."  As  examples  of  such  caterpillars  we  may  cite  those 
belonging  to  the  genus  Plusia,  in  which  there  are  only  two  pairs 
of  abdominal  prolegs.  In  the  family  of  the  Megalopygidce  the 
prolegs  are  supplemented  by  sucker-like  pads  on  the  somites 
ranging  from  the  fifth  to  the  tenth,  inclusive.  In  the  Cochlidiidce 
the  prolegs  are  wanting,  their  function  being  wholly  assumed  by 
such  sucker-like  pads,  ranging  on  the  ventral  surface  from  the 
fourth  to  the  eleventh  somites,  inclusive.  In  the  Eriocephalidce, 
which  are  regarded  as  ancestral  forms,  there  are,  as  has  been 
pointed  out  by  Dr.  T.  A.  Chapman,  eight  pairs  of  abdominal 
prolegs  and  an  abdominal  sucker  situated  upon  the  ninth  and 
tenth  somites,  having  the  shape  of  a  trefoil  or  clover  leaf.  These 
larvae  are  further  remarkable  in  having  well-developed  antennae. 

After  the  larvae  have  emerged  from  the  egg  and  fed  for  a 
longer  or  shorter  period,  the  outer  skin,  or  epidermis,  becomes 
too  small  to  admit  of  further  growth,  and  the  insect  then  molts, 
or  sheds  its  skin,  and  resumes  feeding  until  increased  develop- 
ment makes  another  molt  necessary.  The  number  of  such 
molts  varies  in  the  case  of  different  species.  Ordinarily,  hetero- 
cerous  caterpillars  do  not  molt  more  than  five  times  before  trans- 
forming into  pupae,  but  some  genera  molt  as  often  as  ten  times, 
while  others  only  molt  thrice.  The  skin  which  is  cast  off  pre- 
serves the  outline  not  only  of  the  body,  but  also  of  the  horn-like 
processes,  the  hairs,  and  various  other  appendages  attached  to 
the  body  at  the  time  of  molting.  The  molting  period  is  a 
critical  time  in  the  life  of  larvae,  and  those  who  are  endeavoring 
to  rear  them  should  never  disturb  them  in  the  least  at  this  time. 

The  bodies  of  the  larvae  of  moths  are  covered  with  tubercles, 
the  location  and  arrangement  of  which  has  in  recent  years 
received  considerable  attention  from  students,  and  is  thought  to 
furnish  a  clue  to  the  lines  of  descent  of  certain  families.  These 
tubercles  sometimes  carry  only  a  single  hair,  in  other  cases  they 
carry  large  tufts  of  hairs;  they  may  be  small  and  inconspicuous, 
or  they  may  be  developed  until  they  assume  the  form  of  great 

8 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

spines,  horns,  or  bulbous  projections.  The  hairs  and  spines 
with  which  some  larvae  are  ornamented  possess  stinging  proper- 
ties. This  is  true  of  some  genera  among  the  Saturniidce  and  the 
Cochlidiidce  in  temperate  America  and  of  many  genera  in  the  same 
families  and  among  the  Lasiocampidce  in  the  tropics.  The  sting- 
ing hairs  of  a  large  caterpillar  found  in  tropical  Africa  are 
employed  by  the  natives  in  preparing  the  poison  which  they 
put  upon  their  arrows.  The  inflammation  caused  by  these  hairs, 
even  in  the  case  of  specimens  long  dead,  I  know  from  personal 
experience  to  be  very  severe. 

The  coloration  of  caterpillars  is  often  very  striking  and  beau- 
tiful, and  in  most  cases  is  such  as  to  adapt  them  more  or  less  to 
their  surroundings  in  life.  Cases  of  protective  mimicry  are  very 
numerous.  A  beautiful  illustration  of  this  is  seen  on  Plate  I, 
fig.  1 5,  where  the  singular  form  of  the  caterpillar,  combined  with 
its  green  tint,  suggests  the  serrated  edge  of  the  leaf  of  the  elm, 
upon  which  plant  it  feeds.  There  is  almost  endless  diversity  in 
the  modifications  of  form  and  color  in  the  larval  stages  of  moths, 
and  they  are  as  characteristic  as  are  the  forms  and  colors  of  the 
perfect  insects. 

There  is  much  diversity  in  the  social  habits  of  the  larvae  of 
moths.  Some  are  gregarious  and  exist  in  colonies  which  disperse 
at  the  time  of  pupation;  but  there  are  a  few  singular  instances,  in 
which  the  communistic  instinct  perdures,  and  leads  the  entire 
colony  to  form  a  common  cocoon,  or  envelope  of  silk,  in  which 
each  individual  subsequently  spins  a  smaller  cocoon  for  itself.  In 
1893  1  had  the  pleasure  of  communicating  some  information  in 
regard  to  this  curious  phase  of  insect  life  to  the  pages  of  the 
journal  of  the  Cambridge  Entomological  Club  (See  Psyche,  Vol. 
VI.,  p.  385).  This  habit  is  characteristic  of  certain  genera  of 
African  moths,  but  has  not  thus  far  been  observed  as  occur 
ring  in  the  case  of  any  American  species. 

THE    PUP^E    OF    MOTHS 

When  the  caterpillar  has  gone  through  its  successive  molts 
and  attained  to  full  development  it  undergoes  the  transformation 
known  as  pupation.  From  a  life  of  freedom  and  motion  it 
passes  into  a  condition  in  which  freedom  and  almost  all  power 
of  motion  are  lost.  The  flexible  and  more  or  less  agile  body  is 

9 


FIG.  5.— Pupa  of  Telea 
pclypkemus.    (Riley.) 


The  Life -History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

encased  in  hard  chitinous  rings  and  sheathings.     As  a  measure  of 
protection  during  this  stage,  the  insect,  before  transforming  into  a 
pupa,  descends  into  the  earth,  and  forms  there  a  cell  at  a  greater  or 
lesser  depth  beneath  the  surface,  or  else  weaves  a  cocoon  of  silk 
about  its  body.      In  some  cases  the 
transformation    takes   place   at  the 
surface  of  the  earth  under  leaves  or 
under  fallen  branches  and  the  loose 
bark  of   trees.     In  almost  all  such 
cases   there   is   apparently   an   at- 
tempt, though  often  slight,  to  throw 
a  few  strands  of  silk  about  the  body 
of  the  caterpillar,  if  only  to  hold  in 

place  the  loose  material  amidst  which  transformation  is  to  occur. 
The  forms  assumed  in  the  pupal  stage  are  not  as  remarkably 
diversified  as  in  the  larval  or  imaginal  stages.  The  pupae  of 
moths  are  generally  brown  or  black  in  color,  though  a  few  are 
more  or  less  variegated.  The  bright  golden  and  silvery  spots 
which  ornament  the  pupae  of  many  species  of  butterflies,  causing 
them  to  be  called  chrysalids,  are  seldom,  if  ever,  found. 

While  the  change  into  a  pupa  might  at  first  sight  appear  to 
the  superficial  observer  to  be  disadvantageous  because  of  the  loss 
of   motion    and    the    imprisonment 
within  narrow   bounds,   it  neverthe- 
less   distinctly  marks  a  progression 
in  the  life  of  the  creature.     The  pupal 
case  contains  within  it  the  moth,  as 
may  easily  be  ascertained  by  a  care- 
ful dissection  made  in  the  very  earliest 
period  after  the  change  has  occurred, 


FIG.  6. — Pupa  of  Cut- worm 
in  earthen  cell.   (Riley.) 


and  which  becomes  very  evident  at  a  later  time  when  the  period 
of  the  pupal  life  is  drawing  to  its  close. 

In  the  cocoon  or  in  the  cell  in  which  pupation  has  taken  place 
will  always  be  found  the  exuviae,  or  the  larval  skin,  etc.,  of  the 
caterpillar,  which  have  been  cast  off. 

When  the  time  comes  for  the  perfect  insect  to  emerge  from 
the  pupa,  nature  has  provided  methods  by  which  escape  from 
the  prison  cell  underground,  or  the  tightly  woven  cocoon,  can 
be  effected.  In  the  case  of  those  pupae  which  lie  deeply  buried 

10 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

under  the  soil  escape  is  made  by  means  of  the  power  possessed 
by  the  abdominal  somites,  or  rings,  of  moving  with  a  sort  of 
spiral  twist.  The  pupa  "wriggles"  itself  upward  through  the 
soil  until  it  reaches  the  surface,  following  in  its  course  the  line  of 
least  resistance,  which  is  generally  the  line  through  which  the 
larva  burrowed  downward  to  its  hiding  place.  In  this  movement 
the  pupae  are  often  aided  by  spinous  projections  at  the  lower  edge 
of  the  somites  which  prevent  backward  motion.  When  emer- 
gence from  a  cocoon  occurs,  the  insect  is  provided  with  the  power 
of  ejecting  from  its  mouth  a  fluid,  which  has  the  property  of 
dissolving  and  cutting  the  silken  threads.  When  the  moth  first 
emerges  from  the  pupa  its  wings  are  soft  and  flabby  and  its  body 
is  long  and  vermiform.  The  first  act  is  to  secure  a  quiet  resting 
place.  The  fluids  of  the  body  are  in  the  process  of  circulation 
rapidly  absorbed  from  the  abdominal  region,  and,  pressing  out- 
ward under  the  action  of  the  heart,  cause  the  wings  to  expand 
and  assume  their  normal  form  and  the  other  parts  to  acquire 
adjustment.  There  is  no  more  interesting  spectacle  than  to 
witness  the  rapid  development  of  a  moth  from  its  apparently 
helpless  condition  at  emergence  from  the  pupal  stage  into  an 
insect  strong  of  wing  and  often  gloriously  beautiful  in  color. 

THE    ANATOMY    OF    MOTHS 

The  body  of  all  lepidoptera  consists  of  three  subdivisions,  the 
head,  the  thorax,  and  the  abdomen.  The  head  bears  the  princi- 
pal organs  of  sense  and  of  nutrition,  the  thorax  those  of  locomo- 
tion, and  the  abdomen  those  of  generation  and  in  large  part  those 
of  assimilation,  respiration,  and  circulation. 

The  reader  who  desires  to  ascertain  the  names  and  the  func- 
tion of  the  various  organs  of  the  body  of  moths  may  consult  in 
this  connection  the  corresponding  portion  of  the  "  Butterfly 
Book,"  in  which  the  principal  facts  have  been  fully  set  forth  as  to 
the  diurnal  lepidoptera.  The  anatomy  of  moths  does  not  radically 
differ  in  its  main  outlines  from  that  of  the  Rhopalocera.  The 
same  names  are  applied  to  the  parts,  and  the  differences  which 
occur  are  not  so  much  differences  in  function  as  in  outline. 

In  studying  the  head  of  moths  we  find  that  as  a  rule  the 
head  is  not  as  prominent  as  is  the  case  in  butterflies.  It  is 
more  retracted,  as  a  rule,  though  in  the  case  of  some  families, 

II 


FIG.  7. — Head  of  a 
moth  viewed  from  in 
front,  a,  antenna;  c, 
clypous ;  e,  eye ;  oc,  ocel- 
lus; p,  proboscis. 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

as  the  Sphingidce,  it  is  produced  well  in  advance  of  the  thorax,  but 
even  in  such  cases  it  is  generally  more  solidly  attached  to  the  ante- 
rior part  of  the  thorax  and  is  less  mobile  than  in  the  butterflies. 
The  suctorial  apparatus  is  formed  in 
the  moths  as  in  the  case  of  the  butter- 
flies by  the  peculiar  modification  of  the 
maxillae  into  semi-cylindrical  and  inter- 
locking tubes  forming  the  proboscis. 
This  is  enormously  produced  in  some 
groups,  enabling  the  insect  to  hover  upon 
the  wing  over  flowers  and  rob  their  cups 
of  the  honey  which  they  contain.  This 
is  especially  true  of  the  Sphingidcv  and 
some  subfamilies  of  the  Noctuidce.  In 
other  cases,  as  in  the  family  of  the  Satur- 
niidce  and  Bombycidce,  the  proboscis  is  very  feebly  developed 
or  aborted.  In  fact,  we  know  that  some  of  these  creatures  are 
without  mouths  and  that  they  do  not  partake  of  nourishment  in 
the  winged  state.  They  are  simply  animate,  winged  reservoirs 
of  reproductive  energy,  and,  when  the  sexual  functions  have  been 
completed,  they  die. 

The  eyes  of  moths  are  often  greatly 
developed.  This  is  especially  true  of  those 
species  which  are  crepuscular  in  their  hab- 
its. The  eyes  of  the  heterocera  are,  as  in 
all  other  insects,  compound.  They  may  be 
naked,  or  may  be  more  or  less  studded  with 
hairs,  or  lashes,  projecting  from  points  lying 
at  the  juncture  of  the  various  facets  making 
up  the  organ.  This  fact  has  been  utilized  to 
some  extent  in  classification.  Ocelli,  or 
minute  simple  eyes,  subsidiary  to  the  large 
compound  eyes,  occur  in  some  forms, 
just  above  the  latter,  but  are  generally  so 
concealed  by  the  covering  of  the  head  as  to  be  only  recognizable 
by  an  expert  observer. 

The  labial  palpi  of  moths,  as  of  butterflies,  consist  of  three 
joints,  but  there' is  far  greater  diversity  in  the  development  of  the 
palpi  among  the  moths  than  among  the  butterflies.  In  some 


FIG.  8.—  Head  of  a 
moth  viewed  from  the 
side,  a,  antenna;  e, 
eye;  oc,  ocellus;  m.p., 
maxillary  palpus ;  I.  p. , 
labial  palpus;  p,  pro- 
boscis. 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

cases  they  are  but  very  feebly  developed,  in  others  they  attain 
relatively  enormous  proportions  and  strangely  eccentric  forms. 
Maxillary  palpi  are  found  in  some  groups.  The  maxillary  palpi 
have  two  joints. 

The  antennae  of  moths, 
which,  as  has  already  been 
pointed  out,  differ  greatly  in 
form  from  those  of  butterflies, 
are  attached  to  the  head  in  the 
same  relative  location  as  in 
butterflies.  Antennae  may  be 
filiform,  threadlike,  fusiform, 
spindle-shaped,  or  dilate, 
more  or  less  swollen  toward 
the  tip.  They  may  be  simple, 
i.  e.,  without  lateral  projec- 


FIG.  9. — Antennae  of  moths.  I, 
fusiform;  2,  filiform;  j,  dilate;  4, 
ciliate  ;  5,  bipectinate  ;  6,  setose- 
ciliate;  7,  fasciculate;  8,  dentate; 
p,  serrate;  10,  lamellate. 


tions,  but  this  is  rarely  the 
case.  The  shaft  may  be  set 
with  cilia,  or  small  hair-like 

projections  on  the  side  of  the  joints.  Such  antennae  are  said  to  be 
ciliate.  Sometimes  instead  of  cilia  we  find  bristle-shaped  projec- 
tions on  the  joints.  These  are  called  setose  antennae.  In  some 


FIG.  10. —  Antenna  of  Telea  polyphemus.  Plu- 
mose; doubly  bipectinate.  (From  "  Insect  Life," 
Vol.  VII.  p.  40.) 

forms  both  cilia  and  bristles  occur  on  the  antennae.  When  the 
bristles  are  arranged  in  clusters  on  the  joints  of  the  antennae  they 
are  said  to  be  fasciculate.  Many  forms  have  tooth-like  projections 
on  the  antennae;  in  such  cases  the  antennae  are  described  as  den- 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

fate.  The  form  and  arrangement  of  the  joints  may  be  such  as  to 
suggest  the  teeth  of  a  saw;  such  antennae  are  said  to  be  serrate. 
When  on  the  lower  side  of  the  joints  of  the  antennae  there  are 
minute  plate-like  projections,  the  antennae  are  described  as  lamel- 
late. Many  moths  have  pectinate  antennae,  the  projections  resem- 
bling little  combs,  which  may  be  arranged  singly  or  in  pairs  on 
each  joint.  Occasionally,  but  not  often,  there  are  two  pairs 
of  such  appendages  on  each  joint.  When  the  pectination  is 
excessive,  so  as  to  cause  the  antennae  to  resemble  a  feather,  they 
are  said  to  be  plumose.  Figures  9  and  10  illustrate  some  of 
these  forms.  In  addition  to  the  peculiarities  which  have  just 
been  mentioned,  antennae  may  be  variously  adorned  with  scales, 
especially  upon  the  upper  side  of  the  shaft,  and  they  may  be 
notched,  or  provided  with  knot-like  enlargements,  in  which  case 
they  are  said  to  be  nodose,  or  they  may  be  curved,  or  bent  in 
peculiar  ways,  when  they  are  described  as  sinuate. 

The  thorax,  as  in  butterflies,  consists  of  three  segments,  the 
prothorax,  the  mesothorax,  and  the  metathorax.  The  pro- 
thorax  bears  the  tegulae  or  collar-lappets,  the  patagia,  or  shoulder- 
lappets,  and  the  anterior  pair  of  legs.  The  mesothorax  carries 
the  second  pair  of  legs  and  the  fore  wings.  The  metathorax  the 
last  pair  of  legs  and  the  hind  wings. 

The  abdomen,  just  as  in  butterflies,  is  normally  composed  of 
nine  segments,  though  the  modifications  of  the  terminal  seg- 
ments are  often  such  as  to  make  it  difficult  to  recognize  so  many. 
At  the  base  of  the  thorax  is  situated  a  pair  of  large  tracheal 
spiracles,  and  on  the  other  segments  pairs  of  smaller  spiracles. 
Through  these  spiracles  respiration  is  carried  on.  At  the  end  of 
the  abdomen,  more  or  less  concealed  by  variously  arranged  tufts 
of  hair,  are  the  organs  of  generation,  which  have  in  recent  years 
been  studied  quite  closely  by  a  few  authors  and  are  useful  in 
distinguishing  species. 

The  legs  of  moths  are  composed  of  coxa,  trochanter,  femur, 
tibia,  and  tarsus,  the  latter  composed  of  five  joints,  and  armed 
at  its  end  with  two  more  or  less  developed  hooks,  or  claws, 
known  technically  as  the  ungues,  and  also  a  pulvillus,  or  pad,  just 
back  of  the  claws  on  the  lower  side.  The  legs  are  armed  with 
spines  and  spurs,  and  there  are  different  sexual  appendages  in  the 
males  of  various  genera.  The  cut  (Figure  1 1)  shows  the  structure 

14 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

of  the  legs.  It  will  be  well  for  the  student  to  thoroughly  famil- 
iarize himself  with  the  location  and  names  of  the  different  parts 
indicated  in  this  and  the  following  figure. 


U.T 


FIG.  ii. — Legs  of  a  Moth.      (From  "Packard's  Guide,"  p.  231.) 

i.  FORE  LEG.    2.  MIDDLE  LEG.     3.  HIND  LEG. 

c.  Coxa.  u.  Ungues. 

t.  Trochanter.  p.  Pulvillus. 

/.  Femur.      9  sp.  i .  Single  anterior  spur. 

t.  Tibia.  sp.  2.  Paired  medial  spurs, 

tor.  Tarsus.  sp .  3.  Two  pairs  of  posterior  spurs. 

The  structure  of  the  wings  of  moths  is  essentially  like  that  of 
butterflies,  and  consists  of  a  framework  of  hollow  tubes  which 
support  a  double  membrane  which  bears  upon  its  surfaces  the 
scales,  which  overlap  each  other  like  the  tiles  upon  the  roof  of  a 
house.  The  tubes,  which  are  known  as  veins,  communicate  with 
the  respiratory  system  and  are  highly  pneumatic.  They  are  also 
connected  with  the  circulatory  system,  and  are  furnished,  at  least 
through  their  basal  portions,  with  nerves. 

The  fore  wing  has  normally  twelve  veins.  The  hind  wing 
has  also  in  primitive  forms,  as  the  Hepialidce,  twelve  veins,  but 
in  the  vast  majority  of  cases  this  number  has  been  reduced,  and 
eight  veins  is  the  number  which  is  found  in  the  majority  of  cases 
in  the  hind  wing.  The  accompanying  figures,  with  their  expla- 
nations, will  suffice  far  better  than  any  mere  verbal  explanation 
to  explain  the  structure  of  the  wings  of  moths.  (See  Figures 
12  and  13.) 

The  relative  position  of  vein  five  in  relation  to  the  median  or 
subcostal  systems  has  been  much  utilized  in  recent  years  by 
systematists  in  their  classification  of  the  various  groups. 

15 


The   Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

The  fore  and  hind  wings  in  some  of  the  primitive  forms  are 
not  connected  with  each  other  in  the  operation  of  flight.  In  the 
Hepialidce  there  is  a  lobe  near  the  base  of  the  primaries  which  is 


sn   11 


FIG.  12. — Diagram  of  Wings  of  a  Moth.    (After  Hampson's  "Moths  of 
India,"  Vol.  I.,  with  modifications.) 

A.    FORE  WING.     B.    HIND  WING. 

c.m.  Costal  margin.  c.n.  Costal  nervure,  vein  1 2  of  fore  wing, 

a.m.  Outer  margin.  8  of  hind  wing. 

•i.m.  Inner  margin.  s.n.  Subcostal  nervure. 

a. a.  Apex.  tn.n.  Median  nervure. 

•i.a.  Inner  angle.  ia,b,c.  Three  branches  of  internal  nervure. 

c.  Discoidal  cell.  2,3,4.  Three  branches  of  median  nervure. 

d.  Discocellulars.  5.  Lower  radial. 

ar.  Areole.  6.  Upper  radial 

f.  Frenulum.          7,8,9,10,11.  Five  subcostal  branches  of  fore  wing. 
7.  Subcostal  nervure  of  hind  wing. 

known  as  thejugum,  but  it  does  not  appear  to  serve  the  practical 
functions  of  a  yoke.  This  is  illustrated  in  Figure  13.  In  the  vast 
majority  of  cases  a  connection  between  the  fore  and  hind  wings 
is  made  by  means  of  the  frenulum  on  the  hind  wing,  which  hooks 
into  the  retinaculum  upon  the  fore  wing,  as  illustrated  in  Figure  14. 
The  form  of  the  frenulum  is  of  use  in  determining  the  sex  of 
specimens,  as  in  the  case  of  the  males  it  consists  of  a  single 
curved,  hook-like  projection,  whereas  in  the  case  of  the  females 
it  is  split  up  into  a  number  of  bristles.  However,  in  some 

16 


The  Life-History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

groups,  as  the  Phycitina:,  the  frenulum  is  simple  in  both  sexes. 
In  some  of  the  families  the  frenulum  is  aborted,  and  its  function 
is  assumed  by  a  lobe-like  expansion  of 
the  basal  portion  of  costa  of  the  hind 
wing.  The  nomenclature  of  the  parts 
of  the  wings  of  moths  is  not  essentially 
different  from  that  which  is  employed 
in  describing  the  wings  of  butterflies. 
There  are,  however,  certain  conventional 
terms  which  have  been  applied  by  authors 
to  the  markings  upon  the  wings,  espe- 
cially of  the  Noctuidce,  and  Figure  15  will 
serve  to  explain  and  illustrate  these  terms. 

A  great  deal  of  useful  information  in  regard  to  the  anatomical 
structure  of  the  Lepidoptera,  and  of  moths  in  particular,  may  be 


FIG.  13.  — Win} 
Hepialus  gracilis.  J 
nified.  /,  jugum. 


s  of 
[ag- 


FIG.  14. — Frenulum  and  Retinaculum.    (From  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I.) 


i.  $  ;  2.  ?. — A.  FORE  WING. 

/.  Frenulum. 
r.  Retinaculum. 
c.n.  Costal  nervure. 


B.  HIND  WING. 

s.n.  Subcostal  nervure. 
m.n.  Median  nervure. 
i.n.  Internal  nervure. 


derived  from  the  study  of  various  manuals  and  special  papers, 
reference  to  which  will  be  made  hereafter  a's  the  various  families 
are  successively  taken  up  and  studied. 

Among  works  to  be  particularly  recommended  in  this  connec- 
tion are  those  of  Professor  A.  S.  Packard  and  Professor  Comstock's 
"Manual  for  the  Study  of  insects."  A  very  useful  treatise  is 
found  in  Professor  David  Sharp's  two  volumes  upon  the  Insecta 
contained  in  the  "  Cambridge  Natural  History."  Every  student, 
as  he  advances  in  the  study  of  the  subject,  will  have  frequent 
occasion  to  consult  these  useful  books,  which  embody  the  results 
of  the  most  recent  researches  and  are  invaluable  for  purposes  of 


The  Life- History  and  Anatomy  of  Moths 

reference.  An  even  more  valuable  work  than  these  is  the  great 
"Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phalsense  contained  in  the  Collec- 
tion of  the  British  Museum,"  which  is  being  prepared  bv  Sir 


FIG  15. — Wing  of  Noctuid  Moth.  (After  Beutenmuller, 
"Bulletin  American  Museum  Natural  History,"  Vol.  XIV.,  p.  230.) 

C,  collar  lappet;  tg,  patagium  or  shoulder  lappet;  T,  thorax; 
ab,  abdomen;  H,  head;  p,  palpus;  E,  eye;  ant,  antenna;  b,  basal 
line;  bd,  basal  dash;  ta,  transverse  anterior  line;  cl,  claviform; 
or,  orbicular;  ms,  median  shade;  ren,  reniform;  tp,  transverse 
posterior  line;  ap,  apical  patch;  apex,  apex;  //,  terminal  lunules; 
st,  subterminal  line;  fr,  fringes;  om,  outer  margin;  ha,  hind  angle; 
ds,  discal  mark ;  el,  exterior  line;  an,  anal  angle;  im,  inner  margin. 

George  F.  Hampson,  and  published  by  the  Trustees.  The 
endeavor  in  this  work  is  to  give  a  complete  view  of  the  entire 
subject  in  compact  form,  and  the  learned  author  has  enlisted 
the  cooperation  of  the  most  distinguished  lepidopterists  through- 
out the  world  in  the  prosecution  of  his  great  task.  The  work  is 
of  course  somewhat  expensive,  but  the  working  lepidopterist 
cannot  well  do  without  it.  Much  help  may  also  be  derived  from 
the  older  works  of  Burmeister  and  Westwood,  which,  though 
old,  are  far  from  being  obsolete  and  useless. 


18 


CHAPTER   II 

THE  CAPTURE,    PREPARATION,    AND   PRESERVATION   OF  SPECIMENS 

"  Does  he  who  searches  Nature's  secrets  scruple 
To  stick  a  pin  into  an  insect  ?" 

A.  G.  CEHLENSCHLJEGER,  Aladdin's  Lamp. 

EVERYTHING  that  has  been  said  in  "The.  Butterfly  Book"  in 
reference  to  the  capture,  preparation,  and  preservation  of  speci- 
mens holds  good  in  the  case  of  the  Heterocera.  Inasmuch, 
however,  as  many  of  the  moths  are  exceedingly  minute  in  form, 
it  is  worth  while  to  state  that  a  greater  degree  of  care  must  be 
observed  in  the  collection  and  preservation  of  these  minute 
species  than  is  necessary  in  the  case  of  even  the  smallest  butter- 
flies. The  best  method  of  collecting  the  micro-lepidoptera  is  to 
put  them,  after  they  have  been  netted,  into  pill-boxes,  which  have 
glass  covers,  or  into  vials  or  test  tubes  of  large  size.  These 
receptacles  may  be  carried  in  a  bag  or  pocket  by  the  collector. 
When  he  has  returned  from  the  field,  the  specimens  may  be  killed 
by  subjecting  them  to  the  action  of  sulphuric  ether  applied  to  the 
corks  of  the  vials,  or  introduced  into  the  boxes  on  a  camel's-hair 
pencil.  By  dipping  the  cork  into  the  ether  and  moistening  it 
with  a  drop  or  two  and  then  replacing  it  in  the  vial  the  insect  is 
stunned.  Sometimes  two  or  three  successive  applications  of 
ether  are  necessary.  When  the  insect  has  been  killed  and  is  still 


FIG.  1 6. — Setting  needle  used  in  adjusting  wings  of  micro- 
lepidoptera  upon  the  glass  surface  of  the  setting  board. 

lax,  it  is  fixed  upon  a  small  silver  pin  of  a  size  proportionate  to 
that  of  its  body,  and  is  then  transferred  to  the  setting  board. 
Setting  boards  for  mounting  micro-lepidoptera  should  be  made 

19 


The  Capture,  Preparation,  and   Preservation  of  Specimens 

differently  from  setting  boards  commonly  used  for  butterflies  and 
larger  moths.  The  best  form  known  to  the  writer  is  one,  which  has 
for  many  years  been  employed  by  Mr.  Herbert  H.  Smith,  the  vet- 
eran collector.  Small  pieces  of  glass  about  one  inch  square,  with 
their  edges  very  lightly  beveled,  so  as  to  remove  all  sharpness, 
are  spaced  upon  a  strip  of  cork  fastened  to  a  wide  piece  of  soft 
pine  in  such  a  way  that  an  interval  of  from  one-sixteenth  to  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  occurs  between  them.  This  serves  as  the 
groove  to  receive  the  body  of  the  specimen.  Having  been  fixed 
upon  the  pin  the  insect  is  placed  in  one  of  these  grooves.  The 
wings  are  then  carefully  expanded  with  a  crooked  needle 
fastened  in  a  handle,  as  illustrated  in  Figure  16,  and  are  then  bound 


FIG.  17. — Setting  board  for  mounting  micro-lepidoptera  ;  a, 
pieces  of  glass  attached  to  papered  cork  with  shellac  ;  b,  base 
of  soft  pine  ;  co.,  cork  ;  d,  white  paper  covering  cork  ;  ee,  brads, 
to  which  setting  threads  are  tied  ;  ff,  pins  set  firmly  beyond 
groove  to  secure  alignment  of  setting  threads  ;  it,  setting 
threads  ;  pp,  pins  to  which  setting  threads  are  fastened,  and 
which  are  stuck  into  the  pine  base  to  hold  down  the  wings  in 
position  ;  h,  small  silver  pin  transfixing  thorax  of  specimen. 

in  place  by  a  thread  which  is  held  in  place  by  a  pin,  as  shown  in 
Figure  17.  Though  the  wings  of  these  small  insects  may,  when 
mounted,  at  first  curl  up  a  little  under  the  pressure  of  the  thread 
drawn  across  them,  they  generally  recover  their  -position  after 
removal  from  the  setting  board.  The  advantage  of  mounting 
these  insects  upon  glass  arises  from  the  fact  that  the  sharp  point 
of  the  needle  will  glide  over  the  glass  and  the  surface  is  smooth, 

20 


The  Capture,  Preparation,  and  Preservation  of  Specimens 

so  that  they  are  not  torn,  nor  are  the  fringes  and  other  delicate 
portions  injured.     In  doing  this  work  it  is  best  to  use  a  reading- 
glass  mounted  in  a  frame,  so  that  the  operator  can  seethe  objects 
before   him    magnified   two  or  three    diame- 
ters.     The   mounting  of  micro  -  lepidoptera 
taken  in  the  field  and  put  into  envelopes,  as 
often  has  to  be  done,  is  a  very  trying  opera- 
tion.    After  the  insects  have  been  sufficiently 
dried  they  may  be  set  up  as  double  mounts, 
the    small  silver  pins  being  thrust  through 
pieces   of  pith  held  upon  a  larger  pin.     The     FIG.  18. — Double 
Pyralidce,  the  Tortricidce  and  all  the  smaller 
micro-lepidoptera  should,  if  possible,  be  collected  in  the  way  which 
has  just  been   described,  and   it  is  only   thus  that  specimens 
worthy  of  installation  in  a  well  ordered  cabinet  can  be  secured. 

Larger  forms  may  be  placed  in  envelopes  if  intended  to  be 
transmitted  to  great  distances  prior  to  study.  Larvae  may  be 
inflated  in  the  manner  described  in  "The  Butterfly  Book."  In 
all  other  particulars  the  directions  contained  in  that  volume  may 
be  safely  followed  by  the  student. 


As  the  moths  around  a  taper, 

As  the  bees  around  a  rose, 
As  the  gnats  around  a  vapour, 

So  the  spirits  group  and  close 
Round  about  a  holy  childhood,  as  if  drinking  its  repose." 

E.  B.  BROWNING,/*  Child  Asleep. 


21 


CHAPTER  III 

THE   CLASSIFICATION   OF    MOTHS 

"The  filmy  shapes  that  haunt  the  dusk." 

TENNYSON,  In  Memoriam,  xciii. 

THE  insects  of  to-day,  like  the  animals  of  all  other  classes 
found  upon  the  globe,  represent  lines  of  descent  from  an  ancestry, 
which  runs  back  into  the  remote  geologic  past.  The  attempt  to 
trace  the  lines  of  descent  in  any  order  by  studying  the  resem- 
blance between  genera  and  species  as  they  exist  to-day,  while 
throwing  considerable  light  upon  the  subject,  can  never  yield 
wholly  satisfactory  results  in  the  absence  of  testimony  derived 
from  the  field  of  paleontological  inquiry.  The  study  of  fossil  insect 
life  is  as  necessary  to  elucidate  the  story  of  the  development  of 
the  insect  world,  as  the  study  of  fossil  vertebrates  is  necessary  in 
order  to  understand  the  manner  in  which  existing  mammals  have 
been  derived  from  preexisting  forms.  At  best  descent  can  only 
be  positively  asserted  within  the  lines  of  those  groups,  to  which 
naturalists  have  given  the  name  of  families.  Within  these  it  is 
possible  to  declare  of  this  or  that  genus  that  it  has  been  possibly, 
or  even  probably,  derived  from  the  same  stock  as  another. 
Reference  to  a  common  ancestral  form  may  safely  be  predicated 
of  very  few  families,  so  far  as  such  assertion  of  a  common 
parentage  rests  upon  evidences  found  in  the  living  structures  of 
to-day. 

All  attempts  to  classify  the  lepidoptera  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  show  the  derivation  of  one  of  the  existing  families  from 
another,  and  to  maintain  a  lineal  sequence  in  the  order  given, 
must  necessarily  prove  wholly  disappointing.  The  fact  is,  that 
the  various  families  represent  divergences  from  the  parent  stem, 
which  may  be  likened  to  the  divergence  of  the  branches  from  the 
trunk  of  a  tree.  Any  system  of  classification,  which  leaves  this 

22 


The  Classification  of  Moths 

fact  out  of  sight,  is  necessarily  defective,  and  as  unnatural  as  it 
would  be  for  a  man  to  lop  off  the  branches  of  a  tree,  and  then, 
laying  them  down  side  by  side,  declare,  as  he  contemplated  the 
result  of  his  labors,  "This  is  a  tree  scientifically  arranged."  In- 
asmuch, however,  as  in  books  and  cabinets  serial  order  must  be 
preserved,  the  best  that  the  student  can  do  is  to  collocate  those 
forms,  which  display  some  traces  of  likeness,  and  give  some  hint 
of  their  common  origin. 

Exceedingly  different  views  have  been  entertained  by  natural- 
ists in  recent  years  in  reference  to  the  matters  which  we  are  dis- 
cussing, and  various  schemes  of  systematic  arrangement  have 
been  evolved,  many  of  which  are  contradictory,  and  not  a  few 
of  which  appear  to  the  unprejudiced  to  be  more  ingenious  than 
natural.  Inasmuch  as  this  book  is  intended  for  the  use  not  so 
much  of  advanced  students,  as  of  those  who  are  entering  upon  the 
study  of  the  subject,  it  does  not  seem  to  the  writer  worth  while 
to  encumber  these  pages  with  what  would  necessarily  be  a 
lengthy  recital  of  the  various  schemes  for  classification  to  which 
he  has  alluded.  He  is  inclined  to  regard  the  scheme  which  has 
been  adopted  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  in  the  preparation  of  his 
great  work  upon  the  moths  of  the  world,  which  is  now  being 
issued  by  the  Trustees  of  the  British  Museum,  as  upon  the  whole 
as  satisfactory  as  any  which  has  recently  been  evolved.  Inas- 
much, however,  as  Dr.  Harrison  G.  Dyar  has  quite  recently  pub- 
lished a  List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  United  States,  which  is 
certain  for  many  years  to  come  to  be  used  very  largely  by  Ameri- 
can students  in  arranging  their  collections,  it  has  seemed  upon 
the  whole  to  be  best  to  conform  the  text  of  the  present  volume 
to  the  serial  arrangement  given  in  Dr.  Dyar's  List,  although  the 
writer  differs  very  positively  from  the  learned  author  of  that  work 
in  his  views  as  to  the  position  which  should  be  held  in  relation 
to  each  other  of  a  number  of  genera.  The  last  word  in  reference 
to  the  classification  of  the  insects  contained  in  this  group  has 
certainly  not  yet  been  spoken  by  any  one,  and  we  are  very  far 
from  having  attained  in  our  studies  to  conclusions  which  may  be 
accepted  as  final. 

For  the  assistance  of  students  the  writer  herewith  gives  a 
key  to  the  families  which  are  represented  in  this  book,  which  is 
based  upon  the  key  given  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  in  the  first 

23 


The  Classification  of  Moths 

volume  of  his  "Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phalaenae,"  and  in 
the  preparation  of  which  he  has  been  assisted  by  Dr.  Dyar. 

KEY    TO    THE    FAMILIES    OF    NORTH    AMERICAN 
HETEROCERA. 

Antennae  not  clubbed  or  dilated,  or  frenulum  present  when  clubbed 

or  dilated.     Frenulum  present  when  not  otherwise  indicated.  .  i 

i — Hind  wing  with  cell  emitting  not  more  than  six  veins ;  wings  unlike 

in  shape 2 

Hind  wing  with  cell  emitting  more  than  six  veins;  wings  similar  in 

shape    44 

2 — Hind  wing  with  vein  ic  absent 3 

Hind  wing  with  vein  ic  present 22 

3 — Fore  wing  with  vein  5  nearer  4  than  6 4 

Fore  wing  with  vein    5  from    middle  of  discocellulars  or  nearer  6 

than  4 15 

4 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  absent Fam.  4,  SyntomidcB. 

Hind  wing  with  Vein  8  present 5 

5 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  remote  from  7 6 

Hind  wing  with  vein  S  touching  or  approximate  to  7  beyond  cell .  .  :  1 2 
6 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  anastomosing  with  cell  to  near  or  beyona 

middle   7 

Hind  wing  with  vein  G  anastomosing  with  cell  near  base  only 9 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  by  a  bar.  .Fam.  14,  Liparidce. 

7 — Ocelli  present Fam.  6,  ArctiidcB. 

Ocelli  absent 8 

8 — Fore  wing  with  tufts  of  raised  scales  in  the  cell.  .Fam.  20,  Nolidce. 

Fore  wing  withoiit  such  tufts Fam.  5,  Lithosiidce. 

9 — Antennae  with  shaft  more  or  less  dilated  toward  tip 

Fam.  7 ,  Agaristidce. 

Antennae  with  sliaft  not  dilated 10 

10 — Hind    wing  with  veins  3  and  4  stalked Fam.   10,  Pericopida. 

Hind  wing  with  veins  3  and  4  not  stalked 1 1 

ii — Fore  wing  with  costa  and  inner  margin  parallel,  arched  at  base  .... 

; .  Fam.  9,  Nycteolidae. 

Fore  wing  trigonatc Fam.  8,  Noctu',d&. 

ia — Hind  wing  with  vein  ia  absent  or  not  reaching  anal  angle 

Fam.  17,  Platypterygidce. 

Hind  wing  with  vein  ia  reaching  anal  angle 13 

13 — Frenulum  present Fam.  28,  Thyrididce. 

Frenulum  absent Fam.  15,  Lasiocampidae. 

14 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  diverging  from  cell  from  base 15 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  connected  or  approximate  to  cell 17 

15 — Tongue  absent;  no  tibial  spurs;  frenulum  absent .  .  Fam.  2,  Saturniida. 

Tongue  and  tibial  spurs  present;  frenulum  absent 

Fam.  3,  Ceratocampidai. 

24 


The  Classification  of  Moths 

16 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8j-emote  from  7 '. 17 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  approximated  to  or  united  with  7 21 

17 — Proboscis  absent;  frenulum  absent Fam.  16,  BombycidtB. 

Proboscis  present 1 8 

1 8 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  to  near  middle;  vein  5  weak 
Fam.  1 2 ,  N otodontidcB . 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  near  base  only  or  vein  5 

strong 19 

19 — Fore  wing  with  veins  3  and  4  separate 20 

Fore  wing  with  veins  3  and  4  stalked Fam.  1 1 ,  Dioptidce. 

ao — Fore  wing  with  vein  8  stalked  with  9 Fam.  19,  Epiplemidce. 

Fore  wing  with  vein  8  not  stalked  with  9  .  .  Fam.  18,  Geometridce. 
21 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  by  a  bar  .  .  Fam.  i,  Sphingidas. 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  not  joined  to  cell  by  a  bar.. Fam.  13,  Thyatiridae. 
33 — Wings  divided  into  plumes 23 

Wings  not  divided  into  plumes 24 

23 — Fore  wing  divided  into  four  plumes Fam.  32,  Pterophoridae. 

Fore  wing  divided  into  six  plumes Fam.  33,  Orneodidce. 

24 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  absent Fam.  30,  /Egeriida. 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  present 25 

25 — Fore  wing  with  vein  5  from  middle  of  discocellulars  or  nearer  6  than  4 

Fam.  2 1 ,  Lacosomidce. 

26 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  anastomosing  with  or  closely  approximated 
to  vein  7 Fam.  3 1 ,  Pyralidae. 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  remote  from  7 26 

27 — Vein  8  of  hind  wing  anastomosing  with  cell  at  base 28 

Vein  8  free  or  united  to  cell  by  a  bar 29 

28 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  to  middle;  fore  wing  with  a 
branch  to  vein  i  below • Fam.  24,  Megalopygidce. 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  joined  to  cell  at  base;  no  branch  to  vein 

i  below Fam.  23,  Cochlidiidce. 

29 — Mid  spurs  of  hind  tibiae  very  short  or  absent 30 

Mid  spurs  of  hind  tibiae,  or  at  least  one,  well  developed 34 

30 — Proboscis  absent t 31 

Proboscis  present;  vein  8  joined  to  the  cell  by  a  bar 

Fam.  2  7 ,  Zygce*id&. 

3 1 — Female  winged 32 

Female  not  winged Fam.  22,  Psychidae. 

32 — Abdomen  extending  beyond  hind  wings Fam.  29,  Cossidce. 

Abdomen  not  extending  beyond  hind  wings 33 

33 — Antennas  short;  larvae  free Fam.  25,  Dalceridce. 

Antennas  long  as  usual;  larvae  parasitic Fam.  26,  Epipyropida. 

34 — Palpi  obtuse Fam.  34,  Tortrtcida. 

Palpi  more  or  less  acute 35 

35 — Head  at  least  partly  roughly  haired Fam.  41,  Tineida  (part). 

Head  smooth,  or  with  loosely  appressed  scales .36 


The  Classification  of  Moths 

36 — Antennae  with  basal  eye-cap Fam.  41,  Tineidce  (part). 

Antennae  without  basal  eye-cap 37 

37 — Maxillary  palpi  developed 38 

Maxillary  palpi  rudimentary 39 

38 — Fore  wing  with  vein  7  to  outer  margin 

Fam.  35,  Y ponomeutidcB  (part). 

Fore  wing  with  vein  7  to  costa Fam.  41,  Tineidce  (part). 

39 — Hind  wing  with  vein  8  more  or  less  distinctly  connected  with  cell; 

outer  margin  usually  sinuate 40 

Hind  wing  with  vein  8  not  connected  with  cell 41 

40 — Fore  wing  with  vein  7  to  outer  margin  or  apex 

Fam.  37 ,  Xylorictida. 

Fore  wing  with  vein  7  to  costa Fam.  36,  Gelechiidce. 

41 — Hind  wing  with  veins  6  and  7  nearly  parallel 42 

Hind  wing  with  veins  6  and  7  approximated  or  stalked 43 

43 — Posterior  tibiae  hairy f  Fam.  38,  CEcophoridce. 

\  Fam.  39,  Blastobasidce*. 

Posterior  tibiae  smooth Fam.  35,  Y  ponomeutidce . 

43 — Hind  wing  elongated  ovate,  longer  than  fore  wings 

Fam.  35,  Y ponomeutidce  (part). 

Hind  wing  lanceolate  or  linear,  shorter  than  forewings 

Fam.  40,  ElachistidcB. 

44 — Maxillary  palpi  and  tibial  spurs  absent Fam.   42,  Hepialidae. 

Maxillary  palpi  and  tibial  spurs  developed.  .Fam.  43,  Micropterygidae. 


*  No  good  character  has  been  shown  at  present  for  the  separation  of  the  CEcophorida 
and  the  Blastobasid.-e. 

26 


CHAPTER   IV 

BOOKS   ABOUT   NORTH   AMERICAN   MOTHS 

THE  literature  of  our  subject  is  quite  extensive,  and  the 
most  important  portions  of  it  are  contained  in  the  publications  of 
various  learned  societies  and  institutions. 

The  first  references  to  the  subject  are  found  in  the  writings 
of  Linnaeus,  Johanssen,  Clerck,  Fabricius,  Cramer,  Hubner,  Geyer, 
Drury  and  John  Abbot.  The  works  of  Clerck,  Cramer,  Hubner, 
Geyer  and  Drury  are  all  illustrated,  and  contain  figures  of  many 
of  the  more  showy  North  American  species.  Abbot  and  Smith's 
"Rarer  Lepidopterous  Insects  of  Georgia"  gives  figures  of  a 
number  of  moths,  with  their  larvae  and  food-plants. 

In  1841  the  work  of  Dr.  Thaddeus  William  Harris,  entitled 
"A  Report  on  the  Insects  of  Massachusetts  which  are  Injurious 
to  Vegetation,"  was  published.  This  was  followed  in  1852  by 
the  work  of  A.  Guenee  on  the  Noctuelites,  the  Deltoides,  and 
the  Pyralites,  constituting  Volumes  V.-VIII.  of  the  "Species 
General  des  Lepidopteres,"  forming  a  portion  of  the  "Suites  a 
Buffon."  Many  North  American  species  were  here  described 
for  the  first  time,  and  some  of  them  were  figured  in  the  Atlas  of 
Plates  accompanying  the  work.  In  1850  G.  A.  W.  Herrich- 
Schaeffer  of  Ratisbon  began  the  publication  of  his  "  Sammlung 
Neuer  oder  Wenig  Bekannter  Aussereuropaischer  Schmetter- 
linge,"  which,  appearing  in  parts,  was  not  completed  until  1869. 
Good  figures  of  a  number  of  North  American  moths  are  con- 
tained in  this  important  volume.  In  1854  Francis  Walker  began 
the  publication  under  the  authority  of  the  Trustees  of  the  British 
Museum  of  his  "List  of  the  Specimens  of  Lepidopterous  Insects 
in  the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum."  This  work,  which 
finally  grew  to  thirty-five  volumes,  the  last  of  which  appeared 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

in  1866,  contains  descriptions  of  a  multitude  of  moths  found 
within  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Unfortunately  Walker's 
descriptions  are  not  always  recognizable,  and  his  classification  as 
to  families  and  genera  was  at  times  very  careless.  In  1859 
Brackenridge  Clemens  published  in  the  Journal  of  the  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  Vol.  IV.,  pp.  97-190,  a 
"Synopsis  of  the  North  American  Sphingides."  In  1860  the 
Smithsonian  Institution  issued  a  "Catalogue  of  the  Described 
Lepidoptera  of  North  America,"  compiled  by  the  Rev.  J.  G. 
Morris.  This  catalogue,  which  was  the  first  to  appear,  is  now 
antiquated.  In  1862  the  same  institution  published  a  book  by 
the  same  author,  entitled  "A  Synopsis  of  the  Described  Lepi- 
doptera of  North  America."  It  is  almost  wholly  a  compila- 
tion. The  first  part  is  devoted  to  the  butterflies  of  the  region. 
From  pp.  122-314  the  book  is  devoted  to  descriptions  of  the 
moths,  principally  extracted  from  the  writings  of  Harris,  Clemens, 
and  Walker,  and  these  are  continued  in  the  Supplement,  pp. 
330-350.  The  work  is  not  wholly  without  value. 

This  brief  review  of  the  literature  issued  previous  to  the  out- 
break of  the  great  Civil  War  in  America,  covers  practically  every- 
thing of  importance  upon  the  subject  which  had  appeared  up  to 
that  time.  The  period  which  has  followed  has  been  character- 
ized by  greater  activity  in  all  scientific  directions,  and  the  prin- 
cipal works  which  have  appeared  upon  the  moths  of  the  United 
States  during  the  past  forty  years  are  herewith  given  in  a  list, 
which,  while  not  by  any  means  complete,  is  sufficiently  full  to 
enable  the  student  to  ascertain  where  to  find  information  for  the 
prosecution  of  his  studies,  when  he  shall  have  acquainted  him- 
self with  the  contents  of  this  volume. 

PERIODICALS  CONTAINING  MUCH  INFORMATION  IN  REGARD  TO 
THE  MOTHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

Bulletins  of  the  U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  (Division  of  Entomology). 
(Published  occasionally.) 

Bulletin  of  the   Brooklyn   Entomological  Society,  Vols.   I-VII,    1878-1885. 

Bulletin  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences,  Vols.  I-IV,  1873- 
1884. 

Canadian  Entomologist,  Vols.  1-XXXIV,  1869-1903,  London,  Ontario. 
(Published  monthly.) 

Entomologica  Americana,  Vols.  I-V,  Brooklyn,  1885-1889. 

38 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

Entomological  News,  Vols.  I-XIII,  1890-1903,  Philadelphia  Academy 
of  Natural  Sciences.      (Published  monthly,  except  July  and  August.) 
Insect  Life,  Vols.  I-VII,  Washington,  1888-1895. 

Journal  of  the  New  York  Entomological  Society,  Vols.  I-X,  1893-1903. 
(Published  quarterly.) 

Papilio,  Vols.  I-III,  1881-1883,  New  York,  Edited  by  Henry  Edwards; 
Vol.  IV,  1884,  Philadelphia,  Edited  by  Eugene  M.  Aaron. 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Philadelphia,  Vols.  I-VI, 
1861-1867.  (Continued  as  the  Transactions  of  the  American  Entomo- 
logical Society.) 

Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Washington,  Vols.  I-V, 
1890-1903.  (Published  occasionally.) 

Proceedings  of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Washington,  Vols.  I-XXVI, 
1878-1903. 

Psyche.  Organ  of  the  Cambridge  Entomological  Club,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  Vols.  I-IX,  1877-1903.  (Published  bi-monthly.) 

Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society,  Vols.  I-XXX. 
1867-1903.  Philadelphia  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences.  (Published 
quarterly.) 

GENERAL   CATALOGUES  AND   LISTS 

GROTE,  A.  R.,  AND      List    of    the    Lepidoptera    of    North    America,    I, 
ROBINSON,  C.  T.  (Sphingidae   to    Bombycidae.)      American   Entomo- 

logical Society,  Philadelphia,  1868. 

GROTE,  A.  R.  List  of  the  North  American  Platypterices,  Attaci, 

Hemileucini,     Ceratocampidee,     Lachneides,     Tere- 
dines, and  Hepiali  with  Notes  (Transactions  Amer- 
ican Philosophical  Society,  1874). 
GROTE,  A.  R.  A  New  Check  List  of  North  American  Moths,  New 

York,  1882,  pp.  1-73. 
BROOKLYN  ENTOMO-  Check  List  of  the  Macro-Lepidoptera  of  America, 

LOGICAL  SOCIETY     North  of  Mexico  (Brooklyn,  1882,  pp.  1-25). 
SMITH,  JOHN  B.  List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  Boreal  America  ^Phila- 

delphia,   American    Entomological    Society,    1891, 
pp.   1-124). 

KIRBY,  W.  F.  A  Synonymic  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Hetero- 

cera,  Vol.  I,  Sphinges  and  Bombyces,  London,  1892, 

DYAR,  H.  G.  A  List  of   North  American   Lepidoptera    (Bulletin 

U.  S.  National  Museum,  No.  52),  pp.  i-xix,  1-723. 
GENERAL   WORKS   CONTAINING   INFORMATION   AS  TO  THE 

MOTHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

COMSTOCK,  J.  H.          A  Manual  for  the  Study  of  Insects,  Ithaca,  1895. 
DRUCH,  HERBERT        Biologia  Centrali- Americana,  Insecta,  Lepidoptera- 
Heterocera,    Vols.    I-II,    Text;    Vol.    Ill,    Plates, 
London,   1881-1900, 

39 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

PACKARD,  A.  S.  Guide  to  the  Study  of  Insects.     Numerous  Editions. 

A  Text-book  of  Entomology,  New  York,  1898. 
SHARP,  DAVID  The  Cambridge  Natural  History:     Insects,  2  Vols.; 

Vol.  I,  1895;  Vol.  II,  1899.     London  and  New  York. 
STRECKER,  HERMAN    Lepidoptera,       Rhopaloceres       and       Heteroceres, 

Indigenous    and    Exotic,    with    Descriptions    and 

Colored   Illustrations.     Reading,    Pa.,      1872-1877. 

Three  Supplements,  1898-1900. 
WALKER,  FRANCIS       List  of  the  Lepidopterous  Insects  in  the  Collection 

of  the  British  Museum.     Vols.  I-XXXV,  London, 

1854-1866. 
RILEY,  C.  V.  Reports    on    the    Noxious,    Beneficial,    and    Other 

Insects  of  the  State  of  Missouri.     Nos.    1-9,   and 

Index, 1869-1878. 

WORKS    PARTICULARLY    USEFUL    IN    STUDYING    THE    DIP- 
FERENT  FAMILIES  OF  THE  MOTHS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA 

SPHINGID.* 

GROTE,  A.  R.,  AND      A  Synonymical  Catalogue  of  North  America  Sphin- 

ROBINSON,  C.  T.  gidae.  (Proceedings  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  Vol. 
V,  1865,  pp.  149-193.) 

GROTE,  A.  R.  Catalogue   of    the    Sphingidae   of    North    America. 

(Bulletin  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sciences,  1873,  pp.  17-28.) 
New  Check  List  of  North  American  Sphingidae, 
(Bulletin  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sciences,  Vol.  Ill,  pp. 
220-225.) 

CLEMENS,  B.  Synopsis     of     the     North     American     Sphingides. 

(Journal  Acad.  Nat.  Sciences,  Philadelphia,  Vol.  IV, 
1859,  pp.  97-190.) 

BOISDUVAL,  J.  A.  Sphingides,  Sesiides,  Castniides.  Paris,  1874. 
Vol.  I,  text;  and  a  series  of  Plates  in  the  Atlas 
accompanying  the  work,  which  forms  a  portion  of 
the  "Suites  a.  Buff  on." 

BUTLER,  A.  G.  Revision  of  the   Heterocerous   Lepidoptera  of  the 

Family  Sphingidse.  (Transactions  Zoological  Soc. 
London,  Vol.  IX,  1877,  pp.  511-644,  Plates  XC- 
XCIV.) 

SMITH,  JOHN  B.  An  Introduction  to  a  Classification  of  the  North 

American      Lepidoptera.      Sphingidae.       (Entomo- 
logica  Americana,  Vol.  I,  1885,  pp.  81-87.) 
List  of  the  Sphingidae  of  Temperate  North  America. 
(Entomologica  Americana,  1888,  pp.  89-94.) 
A  monograph   of  the  Sphingidae  of  North  America 
North    of    Mexico.      (Transactions    American    Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.  XV,  1888,  pp.  49-242,  Twelve  Plates.) 

30 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

FERNALD,  C.  H.  The   Sphingidae   of   New   England.     Orcmo,   Maine, 

1886. 
BEUTENMULLER,  W.   Descriptive    Catalogue    of   the    Sphingidae     Found 

within  Fifty  Miles  of  New  York  City.      (Bull.  Am. 

Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  275-320.) 

ROTHSCHILD,  HON.      A  Revision  of  the  Lepidopterous  Family  Sphingidae. 
W.,  AND  JORDAN,  K.    (Novitates  Zoologicae,  1903.)      The  most  complete 

work  upon  the  subject  as  yet  written. 

SATURNIID.E 

SMITH,  JOHN  B.  A  Revision  of  the  Lepidopterous  Family  Saturniidae. 

(Proc.  U.  S.  National  Museum,  Vol.  IX,  pp.  414- 
43 7,  Three  Plates.) 

PACKARD,  A.  S.  Synopsis  of  the  Bombycidas  of  the  United  States. 

(Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Philadelphia,  Vol.  Ill,  1864, 
pp.  97-130  and  331-396.) 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 

DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.  (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II,  pp.  121-132.) 

GROTE,  A.  R.  List  of  the  North  American  Platypterices,  Attaci, 

Hemileucini,  Ceratocampidae,  Lachneides,  Tere- 
dines, and  Hepiali,  with  Notes.  (Proc.  Am.  Philos. 
Soc.,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  256-264.) 

CERATOCAMPIDvE 

GROTE,  A.  R.  List    of   the    North    American    Platypterices,    etc. 

(See  Above.) 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.     (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.   II,  pp.   147-152.) 
SYNTOMID^; 
HAMPSON,  G  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenae    in    the 

British  Museum,  Vol.  I,  1898. 

LITHOSIID^E 

BUTLER,  A.  G.  On  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  Family  Lithosiidae,  in 

the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum.  (Transac- 
tions Ent.  Soc.,  London,  1877,  pp.  325-377.) 

STRETCH,  R.  H.  Illustrations  of  the  Zygaenidas  and  Bombycidas  of 

North  America,  San  Francisco,  1874,  pp.  242,  Ten 
Plates.  (Numerous  Lithosiids  are  figured  and 
described.) 

HAMPSON,  G.  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenae    in    the 

British  Museum,  Vol.  II,  1900. 
ARCTIID^E 

HAMPSON,  G.  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenae    in    the 

British  Museum,  Vol.  Ill,  1901. 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

STRETCH,  R.  H.  Illustrations  of  the  Zygaenidae  and  Bombycidae  of 

North  America.      (Numerous  Arctiids    are    figured 
and  described.) 

BEUTENMULLER,  W.  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  Bombycine  Moths 
Found  within  Fifty  Miles  of  New  York  City. 
(Bulletin  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist.,  Vol.  X.,  pp.  353- 
448.) 

SMITH,  JOHN  B  Preliminary  Catalogue  of  the  Arctiidae  of  Temperate 

North    America.      (Canadian    Entomologist,    1889, 
pp.  169-175,  193-200,  and  213-219.) 
The     North     American     Species     of     Callimorpha 
Latreille.      (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  1887,  pp.  342- 
353-) 

LYMAN,  H.  H.  The     North     American     Callimorphas.      (Canadian 

Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  pp.  181-191.) 

GROTE,  A.  R.  Table    of    the    Species    of    Euchaetes.      (Canadian 

Entomologist,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  196-197.) 

AGARISTID^E 

HAMPSON,  G.  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalasnae    in    the 

Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  515- 
663, 1901. 

(Consult  also  Stretch,   Neumoegen  and  Dyar,  and 
Periodicals.) 

NOCTUID^; 

7IAMPSON,  G.  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenas    in    the 

Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  Vol.  IV,  et  seq. 

GUENEE,  A.  Noctuelites.      Sp6cies     G6n6ral    des     L6pidopteres. 

Suites  a  Buff  on,  Vols.  V-VIII. 

GROTE,  A.  R.  List  of  the  Noctuidae  of  North  America.      (Bulletin 

Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sciences,  Vol.  II,  pp.  1-77.) 
Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  North  American 
Noctuidag.      (Proc.     Amer.     Philos.     Society,     Vol. 
XXI,  pp.  134-176.) 

An  Illustrated  Essay  on  the  Noctuidae  of  North 
America;  with  "A  Colony  of  Butterflies,"  London. 
1882,  pp.  1-85,  four  colored  plates. 
Consult  also  the  very  numerous  papers  upon  the 
Noctuidae  published  by  Grote  in  the  Bulletin  of 
the  Buffalo  Society  of  Natural  Sciences;  The 
Canadian  Entomologist;  the  Bulletin  of  the  U.  S 
Geological  Survey,  Vol.  VI;  Papilio;  and  recently 
in  the  publications  of  the  Roemer  Museum  at 
Hildesheim,  Germany. 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

SMITH,  JOHN  B.  A  Catalogue,  Bibliographical  and  Synonymical,  of 

the  Species  of  Moths  of  the  Lepidopterous  Super- 
family  Noctuidse  Found  in  Boreal  America,  with 
Critical  Notes.  (Bulletin  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 
No.  44,  pp.  1-424-) 

This  is  the  most  scholarly  and  complete  work 
upon  the  Noctuidae  of  America  which  has  up  to 
the  present  time  been  published,  and  is  indispensa- 
ble to  the  student. 

Consult  also  the  very  numerous  papers  by  Professor 
Smith  which  have  been  published  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  U.  S.  National  Museum;  the  Transactions  of 
the  American  Entomological  Society;  The  Canadian 
Entomologist;  Papilio,  and  other  periodicals. 

SMITH,  JOHN  B.,  AND  A    Revision   of  the   Species   of   Acronycta   and   of 

DYAR,  H.  G.  Certain  Allied  Genera.      (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 

Vol.  XXI,  pp.  1-194.) 

HULST,  G.  D.  The    Genus    Catocala.      (Bulletin    Brooklyn    Ent. 

Society,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  13-56.) 

NYCTEOLID.E 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  I,  p.   117.) 
HAMPSON,  G.  F.  The  Fauna  of  British  India,  Moths,  Vol.  U,  pp.  365- 

388. 

PERICOPID.* 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  of  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II,  p.  26.) 

DIOPTID^E 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  of  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II,  p.  in.) 

NOTODONTID* 

PACKARD,  A.  S.  Monograph  of  the  Bombycine  Moths  of  America, 

North  of  Mexico.  Part  I,  Family  I,  Notodontidae. 
(Memoirs  National  Academy  of  Science,  Vol.  VII, 
pp.  1-390,  Forty-nine  Plates.) 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A     Preliminary     Revision     of    the     Lepidopterous 

DYAR,  H.  G.  Family  Notodontidae.  (Transactions  Am.  Ent. 

Soc.,  1894,  pp.  179-208.) 

SCHAUS,  W.  A  Revision  of  the  American  Notodontidae.  (Trans- 

actions Ent.  Soc.  London,  1901,  pp.  1:57-344, 
Plates  XI  and  XII.) 

33 


Books  about 'North  American  Moths 

THYATIRID^E 

GROTE,  A.  R.  A  Revision  of  the  Species  of  Cytnatophorina  Found 

in  the  United  States  and  British  America,  with 
Descriptions  of  New  Species.  (Proceedings  Ent. 
Soc.  Philadelphia,  Vol.  II,  pp.  54-59.) 

SMITH,  JOHNS  Bulletin  44,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  pp.  27-29. 

LIPARID^E 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 

DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II j  pp.  28-30  and  57-60.) 

LASIOCAMPID^B 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II,  pp.  152-160.) 

BOMBYCID.* 

HAMPSON,  G.  F  Fauna  of  British  India,  Moths,  Vol.  I,  pp.  31-40. 

PLATYPTERYGID.fi 

GROTE,  A.  R.  On  the  North  American  Platypterygidae.       (Trans- 

actions Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  65-67.) 
List    of    the    North    American    Platypterices,    etc. 
(Proceedings  Am.  Philos.  Soc.,  Vol.  XIV,  pp.  256— 
264.) 

NEUMOEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.   II,  pp.  61-62.) 

GEOMETRID.fi 

PACKARD,  A.  S.  A  Monograph  of  the  Geometrid  Moths  or  Phalaenidae 

of  the  United  States.  (U.  S.  Geological  Survey 
of  the  Territories,  Vol.  X,  pp.  1-607  >  Thirteen  Plates.) 

HULST,  G.  D.  -A  Classification  of  the  Geometrina  of  North  America 

with  Descriptions  of  New  Genera  and  Species 
(Transactions  Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  1896,  pp.  245-386.) 

GUMPPENBERG,  C.v.  Systema  Geometrarum  Zonae  Temperatioris  Sep- 
tentrionalis  (Nova  Acta  der  Kaiser.  Leop. — Carol. 
Deutschen  Akad.  der  Naturforscher,  1887-1897.) 

EPIPLEMID.fi 

HULST,  G.  D.  Transactions    American    Ent.    Soc.,    Vol.    XXIII, 

PP- 309-310. 
HAMPSON,  G.  F.  Fauna  of  British  India,  Moths,  Vol.  Ill,  pp.  121-137 

NOLID.fi 

HAMPSON,  G.  F.  Catalogue    of    the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenae    in    the 

Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  Vol.  II,  1900. 

34 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

LACOSOMID^E 

NEUMGEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.       (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc. 

Vol.  II,  p.  120.) 

PSYCHID.* 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.    II,  pp.    III-I20.) 
COCHLIDIID^E 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.   II,  pp.  64-76.) 

MEGALOPYGID^ 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.      (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.   II,  pp.    109-110.) 

DALCERIDJE 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXV,  p.  121. 
DYAR,  H.  G. 

DYAR,  H.  G.  Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  VI,  p.  232. 

EPIPYROPID^E 

DYAR,  H.  G.  List  of  North  American  Lepidoptera,  p.  359. 

WESTWOOD,  J.  O.         Transactions  Ent.  Soc.,  London,  1876,  p.  522. 

ZYG^NID^E 

PACKARD,  A.  S.  Notes    on    the    Family    Zygaenidae.      (Proceedings 

Essex  Institute,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  7-47.) 
GROTE,  A.  R.  Catalogue    of    the    Zygaenidae    of    North    America. 

(Bulletin  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Sciences,  Vol.  I,  pp.  29- 

36.) 
STRETCH,  R.  H.  Illustrations  of  the  Zygaenidae  and  Bombycidae  of 

North  America. 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  p.  63.      (Pyro- 
DYAR,  H.  G.  morphidae.) 


HAMPSON,  G.  P.  On  the  Classification  of  the  Thyrididae,  a  Family  of 

the     Lepidoptera     Phalaenae.      (Proc.     Zool.     Soc., 
London,  1897,  pp.  6o3~33-) 

COSSID.fi 

NEUMCEGEN,  B.,  AND  A  Preliminary  Revision  of  the  Bombyces  of  America 
DYAR,  H.  G.  North  of  Mexico.     (Journal  New  York  Ent.  Soc., 

Vol.  II,  pp.  160-166.) 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 


BAILEY,  J.  S. 


Some  of  the  North  American  Cossidae,  with  Facts 
in  the  Life  History  of  Cossus  centerensis  Lintner. 
(Bulletin  No.  3,  Division  of  Entomology,  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agriculture,  1883.) 


JEGEKUVJE 


BEUTENMULLER,  W.  Monograph  of  the  Sesiidae  of  North  America  North 
of  Mexico.  (Memoirs  of  the  Am.  Mus.  Nat.  Hist., 
Vol.  I,  Part  6,  pp.  2 1 7-3 5 2 ;  Plates  XXIX-XXXVI.) 


GUENEE,  A.  Deltoides  et  Pyralites.     Species  General  des  L6pi- 

dopteres,  Vol.  VIII. 

GROTE.  A.  R.  Preliminary     Studies     on     the     North     American 

Pyralidae.      (Bulletin    U.    S.    Geol.    Survey    of   the 
Territories,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  669—705.) 
Preliminary    List    of    North    American    Species    of 
Crambus.      (Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XII,  pp. 
77-80.) 

HAMPSON,  G.  F.  On  the  Classification  of  the  Schcenobiinae  and  Cram- 

binae,  Two  Subfamilies  of  Moths  of  the  Family 
Pyralidae.  (Proc.  Zool.  Soc.,  London,  1895,  pp. 
897-974-) 

On  the  Classification  of  Three  Subfamilies  of  Moths 
of  the  Family  Pyralidae:  the  Epipaschiinae,  Endo- 
trichinae,  and  Pyralinae.  (Transactions  Ent.  Soc., 
London,  1896,  pp.  451-550.) 

On  the  Classification  of  the  Chrysauginas,  a  Sub- 
family of  Moths  of  the  Family  Pyralidae.  (Proc. 
Zool.  Soc.,  London,  1897,  pp.  633-692.) 
On  the  Classification  of  Two  Subfamilies  of  Moths 
of  the  Family  Pyralidae:  the  Hydrocampinae  and 
Scopariinae.  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc.,  London,  1897, 
pp.  127-240.) 

A  Revision  of  the  Moths  of  the  Subfamily  Pyraus- 
tinae  and  Family  Pyralidae,  Part  I.  (Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.,  London,  1898,  pp.  590-761.) 
A  Revision  of  the  Moths  of  the  Subfamily  Pyraus- 
tinae  and  Family  Pyralidae,  Part  II.  (Proc.  Zool. 
Soc.,  London,  1899,  pp.  172-291.) 

HULST,  G.  D.  .  The  Phycitidae  of  North   America.      (Transactions 

Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  1890,  pp.  93-228.) 
The    Epipaschiinae   of   North   America.      (Entomo- 
logica  Americana,  1889,  pp.  41-52  and  61-76.) 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

FELT,  E.  P  On  Certain  Grass-eating  Insects.  (Bulletin  No.  64, 

Cornell  Unix7.  Agric.  Experiment  Station,  1894, 
pp.  47-102,  Fourteen  Plates.) 

FERNALD,  C.  H.  The  Crambidze  of  North  America.  (Annual  Report 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College,  1896,  pp.  1-96, 
Nine  Plates.) 

RAGONOT,  E.  L.  Monographic  des  Phycitinae  et  des  Galleriinae. 

(Romanoff's  "Memoires  sur  les  Lepidopteres,  Vols. 
VII-VIII,  1893-1902.)  Volume  VIII  was  com- 
pleted by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  after  the  death 
of  the  author. 

PTEROPHORID^E 

FERNALD,  C.  H.  The    Pterophoridae    of    North    America.      (Special 

Bulletin,  Mass.  Agricultural  College,  1898,  pp.  1—64, 
Nine  Plates.) 

TORTRICID^E 

FERNALD,  C.  H.  A  Synonymical  Catalogue   of  the   Described  Tor- 

tricidse  of  North  America  North  of  Mexico.      (Trans- 
actions Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  X,  pp.  1-64.) 
On  the  North  American  Species  of  Choreutis  and  Its 
Allies.      (Canadian    Entomologist,    1900,    pp.    236- 
245-) 

ROBINSON,  C.  T  Notes     on     American     Tortricidae.      (Transactions 

Am.  Ent.  Soc.,  Vol.  II,  pp.  261-288,  Plates  I  and 
IV-VIII.) 

WALSINGHAM,  LORD  North  American  Tortricidae.  Illustrations  of 
Typical  Specimens  of  Lepidoptera  Heterocera  in 
the  Collection  of  the  British  Museum,  Part  IV, 
pp.  i-xii  and  1-84,  Plates  I-XVII. 

ZELLER,  P.  C.  Beitraege    zur    Kentniss    der    Nordamerikanischen 

Nachtf alter   besonders   der   Microlepidopteren. 
(Verhandlungen    d.     Zool.-Bot.     Gesellsch,    Wien, 
1873,  pp. 447-556;  1873,  pp. 201-334;  1875,  pp. 207- 
360.     Treats  also  of  Tineidae. 

TINEID.E,     ETC. 

CLEMENS,  B.  The  Tineina  of  North  America,  by  the  late  Bracken- 

ridge  Clemens.  Being  a  Collected  Edition  of  his 
Writings  on  that  Group  of  Insects.  With  Notes 
by  the  Editor,  H.  T.  Stainton,  London,  1872, 
pp.  i-xv  and  1-282. 

CHAMBERS,  V.  T.  Index  to  the  Described  Tineina  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  (Bulletin  U.  S.  Geol.  Survey  of  the 
Territories,  Vol.  IV,  pp.  125-167.) 

37 


Books  about  North  American  Moths 

WALSINGHAM,  LORD  North  American  Coleophorae.  (Transactions  Ent. 
Soc.,  London,  1882,  pp.  429-442,  PI.  XVII.) 
A  Revision  of  the  Genera  Acrolophus  Poey  and 
Anaphora  Clemens.  (Transactions  Ent.  Soc.,  Lon- 
don, 1887,  pp.  137-173,  Plates  VII,  VIII.) 
Steps  Toward  a  Revision  of  Chambers's  Index  with 
Notes  and  Descriptions  of  New  Species.  (Insect 
Life,  Vol.  I,  pp.  81-84,  113-117,  145-150,  254- 
258,  287-291;  Vol.  II,  pp.  23-26,  51-54,  77-8i, 
116-120,  150-155,  284-286,  322-326;  Vol.  Ill,  pp. 
325-329,  386-389;  Vol.  IV,  pp.  385-389.) 

DYAR,  H.  G.  Notes  on   Some   North  American  Yponomeutidas, 

(Canadian  Entomologist,  1900,  pp.  37-41,  84-86.) 

BUSCK,  A.  New  Species  of  Moths  of  the  Superfamily  Tineina 

from  Florida.      (Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XXIII, 
pp.  225-254.) 

New  American  Tineina.      (Journal  New  York  Ent. 
Soc.,  Vol.  VIII,  pp.  234-248,  Plate  IX.) 
A  Revision   of  the  American  Moths  of  the  Family 
Gelechiidae  with    Descriptions     of     New     Species. 
(Proc.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  Vol.  XXV,  pp.  767-938.) 


"  When  simple  curiosity  passes  into  the  love  of  knowledge  as  such, 
and  the  gratification  of  the  esthetic  sense  of  the  beauty  of  complete- 
ness and  accuracy  seems  more  desirable  than  the  easy  indolence  of 
ignorance  ;  when  the  finding  out  of  the  causes  of  things  becomes  a 
source  of  joy,  and  he  is  counted  happy  who  is  successful  in  the  search, 
common  knowledge  of  Nature  passes  into  what  our  forefathers  called 
Natural  History,  from  whence  there  is  but  a  step  to  that  which  used  to 
be  termed  Natural  Philosophy,  and  now  passes  by  the  name  of  Physical 
Science." — THOMAS  HENRY  HUXLEY,  in  The  Crayfish. 


THE  MOTHS  OF  NORTH   AMERICA, 
NORTH   OF   MEXICO 


"The  laugh  at  entomology  is  nearly  spent.  Known  professors  of  the 
science,  and  members  of  its  '  Society,'  may  now  assemble  in  council  and 
communicate  their  observations  and  inquiries  without  fear  of  becoming 
themselves  subjects  for  a  commission  de  lunatico  inquirendo,  and  butterfly 
hunters,  net  in  hand,  may  now  chase  their  game  without  being  themselves 
made  game  of." — Acketa  Domestica. 


ORDER   LEPIDOPTERA 

SUBORDER    HETEROCERA   (MOTHS) 

FAMILY   I. 
THE  SPHINGID/E   (HAWKMOTHS) 

"The  Sphinx  is  drowsy, 
Her  wings  are  furled." — EMERSON. 

THE  moths  composing  this  family  vary  greatly  in  size.  Some 
African  species  are  very  little  more  than  an  inch  in  expanse  of 
wings.  Those  which  occur  in  North  America  are  medium-sized 
or  large. 

The  body  is  relatively  very  stout,  the  abdomen  conic,  cylin- 
dric,  or  flattened  on  the  ventral  surface,  always  protruding  far 
beyond  the  hind  margin  of  the  secondaries,  sometimes  adorned 
with  lateral  or  terminal  tufts  capable  of  expansion.  The  thorax 
is  stout  and  often  advanced  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  wings. 
The  head  is  large  and  generally  prominent.  The  eyes  are  often 
large,  prominent,  and  generally  naked,  never  hairy.  The  palpi 
are  well,  but  never  excessively,  developed. 
The  proboscis  is  generally  long,  some- 
times much  longer  than  the  body,  but  in  a 
few  genera  among  the  Ambulicince  greatly 
reduced  and  even  obsolete.  The  antennae 

are   well    developed,    stouter    in    the    male 

FIG.  20. — Greatly 

than  in  the  female  sex,  thickening  from  the     magnified   view  of 
base  to  the   middle,  or  in  some  genera  to     ^e  under  side  of 

three  joints  of  the 

nearly   the   end,  usually  hooked  at  the  ex-     antenna  of  P.  guin- 
tremity,    sometimes    merely    curved.      The     quemaculatus. 
joints  of  the  antennae  in  the  case  of  the  males 
of  some  of  the  subfamilies  are  equipped  at  either  end  with  pecul- 
iarly arranged  fascicles  of  projecting  hairs,  or  cilia,  the  arrangement 

41 


Sphingidae 

of  which,  as  examined  under  the  microscope,  is  seen  to  be  quite 
different  from  that  which  prevails  in  any  other  family  of  moths. 
The  accompanying  illustration  (Fig.  20)  shows  this  arrange- 
ment in  the  case  of  the  common  Five-spotted  Hawkmoth, 
(Protoparce  quinquemaculatus) . 

The  wings  are  small  in  comparison  with  the  body.  The 
front  wings  are  very  long  in  proportion  to  their  width,  and 
the  costal  veins  are  always  very  stoutly  developed.  The  tip 
of  the  wing  is  usually  pointed,  and  the  margins  are  straight 
or  evenly  rounded,  though  in  some  genera,  principally  be- 
longing to  the  subfamily  Ambulicinae,  they  have  undulated 
or  scalloped  margins.  The  hind  margin  of  the  fore  wings 
is  always  much  shorter  than  the  costal  margin.  The  hind 
wings  are  relatively  quite  small.  The  venation  of  the  wings 
is  characteristic.  The  primaries  have  from  eleven  to  twelve 
veins,  the  secondaries  eight,  reckoning  the  two  internal  veins, 
veins  i  a  and  i  b,  as  one.  Veins  eight  and  seven  are 
connected  near  the  base  of  the  wing 
by  a  short  vein,  or  bar.  The  discal 
cell  is  relatively  quite  small  in  both 
wings.  There  is  always  a  frenulum, 
though  in  the  Ambulicina  it  is  frequently 
merely  vestigial.  The  general  style  of 
the  venation  is  illustrated  in  Figure  21, 
which  represents  the  structure  of  the 

Wi"gs    Of    S*si"    MaluS    Linn*US"      The 
Linnaeus.  hawkmoths    have    prodigious    power    of 

flight.     A  few  genera  are  diurnal  in  their 

habits;  most  of  them  are  crepuscular,  flying  in  the  dusk  of  evening, 
a  few  also  about  dawn. 

The  larvae  are  usually  large.  There  is  great  variety  in  their 
color,  though  the  majority  of  the  North  American  species  are  of 
some  shade  of  green.  They  usually  have  oblique  stripes  on 
their  sides,  and  most  of  them  have  a  caudal  horn,  which  in  the 
last  stages  in  some  genera  is  transformed  into  a  lenticular 
tubercle.  In  a  few  genera  the  anal  horn  is  wanting.  The 
anterior  segments  of  the  bodies  of  the  larvae  are  retractile.  When 
in  motion  the  body  is  long  and  fusiform,  but  when  at  rest  the 
head  and  the  anterior  segments  are  drawn  back,  the  rings 


EXPLANATION  OF   PLATE   II 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Hamorrhagia  thetis  Boisduval,   cJ1. 

2.  Hcemorrhagia  tenuis  Grote,   9  • 

3.  Hcemorrhagia  axillaris  Grote  &  Robinson,   J1. 

4.  Hcemorrhagia  axillaris  Grote  &  Robinson,   9  . 

5.  Hcemorrhagia  thy  she  Fabricius,   J1. 

6.  Hcemorrhagia  cimbiciformis  Stephens,   $  . 

7.  Hcemorrhagia  brucei  French,  tf. 

8.  Proserpinus  flavofasciata  Walker,    9  . 

9.  Euproserpinus  phaeton  Grote  &  Robinson,  J>. 

10.  Proserpinus  darkies  Boisduval,    $  . 

11.  Pogocolon  gaurce  Abbot  &  Smith,  cJ1. 

12.  Pogocolon  fuanita  Strecker,  J1. 

13.  Xylophones  tersa  Linnagus,   c?. 

14.  Celerio  lineata  Fabricius,  cJ1. 

15.  Deidamia  inscriptum  Harris,   cJ1. 

1 6.  Sesia  titan  Cramer,   (J1. 

17.  E pis tor  lugubris  Linnaeus,  (J1. 

18.  Ampkion  nessus  Cramer,    tf. 

19.  Sphecodina  abbotti  Swainson,    (J1. 

20.  Celerio  intermedia  Kirby,    9  • 

21.  Cautethia  grotei  Henry  Edwards,   tf. 


THE  MOTK  BOOK. 


Sphingidae 

"telescoping"  into  one  another,  and  the  anterior  portion  of  the 
body  being  often  raised,  as  illustrated  in  Plate  I,  Figure  i.  It  is 
alleged  that  the  habit  of  assuming  this  posture,  suggesting  a 
resemblance  to  the  Egyptian  Sphinx,  prompted  the  application 
of  the  name  to  these  creatures.  The  larvae  are  not  gregarious, 
but  feed  solitarily  upon  their  appropriate  food-plants. 

Some  forms  pupate  in  a  cell  deep  under  the  soil,  others  spin 
a  loose  cocoon  among  damp  fallen  leaves  and  pupate  at  the  sur- 
face. The  pupae  are  as  remarkable  as  the  larvae.  A  few  genera 
have  the  proboscis  enclosed  in  a  sheath  which  is  separate  along 
the  greater  portion  of  its  course  from  the  adjacent  wall  of  the 
body.  This  is  illustrated  in  Figure  22. 


FIG.  22. — Pupa  of  Protoparce  quinquemaculatus.     (After  Riley.) 


The  Hawkmoths  of  the  United  States  and  Canada  fall  into 
five  subfamilies,  the  Acherontiince,  the  Ambulicince,  the  Sesiince, 
the  Philampelince,  and  the  Chcerocampince. 

SUBFAMILY   ACHERONTIINCE 
Genus    HERSE    Oken 

(i)  Herse  cingulata  Fabricius,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  3,  $,  (The 
Pinkspotted  Hawkmoth.) 

Syn.  convolvuli,  var.  Merian;  affinis  Goeze;  drur&i  Donovan;  pungens 
Eschsholtz;  decolor  a  Henry  Edwards. 

This  large  and  elegant  hawkmoth,  the  larva  of  which  feeds 
upon  sweet-potato  vines  and  various  other  Convolvulacece,  has 
been  confounded  by  writers  with  H.  convolvuli  Linnaeus,  which 
it  resembles,  but  from  which  it  is  abundantly  distinct.  The 
latter  species  is  confined  to  the  old  world.  H.  cingulata,  the 
only  species  of  the  genus  occurring  in  the  western  hemisphere, 
ranges  from  Canada  to  northern  Patagonia,  and  is  also  found  in 
the  Galapagos  and  Sandwich  Islands.  I  have  a  specimen  taken 
at  sea  in  the  Atlantic,  five  hundred  miles  from  the  nearest  land. 

43 


Sphingidae 

It  settled  in  the  cabin  of  a  ship  and  was  caught  by  the  captain  of 
the  vessel. 

Genus    COCYTIUS    Hvibner 

The  genus  Cocytius,  which  includes  some  of  the  largest 
hawkmoths  which  are  known,  contains  five  species,  all  of  which 
are  found  in  the  tropics  cf  the  new  world.  They  may  easily  be 
recognized  by  the  fact  that  the  third  joint  of  the  labial  palpi  is  in 
both  sexes  prolonged  into  a  small,  sharp,  conical,  naked  horn. 
The  larvae,  which  feed  upon  the  Anonacece,  are  covered  with  fine 
hairs.  Only  one  of  the  species  is  found  within  the  faunal  limits 
covered  by  the  present  work.  It  occurs  in  southern  Florida,  and 
in  southern  Texas  as  a  straggler. 

(i)  Cocytius  antaeus  Drury,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  I,  $.  (The 
Giant  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  caricce  Muller  (non  Linnaeus);  jatrophae  Fabricius;  hydaspui 
Cramer;  tnedor  Stoll;  anotVB  Shaw;  lapayusa  Moore. 

The  species  is  somewhat  variable,  specimens  from  the 
Antilles  being  often  lighter  in  color  than  those  from  Central 
America,  and  the  continental  portions  of  its  habitat.  This  lighter 
form  is  accepted  by  Rothschild  &  Jordan  as  typical,  and  the 
darker  form  is  called  by  them  Cocytius  anicem  medor  Stoll.  The 
difference  is  hardly  sufficiently  constant  to  justify  the  separation 
into  two  subspecies.  The  insect  ranges  from  Florida  into 
southern  Brazil. 

Genus  PROTOPARCE  Burmeister 
The  head  is  prominent.  The  body  is  stout  and  heavy.  The 
tongue  in  both  sexes  is  at  least  as  long  as  the  body.  The  palpi 
are  large,  ascending,  and  appressed  to  the  front,  having  the 
basal  joint  long,  the  second  a  little  shorter,  but  broader,  and 
the  terminal  joint  minute.  The  eyes  are  large,  feebly  lashed. 
The  tibiae  are  either  without  spines,  or  feebly  armed  with 
minute  spinules.  The  mid  tarsus  is  provided  with  a  comb  of 
long  bristles.  The  venation  of  the  wings  is  typically  sphingi- 
form.  The  outer  margins  of  the  primaries  are  evenly  rounded. 
There  is  a  slight  projection  of  the  secondaries  at  the  extremity 
of  vein  i  b.  The  prevalent  colors  of  the  wings  are  shades  of 
gray,  banded  and  mottled  with  darker  and  lighter  lines  and 

44 


Sphingidae 

spots.  The  abdomen  is  generally  marked  on  the  sides  by  rows 
of  yellowish  spots. 

The  larvae  are  cylindrical  with  the  head  rounded.  The  anal 
horn  curves  downward  and  is  granulose.  The  prevalent  colors 
are  shades  of  green.  The  segments,  from  four  to  eleven 
inclusive,  are  marked  on  the  sides  with  whitish  diagonal  stripes. 

The  pupa  has  the  tongue-case  free,  curved,  and  nearly 
touching  the  pectus. 

This  genus,  which  is  confined  to  the  two  Americas,  includes 
thirty  species,  of  which  four  occur  within  our  faunal  limits. 

(1)  Protoparce  sexta  Johanssen,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  2,   ?.     (The 
Tomato  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  Carolina  Linnaeus;  nicoiianas  M£n6tri£s;  lycopersici  Boisduval. 

This  is  one  of  our  commonest  hawkmoths.  Its  larva  feeds 
upon  the  potato,  tomato,  and  other  Solanacece.  It  ranges  over 
the  United  States  and  is  represented  in  Central  and  South 
America  by  several  subspecies  or  local  races. 

(2)  Protoparce    quinquemaculatus     Haworth,    Plate     IV, 
Fig.    i,  ?  .     See  also  text  figures  20  and  22.     (The  Five-spotted 
Hawkmoth.) 

Syn.  celeus  Hiibner;  Carolina  Donovan. 

Like  the  preceding  species,  this  hawkmoth  is  very  common. 
Its  larva  feeds  upon  the  Solanacece  and  is  particularly  destructive 
to  tobacco.  It  is  familiarly  known  in  the  South  as  the 
"tobacco  fly." 

(3)  Protoparce    occulta    Rothschild    &  Jordan,    Plate    IV, 
Fig.  4,   ?  .     (The  Occult  Sphinx.) 

This  hawkmoth  is  found  in  a  number  of  American  collections 
confounded  with  P.  sexta  =  Carolina  Linnaeus.  It  may  readily 
be  distinguished  by  the  different  markings  of  the  hind  wings, 
the  absence  of  the  two  rows  of  small  white  spots  on  the  back 
of  the  abdomen,  and  by  the  small  but  conspicuous  whitish  dot 
at  the  end  of  the  cell  of  the  fore  wing.  It  occurs  in  Texas  and 
Arizona  and  ranges  southward  to  Central  America.  Its  larval 
habits  are  not  known. 

(4)  Protoparce  rustica  Fabricius,  Plate  VII,  Fig.  5,  $  .    (The 
Rustic  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  chionanthi  Abbot  &  Smith.  , 

The  caterpillar  of  this  hawkmoth  feeds  upon  the  fringe-bush 
45 


Sphingidae 

( Chionanthus)  and  the  jasmine.  It  is  a  common  species  in  the 
southern  States  and  Central  America,  but  is  only  occasionally 
found  in  the  northern  States.  I  have  not  infrequently  taken 
specimens  in  southern  Indiana,  and  it  is  now  and  then 
captured  in  Pennsylvania  and  even  in  New  England. 

Genus  CHL^ENOGRAMMA  Smith 

This  genus,  which  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding, 
may  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the  fact  that  the  comb  of  long 
bristles  of  the  mid  tarsus,  which  is  characteristic  of  Protoparce, 
is  wanting  or  reduced  to  at  most  one  or  two  bristles.  Pulvillus 
and  paronychium  present.  The  eyes  are  smaller  than  in 
Protoparce,  and  are  not  lashed.  There  are  two  species  in  the 
genus,  one  South  American,  the  other  found  in  the  eastern 
portion  of  the  United  States. 

(i)  Chlaenogramma  jasminearum  Guerin,  Plate  VII, 
Fig.  6,  ?  .  (The  Ash  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  rotundata  Rothschild. 

The  larva  of  this  hawkmoth  feeds  upon  the  various  species 
of  ash  (Fraxinus).  It  is  found  in  the  middle  Atlantic  States 
and  southward,  and  ranges  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi. 

Genus  DOLBA  Walker 

Head  small;  eyes  small  and  lashed.  The  antennae  are 
fusiform  with  a  short  abrupt  hook  at  the  tip.  The  tibiae  are  not 
spinose.  The  mid  tarsus  has  a  comb. 

The  genus,  which  contains  but  a  single  species,  is  differenti- 
ated from  all  those  in  which  the  eyes  are  lashed  by  the  non- 
spinose  tibiae. 

(i)  Dolba  hylaeus  Drury,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  4,  ? .  (The  Papaw 
Sphinx.) 

This  small,  but  neatly  colored  hawkmoth,  may  readily  be 
distinguished  by  the  figure  given  in  our  plate.  Its  larva,  which 
is  green,  marked  with  lateral  oblique  red  bands,  commonly  feeds 
upon  the  papaw,  ( ' Asimina  triloba),  and  is  generally  abundant 
where  that  plant  is  common,  as  in  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio.  It 
is  also  said  to  feed  upon  Prinos.  It  ranges  from  Canada  to  the 
Gulf  States  and  westward  to  Iowa  and  Missouri. 


Sphingidae 
Genus  ISOGRAMMA  Rothschild  &  Jordan 

This  genus  has  been  erected  by  Rothschild  &  Jordan  for  the 
reception  of  the  single  species  which  we  figure.  The  learned 
authors  say:  "In  the  shortness  of  the  fore  tibia  and  first  segment 
of  the  fore  tarsus  the  only  species  of  this  genus  agrees  with 
the  species  of  Ceratomia,  and  in  the  preservation  of  the  pulvillus 
with  CHtenogramma,  while  it  differs  from  both  genera  in  the 
fore  tibia  and  the  extreme  apex  of  the  mid  tibia  being  armed 
with  spines.  The  spinosity  of  the  tibia  is  an  advanced  character, 
not  acquired  by  Ceratomia,  while  the  pulvillus  is  an  ancestral 
structure  already  lost  in  Ceratomia." 

(i)  Isogramma  hageni  Grote,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  8,  $  .  (Hagen's 
Sphinx.) 

This  obscurely  colored  hawkmoth,  which  is  liable  to  be 
confounded  with  some  of  the  species  of  Ceratomia,  which  it 
superficially  resembles,  may  be  distinguished  at  a  glance  by  the 
slightly  greenish  shade  of  the  primaries  and  by  the  absence 
of  the  dark-brown  border  of  the  hind  wings,  which  is  charac- 
teristic of  all  the  species  of  Ceratomia.  It  occurs  in  Texas. 

Genus  CERATOMIA  Harris 

The  tongue  is  reduced  in  size.  The  palpi  are  small.  The 
eyes  are  small.  The  tibiae  are  unarmed.  There  is  no  comb 
of  bristles  on  the  mid  tarsus,  the  pulvillus  is  absent,  the 
paronychium  is  present.  The  primaries  are  relatively  large  with 
evenly  rounded  outer  margin.  The  secondaries  are  slightly  pro- 
duced at  the  end  of  vein  i  b. 

The  species  have  dissimilar  larvae.  In  the  case  of  amyntor 
the  larva  has  four  horn-like  projections  on  the  thoracic  seg- 
ments; in  the  case  of  the  other  two  species  of  the  genus  the  larvae 
are  distinctly  and  normally  sphingiform. 

The  tongue-case  of  the  pupa  is  not  projecting. 

(i)  Ceratomia  amyntor  Hiibner,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  6,  $. 
(The  Four-horned  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  quadricornis  Harris;  ulmi  Henry  Edwards. 

This  common  hawkmoth,  which  may  be  easily  recognized  by 
our  figure,  lives  in  the  larval  state  upon  the  elm.  It  ranges  from 
Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  through  the  Mississippi 
Valley,  wherever  its  food-plant  is  found. 

47 


Sphingidae 

(2)  Ceratomia  undulosa  Walker,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  7,   ?  ,     (The 
Waved  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  repentinus  Clemens;  brontes  Boisduval  (non  Drury). 

This  hawkmoth,  which  may  easily  be  separated  from  its 
congeners  by  its  lighter  color  and  the  distinct  wavy  maculation 
of  the  fore  wings,  lives  in  the  larval  stage  upon  the  ash  and  the 
privet.  It  ranges  from  Maine  and  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and 
westward  into  the  trans-Mississippi  region  east  of  the  great  plains. 

(3)  Ceratomia  catalpae  Boisduval,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  7,  ? . 
(The  Catalpa  Sphinx.) 

The  larva  feeds  upon  various  species  of  catalpa,  and  has  in 
recent  years  been  charged  with  doing  considerable  damage  to 
these  trees  by  denuding  them  of  their  foliage.  The  insect  ranges 
from  New  Jersey  and  southern  Pennsylvania  southward  to 
Florida  and  westward  through  the  Mississippi  Valley,  wherever 
its  food-plant  occurs. 

Genus  ISOPARCE  Rothschild  &  Jordan 

Tongue  short  and  weak.  Palpi  small.  Tibiae  without  spines. 
The  first  protarsal  segment  is  short.  Hind  tibia  armed  with  long 
spurs.  Comb  on  mid  tarsus  wanting ;  pulvillus  wanting. 
Paronychium  without  lobes.  Veins  6  and  7  of  the  hind  wing  on 
a  long  stalk. 

(i)  Isoparce  cupressi  Boisduval. 
(The  Cypress  Sphinx.) 

The  insect  is  of  an  almost  uniform 
brown  color  on  the  upper  surface  of 
the  wings,  and  may  be  distinguished 
from  other  species  by  the  two  con- 
spicuous parallel  dark  markings  on 
the  limbal  area  of  the  fore  wings.  It 
is  extremely  rare  in  collections,  only  FIG.  23.— Isoparce  cupressi 
three  or  four  specimens  being  as  yet  Boisduval. 

known.      It    has    been    reported    from    Georgia    and    Florida. 

Genus  DICTYOSOMA  Rothschild  &  Jordan 

This  genus  has  been  erected  by  Messrs.  Rothschild  &  Jordan 
for  the  reception  of  the  single  species  originally  described  by 
Strecker  as  Sphinx  elsa. 

48 


EXPLANATION   OP   PLATE    III 

(When  not  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  figured  are  contained 
in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Pholus  vitis  Linnaeus,   cJ1. 

2.  Pholus  fasciatus  Sulzer,   cJ1. 

3.  Darapsa  pholus  Cramer,  <J*. 

4.  Darapsa  ntyron  Cramer,  <J*. 

5.  Pholus  achemon  Drury,  c?1. 

6.  Pholus  panddrus  Hiibner,  (J1. 

7.  Lapara  bombycoides  Walker,   tf. 

8.  H enter o planes  parce  Fabricius,  &. 
g.  Psychomorpha  epimenis  Drury,  cT. 

10.  Dysodia  oculatana  Clemens,  (J1. 

ir.  Pholus  labruscoe  Linnaeus,   c?. 

12.  Pachylia  ficus  Linnaeus,    $. 

13.  Darapsa  versicolor  Harris,   tf. 

14.  Arctonotus  lucidus  Boisduval,    &. 

15.  Hcemorrhagia  gracilis  Grote  &  Robinson,  <5\ 

1 6.  Lapara  conifer  arum,  Abbot  &  Smith,   $  ,  U.S.N.M. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Sphingidae 

(i.)  Dictyosoma  elsa  Strecker,  Plate  V,  Fig.  14,  $  .  (The 
Elsa  Sphinx.) 

This  peculiarly  colored  hawkmoth,  which  may  easily  be 
recognized  by  the  figure  in  our  plate,  occurs  in  Arizona.  A 
number  of  years  ago  Mr.  Jacob  Doll  reared  a  large  number  of 
specimens  from  the  larvae.  Since  then  but  few  specimens  have 
been  obtained,  and  it  is  as  yet  comparatively  rare  in  collections. 

Genus  ATREIDES  Holland 

The  generic  name  Atreus  proposed  by  Grote  and  adopted  on 
structural  grounds  by  Rothschild  &  Jordan  for  this  genus, 
having  been  preoccupied  by  Koch  in  the  Arachnida,  I  have 
given  the  name  Atreides  to  the  genus,  which  contains  the  single 
species  named  originally  Sphinx  plebeja  by  Fabricius. 

(i)  Atreides  plebeja  Fabricius,  Plate  V,  Fig.  6,  $ .  (The  Ple- 
beian Sphinx.) 

This  common  species  feeds  in  its  larval  state  upon  the 
trumpet-vine  (Tecoma).  It  ranges  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf 
States  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi,  wherever  its  food- 
plant  is  found.  It  is  double-brooded  in  the  Middle  States,  one 
brood  appearing  in  June,  the  second  in  August. 

Genus  HYLOICUS   Hubner 

This  genus,  which  includes  some  thirty  species,  most  of 
which  are  found  in  America,  though  a  few  occur  in  Europe  and 
Asia,  is  represented  in  our  faunal  limits  by  sixteen  species,  of 
which  eleven  are  figured  in  our  plates.  It  corresponds  largely 
with  the  genus  Sphinx  as  defined  by  many  recent  writers. 

(1)  Hyloicus  eremitus  Hubner,   Plate  VI,  Fig.  6,9.     (The 
Hermit  Sphinx.) 

Syn.,  sordida  Harris. 

This  hawkmoth,  which  is  double-brooded,  lives  in  the  larval 
stage  on  spearmint  (Mentha)  and  wild  bergamot  (Monarda).  It 
ranges  from  New  England  southward  to  Georgia,  and  westward 
into  the  Mississippi  Valley.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  where  it  is  double-brooded. 

(2)  Hyloicus   eremitoides   Strecker.       (The     Hermit-like 
Sphinx.) 

Syn.,  lugens  Grote  (non  Walker). 

49 


Sphmgidae 

This  species,  which  is  allied  to  the  preceding,  may  be  easily 
recognized  by  its  pale,  silvery-gray  color,  by  the  almost  entire 
absence  of  a  dorsal  stripe  on  the 
abdomen,  and  by  the  marking 
of  the  secondaries,  which  are 
grayish-white,  having  on  the 
outer  margin  a  broad  band  which 
is  black  inwardly,  fading  into 
darkish  gray  near  the  margin,  a 
median  irregularly  curved  black 
band,  and  at  the  insertion  of 
the  wing  a  black  basal  patch. 
The  cut  (Fig.  24)  will  enable  the 
student  to  recognize  the  species, 
which  is  not  common  in  collec-  FIG.  34.— Hyloicus  eremitoides. 
tions.  The  insect  is  found  in 
Kansas  and  the  southwestern  States. 

(3)  Hyloicus  separatus   Neumcegen,  Plate  VI,   Fig.  10,   $  . 
(Neumoegen's  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  andromedce  Boisduval  (partim.);  lugens  Smith  (partim.). 

This  species  has  been  confounded  with  others,  but  may  easily 
be  recognized  from  the  figure  which  we  give  in  our  plate.  It 
ranges  from  Colorado  southward  through  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona  into  Mexico. 

(4)  Hyloicus  chersis  Hiibner,   Plate   I,   Fig.    I,  larva  ;  Plate 
VII,  Fig  8,   ?  .    (The  Chersis  Sphinx.) 

This  common  and  widely  distributed  species  ranges  from 
Canada  to  Florida,  westward  to  the  Pacific,  and  southward  into 
Mexico.  Several  local  races  are  recognized,  that  which  occurs 
upon  the  Pacific  coast  having  been  named  oreodaphne  by  Henry 
Edwards.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  wild-cherry,  the  ash, 
the  privet,  and  other  allied  plants.  The  insect  is  double-brooded 
in  the  Middle  States,  appearing  on  the  wing  in  the  latter  part  of 
May,  and  again  in  August. 

(5)  Hyloicus  vancouverensis  Edwards. 
Syn.  vashli  Strccker. 

Form  albescens  Tepper,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  5,  $  (The  Van- 
wouver  Sphinx.) 

There  are  two  forms  of  this  hawkmoth,  one,  Hyloicus  van- 


Sphingidae 

couverensis  vancouverensis  in  which  the  middle  of  the 
thorax  is  pale  gray,  and  the  other,  Hyloicus  vancouverensis 
albescens,  which  has  a  very  dark  thorax,  and  which  is  figured 
on  our  plate.  The  moth  is  found  from  northern  California  to 
British  Columbia,  and  eastward  to  Montana  and  Alberta. 

(6)  Hyloicus     insolita     Lintner,     Plate     V,    Fig.    4,     $ . 
(Lintner's  Sphinx.) 

This  species,  which  is  well  represented  on  our  plate,  occurs 
in  Texas.  It  is  not  common  in  collections.  Rothschild  &  Jordan 
regard  it  as  a  form  of  H.  libocedrus  Henry  Edwards,  and 
apparently  with  reason. 

(7)  Hyloicus  perelegans    Henry    Edwards.     (The  Elegant 
Sphinx.) 

This  hawkmoth  may  be  distinguished  by  the  even  dark 
silvery-gray  color  of  the  fore  wings,  which  are  crossed  by  a  dis- 
tinct submarginal  whitish  band.  The  maculation  recalls  a  dark 
chersis  with  the  dark  thorax  and  the  body  of  H.  drupiferarum. 
It  is  found  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

(8)  Hyloicus    canadensis 
Boisduval. 

Syn.  plota  Strecker. 

This  species,  which  is  not 
common,  is  represented  by  the 
accompanying  cut  (Fig.  25), 
drawn  from  a  specimen  in  the 
Engel  Collection  in  the  Carnegie 
Museum,  and  taken  in  Massa- 
chusetts. It  occurs  in  eastern 
Canada,  northern  New  York,  F,G  25_ Hyloicus  canadensis. 
and  New  England. 

(9)  Hyloicus  kalmiae  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  8,  $. 
(The  Laurel  Sphinx.) 

This  hawkmoth  feeds  in  the  larval  stage  upon  Kalmia,  Cbi- 
onantbus,  and  Fraxinus.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Middle 
States  of  the  Atlantic  coast  region,  ranging  from  southern 
Canada  to  Georgia. 

(10)  Hyloicus  gordius  Cramer,  Plate  V,  Fig.   13,    $  .    (The 
Gordian  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  pcecila  Stephens. 

51 


Sphingidae 

The  larva  of  this  hawkmoth  feeds  upon  various  rosaceous 
plants,  as  the  wild  rose  and  the  crab-apple.  It  ranges  over  the 
Atlantic  region  from  southern  Canada  and  New  England  to 
Georgia,  and  westward  to  Colorado. 

(n)  Hyloicus  luscitiosa  Clemens,  Plate  V,  Fig.  i,  $. 
(Clemens'  Hawkmoth.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  various  species  of  willow.  The 
insect  occurs  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas,  and  westward 
through  the  eastern  portion  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

(12)  Hyloicus    drupiferarum     Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate  VII, 
Fig.  7,    $  .     (The  Wild-Cherry  Sphinx.) 

This  common  and  easily  recognizable  species  ranges  over  the 
whole  of  temperate  North  America  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  various  trees  and  shrubs,  but 
seems  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States  to  prefer  the  wild-cherry  as 
a  food-plant. 

(13)  Hyloicus  dolli  Neumcegen. 

Form  coloradus  Smith,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  3,  ?  .  (The  Colorado 
Sphinx.) 

Rothschild  &  Jordan  recognize  two  forms  of  this  species,  H. 
dolli  dolli  Neumcegen,  and  H.  dolli  coloradus  Smith.  The 
latter  we  figure.  The  former  is  prevalently  lighter  in  color  than 
the  form  coloradus.  The  insect  ranges  from  Colorado  to 
Arizona. 

(14)  Hyloicus    sequoiae    Boisduva'l,   Plate    V,    Fig.  8,    $  . 
(The  Sequoia  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  coniferarum  Walker  (partim). 

The  early  stages  of  this  insect  we  do  not  remember  to  have 
seen  described.  It  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast.  Boisduval's  type 
was  found  sitting  on  the  trunk  of  a  red-wood  tree  (Sequoia}. 

(15)  Hyloicus  pinastri  Linnaeus.     (The  Pine  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  saniptri  Strecker. 

The  late  Dr.  Strecker  reported  this  species  as  having  been 
found  by  him  in  the  vicinity  of  Reading,  Pennsylvania,  on  one  or 
two  occasions.  No  one  else  has  taken  it,  so  far  as  is  known. 
It  is  common  in  Europe,  and  has  often  been  figured  by  European 
writers. 

Besides  the  species  above  given,  there  are  one  or  two  other 
species  of  the  genus  found  in  our  territory. 

52 


Sphingida 

Genus  LAPARA  Walker. 

Head  small.  Palpi  short  and  slender.  Tongue  very  short, 
almost  obsolete.  Eyes  small.  Antennae  slender.  Thorax 
stout  and  short.  Abdomen  long  and  cylindrical,  tapering.  Legs 
weak.  Fore  and  mid  tibia  spinulose.  The  larva  is  without  an 
anal  horn,  cylindrical,  tapering  slightly  from  the  middle  forward 
and  backward,  pale  green,  striped  with  white,  and  checkered 
with  darker  green.  The  caterpillars  feed  upon  various  species  of 
pine,  and  are  not  at  all  sphingiform  in  appearance.  There  are 
reputed  to  be  four  species  of  the  genus  found  in  our  fauna,  two 
of  which  we  figure.  L.  halicarnice  Strecker,  of  which  only  one 
specimen  is  known,  which  I  have  recently  examined,  appears  to 
be  a  somewhat  hypertrophied  and,  in  consequence,  aborted 
female  of  L.  coniferarum  Abbot  &  Smith.  It  is  very  doubtfully 
a  valid  species. 

(1)  L.  coniferarum    Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate   III,  Fig.  16,    $. 
^Abbot's  Pine  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  cana  Martyn. 

This  species  is  somewhat  variable,  especially  in  the  size  of 
the  females  and  in  the  amount  of  marking  upon  the  fore  wings. 
It  is  a  common  insect  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Alleghenies  about 
the  headwaters  of  the  Potomac  River.  I  found  the  larvae  in  great 
abundance  upon  pines  at  Berkeley  Springs,  West  Virginia,  in  the 
summer  of  1884.  It  ranges  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward into  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi,  but  has  never  been 
reported  from  any  point  west  of  that  river,  south  of  Minnesota, 
so  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer. 

(2)  L.   bombycoides    Walker,  Plate   III,  Fig.  7,    $ .     (The 
Bombyx  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  harrisi  Clemens. 

This  little  hawkmoth,  which  may  easily  be  recognized  from 
the  figure  we  give,  has  the  same  geographical  distribution  as  the 
preceding  species,  and  feeds  upon  the  same  forms  of  vegetation 
in  the  larval  stage. 

Lapara  pineum  Lintner  (Lintner's  Pine  Sphinx)  is  a 
species  of  which  thus  far  only  two  specimens  have  turned 
up.  They  differ  from  the  two  species  we  have  figured  in 
being  wholly  devoid  of  discal  streaks  and  markings  upon 
the  fore  wings.  It  is  believed  by  recent  authorities  that  these 

53 


Sphingidae 

specimens  represent  an  extreme  variation  of  the  very  variable 
L.  conifer  arum. 

SUBFAMILY   AMBULICIN^E 
Genus   PROTAMBULYX    Rothschild  &  Jordan 

This  genus  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  a  single  species, 
which  occurs  as  a  straggler  into  the  extreme  southern  limits  of 
the  United  States,  and  is  represented  in  Florida  by  a  local  race, 
to  which  Rothschild  &  Jordan  have  given  the  subspecific  name 
of  carteri  in  honor  of  Sir  Gilbert  T.  Carter,  the  Governor  of  the 

Bahamas,  an  ardent  lepidop- 
terist.  From  A.  strigilis  Lin- 
naeus, which  is  represented  in 
the  annexed  cut,  A.  carteri 
may  be  distinguished  by  the 
fact  that  the  fore  wing  is 
broader,  less  deeply  excavated 
below  the  apex,  and  by  the 
further  fact  that  most  of  the 
lines  and  markings  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  wings  and 
all  the  markings  on  the  lower 


FIG.  36. — Protambulyx  strigilis. 
(Somewhat  reduced.) 


side  of  the  wings  are  ob- 
solete. While  strigilis  has 
not  yet  been  reported  from 
our  territory,  except  as  represented  by  the  form  above  men- 
tioned, it  is  highly  probable  that  it  will  be  found  to  occur  in 
southern  Florida. 

Genus    SPHINX    Linnaeus 

The  type  of  the  genus  Sphinx  of  Linnaeus  is  unquestionably 
the  well-known  European  species  named  by  the  immortal  Swede 
Sphinx  ocellata.  With  this  species  the  following  two  species, 
which  have  for  many  years  been  referred  to  the  genus  Smerinthus 
Latreille,  which  sinks  as  a  synonym,  are  strictly  congeneric. 

(i)  Sphinx  cerisyi  Kirby,  Plate  VII,  Fig.  3,  $.  (Cerisy's 
Sphinx.) 

The  larva  feeds  upon  different  species  of  willows.  There  are 
several  forms,  or  subspecies,  whicn  have  received  names,  and 

54 


Sphingidae 

which  run  into  each  other  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  it  often 
impossible  to  distinguish  them.  These  forms  are  Sphinx  astarte 
Strecker,  in  which  the  outer  margin  of  the  fore  wing  is  a  little 
less  dentate,  and  the  brown  markings  of  the  same  wing  are  a 
little  narrower;  Sphinx  ophthalmica  Boisduval,  which  has  rather 
pale  fore  wings;  Sphinx  pallidulus  Henry  Edwards,  in  which 
the  color  of  the  fore  wings  is  cinnamon-gray;  and  Sphinx  saliceti 
Boisduval,  in  which  the  blue  markings  of  the  ocellus  on  the 
hind  wing  do  not  form  a  ring,  but  appear  as  two  opposed 
crescents. 

The  insect  is  comparatively  rare  in  the  eastern  part  of  the 
continent,  but  is  not  uncommon  in  the  western  States.  It 
ranges  from  Canada  in  the  north  to  the  upper  portions  of  the 
Gulf  States,  and  westward  to  the  Pacific,  extending  its  habitat 
southward  along  the  high  lands  of  Mexico. 

(2)  Sphinx  jamaicensis  Drury. 

Normal  form  geminatus  Say,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  n,  $.  (The 
Twin-spot  Sphinx.) 

This  beautiful  hawkmoth  was  originally  named  and  described 
in  error  by  Drury  as  coming  from  the  Island  of  Jamaica.  He  also 
was  so  unfortunate  as  to  have  had  for  his  type  an  aberrant  speci- 
men in  which  the  ocellus  of  the  hind  wing  had  but  one  blue 
spot.  Such  specimens  now  and  then  occur,  and  have  been 
obtained  by  breeding  from  the  normal  form,  to  which  Say  gave 
the  name  geminatus.  Specimens  also  sometimes  occur  in  which 
there  are  three  blue  spots  in  the  ocellus,  and  Mr.  Grote  gave  to 
this  aberrant  form  the  name  tripartitus. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  willows,  birches,  and  various 
species  of  wild-cherry.  The  insect  is  quite  common  in  the 
Middle  Atlantic  States,  and  ranges  from  southern  Canada  to  the 
Carolinas  and  northern  Georgia,  and  westward  to  eastern  Kansas 
and  Iowa. 

Genus  CALASYMBOLUS  Grote 

The  genus  differs  from  Sphinx  in  the  fact  that  the  head  is 
crested,  and  the  hind  wing  is  on  its  costal  margin  toward  the 
apex  produced  into  a  somewhat  broad  lobe.  There  are  three 
species  recognized  as  belonging  to  the  genus,  all  of  which  we 
figure. 

55 


Sphingidae 

(1)  Calasymbolus  excsecatus    Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate   VII, 
Fig.  4,  $  .     (The  Blinded  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  pavonina  Geyer. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  various  plants  of  the  order  Rosacea,  but 
does  not  strictly  confine  itself  to  these.  It  has  been  reported  as 
found  upon  the  willow,  the  hazel,  iron-wood,  and  other  allied 
plants.  It  is  a  common  species,  and  in  the  region  of  Pennsyl- 
vania is  double-brooded.  It  ranges  from  southern  Canada  to 
Florida  and  westward  across  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  to  the 
borders  of  the  great  plains. 

(2)  Calasymbolus  myops   Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate  IV,  Fig. 
12,  9.    (The  Small-eyed  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  rosacearum  Boisduval. 

The  food-plants  and  the  geographical  distribution  of  this 
species  are  very  much  the  same  as  those  of  the  preceding 
species,  though  it  seems  to  range  a  little  further  westward, 
examples  having  been  received  from  Colorado.  It  is  not  nearly 
as  common  as  C.  exccecatus. 

(3)  Calasymbolus  astylus   Drury,    Plate    IV,    Fig.    10,    $ . 
(The  Huckleberry  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  to  Gray;  integerrinta  Harris. 

A  rather  scarce  species,  which  is  found  from  New  England  to 
Pennsylvania.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  various  species  of 
Vaccinium  and  allied  plants.  The  moth  is  easily  distinguished 
by  the  fact  that  the  outer  margins  of  the  fore  wings  are  almost 
even,  whereas  in  myops  they  are  distinctly  produced  at  the 
end  of  vein  3,  and  in  exccecatus  they  are  scalloped.  The 
transverse  lines  on  the  limbal  area  of  the  fore  wings,  which 
are  distinct  in  myops,  are  almost  wanting  in  astylus,  and  the 
inner  margin  of  the  primaries  is  heavily  margined  with  dark 
brown. 

Genus  PACHYSPHINX  Rothschild  &  Jordan 

The  genus  Pachysphinx  has  been  erected  for  the  reception  of 
the  single  species,  two  forms  of  which  we  figure  on  our  plates. 
It  is  very  different  from  the  oriental  genus  Marumba,  into  which 
Mr.  Dyar,  following  Kirby,  has  put  it  in  his  recent  List.  Any  one 
who  is  familiar  with  the  peculiar  style  of  coloration  of  the  species 
of  Marumba,  as  well  as  with  the  structural  differences,  which 

56 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   IV 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J, 
Holland.) 

1.  Protoparce  quinquemaculatus  Haworth,    $. 

2.  Protoparce  sexta  Johanssen,    9  • 

3.  Hyloicus  dolli  color adus  Smith,    9  . 

4.  Protoparce  occulta  Rothschild  &  Jordan,  $  . 

5.  Hamorrhagia  senta  Strecker,   J». 

6.  Ceratomia  amyntor  Geyer,    9  • 

7.  Ceratomia  catalpae  Boisduval,    9  • 

8.  Isogramma  hageni  Grote,  cT. 

9.  Xylophanes  pluto  Fabricius,   c?. 
10.  Calasymbolus  astylus  Drury,   tf. 

n.  Sphinx  jamaicensis  Drury,  form  geminatus  Say,  c?« 

is.  Calasymbolus  myops  Abbot  &  Smith,    9 . 


"HE  MOTH  BOOK 


Sphingidae 

present  themselves,  will  recognize  the  propriety  of  the  separa- 
tion, which  has  been  made. 

(i)  Pachysphinx  modesta  Harris,  Plate  VII,  Fig.  i,  $. 
(The  Big  Poplar  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  prince ps  Walker. 

Form  occidentalis  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  VII,  Fig.  2,  ? . 
(The  Western  Poplar  Sphinx. ) 

Syn.  imperator  Strecker. 

This  noble  hawkmoth  feeds  in  the  larval  stage  upon  various 
species  of  the  genus  Populus  and  upon  willows.  There  are  a 
number  of  local  races  or  subspecies,  two  of  which  we  give  ;  the 
common  eastern  form  and  the  western  variety.  The  latter  may 
at  once  be  distinguished  by  its  generally  paler  coloration.  It 
ranges  over  the  United  States  and  as  far  south  as  northern 
Mexico. 

Genus  CRESSONIA  Grote  &  Robinson 

There  is  but  one  species  in  this  genus.  The  insect  is  easily 
recognizable,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  it  varies  considerably  in  the 
color  of  the  wings. 

(i)  Cressonia  juglandis  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
(The  Walnut  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  instabilis  Marty n;   pollens  Strecker;  robinsoni  Butler. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  black  walnut,  the  butternut, 
and  the  hop-hornbeam.  Some  of  the  larvae  are  green,  others  are 
reddish,  but  the  color  of  the  larvae  seems  to  have  no  relation  to 
any  variation  in  color  of  the  perfect  insects.  The  species  is  dis- 
tributed from  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  great  plains. 

SUBFAMILY  SESIIN^E 
Genus  PSEUDOSPHINX  Burmeister 
There  is  but  one  species  in  this  genus,  which  is  structurally 
closely  related  to  the  species  falling  into  the  genus  Erinnyis.     It 
is  a  characteristic  insect  of  the  American  tropics,  and  possesses  a 
very  wide  range. 

(i)  Pseudosphinx  tetrio  Linnaeus,  Plate  VI,  Fig.  2,  $ . 
(The  Giant  Gray  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  plumerice  Fabricius;  rustica  Sepp;  hasdrubal  Cramer;  asdrubal 
Poey;  obscura  Butler. 

57 


Sphingidae 

The  larva  of  this  hawkmoth  has  a  long  thread-like  anal  horn. 
It  is  very  strikingly  colored,  the  body  being  purplish  black, 
girdled  with  yellow  rings  between  the  segments,  and  the  head 
and  anal  claspers  being  bright  red,  of  the  color  of  sealing  wax. 
It  feeds  upon  various  Euphorbiaceous  plants,  preferably  Plum- 
eria.  The  insect  occurs  not  uncommonly  in  southern  Florida. 

Genus  ERINNYIS  Hubner 

This  is  a  moderately  large  genus,  the  species  of  which  are  all 
confined  to  the  tropical  or  subtropical  regions  of  the  Western 
Hemisphere,  though  one  species,  as  we  shall  see,  occasionally 
occurs  as  a  straggler  far  north  of  the  metropolis  of  the  genus. 

(1)  Erinnyis  alope  Drury,  Plate  V,  Fig.  12,  $  .     (The  Alope 
Sphinx.) 

Syn.  flavicans  Goeze;  fasciata  Swainson;  edwardsi  Butler. 

The  caterpillar  is  brown  on  the  upper  side,  and  pale  green  on 
the  lower  side,  the  colors  being  separated  by  a  dark  brown  inter- 
rupted lateral  band  on  either  side  of  the  body.  On  the  third 
segment  from  the  head  there  is  a  dark  spot  relieved  by  a  red  ring 
in  the  centre.  The  anal  horn  is  quite  short.  The  larva  feeds 
upon  Jatropha  and  Carica.  The  insect  occurs  in  southern 
Florida  and  ranges  southward  as  far  as  northern  Argentina. 

(2)  Erinnyis  lassauxi  Boisduval. 

Form  merianse  Grote,  Plate  V,  Fig.  2,  ? .  (Madame 
Merian's  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  janiphcB  Boisduval. 

This  hawkmoth,  which  is  widely  distributed  through  the 
tropics  of  the  new  world,  displays  considerable  variation,  and 
several  forms,  or  local  races,  have  been  recognized.  The  one 
which  occurs  within  our  territory  we  have  figured,  and  the 
student  will  have  no  difficulty  in  recognizing  it.  The  larva, 
which  is  said  to  closely  resemble  that  of  the  next  species,  is 
reported  to  feed  upon  Morrenia  in  the  West  Indies.  It  occurs  in 
Florida. 

(3)  Erinnyis    ello  Linnaeus,  Plate  V,    Fig,     10,   $  ;    Fig.   3, 
?  .     (The  Ello  Sphinx.) 

This  is  quite  the  commonest  of  all  the  hawkmoths  of  the 
American  tropics,  and  becomes  a  perfect  drug  in  collec- 
tions made  by  amateur  naturalists,  who  venture  into  those 

58 


Sphingidae 

regions,  net  in  hand.  It  may  at  once  be  recognized  by  the 
figures  we  have  given,  which  are  taken  from  specimens  bred 
on  the  Indian  River  by  Mr.  Wittfeld.  The  sexes  are  dissimilar, 
as  the  student  may  observe.  It  straggles  north  sparingly,  even 
as  far  as  Canada,  and  is  common  in  the  Gulf  States. 

(4)  Erinnyis    cenotrus   Stoll,   Plate    V,    Fig.    n,   ?.     (The 
CEnotrus  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  pen&us  Fabricius;  melancholica  Grote;  piperis  Grote  &  Robin- 
son; picta  Kirby. 

The  sexes  in  this  species  are  dissimilar,  the  female  being  as 
represented  on  our  plate  with  light  fore  wings,  marked  with 
dark  spots  and  lines,  while  the  male  is  prevalently  quite  dark  on 
the  fore  wings.  The  species  may  easily  be  recognized  by  the 
black  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen. 

(5)  Erinnyis  crameri  Schaus,  Plate  V,  Fig  7,  ?  .     (Cramer's 
Sphinx.) 

This  species,  which  has  often  been  confounded  with  the  pre- 
ceding, may  easily  be  distinguished  from  it  by  the  pale  shoulder 
lappets,  the  absence  of  black  spots  on  the  under  side  of  the ' 
abdomen,  and  the  more  evenly  colored  fore  wings,  which  recall 
those  of  E.  meriance,  from  which  it  is  at  once  distinguished  by 
the  absence  of  the  white  lateral  markings  on  the  abdomen.  The 
species  occurs  in  Florida  and  Texas. 

(6)  Erinnyis  obscura  Fabricius,  Plate  V,  Fig.  5,   $  .     (The 
Obscure  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  rustica  Schaller;  phalaris  Kirby;  stheno  Hubner;  pallida  Grote; 
cinerosa  Grote  &  Robinson;  rhcebus  Boisduval. 

This  small  species  is  well  represented  in  our  plate  by  a  speci- 
men which  in  the  main  conforms  to  the  most  usual  style  of 
marking.  It  can  always  be  distinguished  from  E.  ello,  which  it 
resembles  in  having  a  dark  longitudinal  shade  through  the  fore 
wings,  by  its  much  smaller  size,  and  by  the  absence  of  the  white 
and  black  lateral  stripes  upon  the  abdomen,  which  are  character- 
istic of  the  latter  species.  It  is  common  in  Florida. 

(7)  Erinnyis  domingonis  Butler,  Plate  V,  Fig.  9,  ?  .     (The 
Domingo  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  obscura  Walker  (non  Fabricius) ;  festa  Henry  Edwards. 
This  species,  which  occurs  in  Florida  and  the  Antilles,  may 
be  distinguished  from  the  preceding  by  the  darker  color  of  the 

59 


Sphingidae 

primaries  and  the  absence  of  the  pale  color  on  the  outer  margin 
of  the  shoulder  lappets,  which  is  characteristic  of  E.  obscura.  It 
is  also  considerably  larger  than  E.  obscura. 

There  remains  one  other  closely  allied  species  in  this  group, 
to  which  Cramer  gave  the  name  caicus,  and  which  occurs 
occasionally  in  Florida.  The  body  is  marked  like  E.  ello-,  the  fore 
wings  are  dark  with  longitudinal  paler  stripes,  the  secondaries 
are  red  as  in  E.  crameri,  but  almost  wholly  without  the  dark 
border  found  in  that  species,  it  being  replaced  by  a  series 
of  dark  stripes  running  inwardly  from  the  border  toward  the 
middle  of  the  wing.  For  this  species,  hitherto  associated 
with  the  preceding  in  the  genus  Dilophonola,  Rothschild  & 
Jordan  have  erected  the  genus  Grammodia,  upon  structural 
grounds. 

Genus  PACHYLIA  Walker 

This  is  a  small  genus,  containing  four  species,  of  which  one 
occurs  in  our  territory.  It  is  not  likely  to  be  confounded  with 
anything  else. 

(i)  Pachylia  ficus  Linnaeus,  Plate  III,  Fig.  12,  ?.  (The 
Fig  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  crameri  M6n6tri6s;  lyncea  Clemens;  venezuelensis  Schaufuss; 
undalifascia  Butler;  aterrima  Bonninghausen. 

This  great  hawkmoth,  which  is  very  common  in  Central  and 
South  America,  occurs  sparingly  in  Florida  and  Texas. 

Genus  HEMEROPLANES  Hubner 
This  small  genus,  the  species  of  which  may  at  once  be 
detected  by  the  silvery  spots  of  the  fore  wings,  being  the 
only  American  genus  of  sphingids  thus  adorned,  is  characteris- 
tically neotropical.  It  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  a  single 
species. 

(i)  Hemeroplanes  parce  Fabricius,  Plate  III,  Fig.  8,  $. 
(The  Silver-spotted  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  licastus  Stoll;  galianna  Burmeister. 

The  figure  given  on  our  plate  is  sufficiently  accurate  to  make 
a  verbal  description  unnecessary.  The  insect  occurs  in  southern 
Florida  in  the  vicinity  of  Biscayne  Bay,  and  ranges  thence  south- 
ward over  the  Antilles  into  South  America. 

60 


Sphingidae 

Genus  EPISTOR  Boisduval 

Five  species  belong  to  this  genus,  the  type  of  which  is  the 
species  which  we  figure,  and  the  only  representative  of  the 
genus  found  in  our  territory. 

(i)  Epistor  lugubris  Linnaeus,  Plate  II,  Fig.  17,  $  .  (The 
Mourning  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  fegeus  Cramer;  luctuosus  Boisduval. 

There  can  be  no  difficulty  in  identifying  this  well-marked 
but  obscurely  colored  hawkmoth,  which  occurs  in  Florida  and 
Georgia,  and  even  straggles  now  and  then  as  far  north  as  New 
Jersey.  It  is  very  common  in  the  Antilles  and  South  America. 
In  Florida  it  is  double-brooded,  appearing  on  the  wing  in  May 
and  September.  The  larva  feeds  on  the  Vitacece. 

Genus  CAUTETHIA  Grote 

There  are  three  species  of  this  genus,  only  one  of  which 
occurs  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  The  figure  we 
give  will  permit  of  its  identification  without  difficulty. 

(i)  Cautethia  grotei  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  II,  Fig.  21,  $. 
(Grote's  Sphinx.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  southern  Florida,  where  it 
apparently  is  not  uncommon. 

Genus  SESIA  Fabricius 

The  body  is  depressed,  fusiform,  without  lateral  tufts,  but 
with  a  broad  fan-shaped  anal  tuft,  composed  of  coarse  flattened 
scales.  The  abdomen  is  produced  for  more  than  half  its  length 
beyond  the  hind  wings.  The  palpi  are  produced  and  appressed, 
forming  a  short  snout-like  projection  beyond  the  head.  The 
tongue  is  stout,  but  comparatively  short.  The  antennae  are 
slightly  thickened  at  the  end,  and  have  a  sharp  recurved  tip. 
The  mid  tibiae  have  terminal  spurs,  and  the  hind  tibiae  two  pairs 
of  spurs.  The  fore  wings  have  eleven  veins.  The  venation  is 
characteristically  sphingiform,  and  is  illustrated  in  Figure  21. 
The  prevalent  colors  are  black  and  dark  brown  with  white  spots 
and  bands  on  the  wings  and  in  some  species  on  the  abdomen. 
The  moths  fly  in  the  hottest  sunshine. 

The  type  of  the  genus  Sesia  established  by  Fabricius  is  the 
species  named  tantalus  by  Linne.  Rothschild  &  Jordan,  in  the 

61 


Sphingidae 

latest  Revision  of  the  Spbingidce,  recognize  five  species  as 
belonging  to  the  genus,  three  of  which  occur  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States,  tantalus  Linnaeus,  fadus  Cramer,  and  the 
species  we  figure  upon  our  plate.  All  three  have  by  some 
recent  writers  been  regarded  as  practically  identical.  Into  the 
somewhat  vexed  question  of  their  specific  relationship  it  is  not 
our  purpose  to  enter  in  these  pages. 

(i)  S.  titan  Cramer,  Plate  II,  Fig.  16,  $.  (The  White- 
banded  Day-Sphinx.) 

The  white  spots  of  the  fore  wings  are  semi-transparent.  On 
the  under  side  the  wings  are  whitish  at  the  base  and  on  the 
inner  margin  of  the  secondaries.  They  are  crossed  about  the 
middle  by  two  parallel  distinct  dark  bands,  which  are  quite  close 
to  each  other. 

The  moth  sometimes  strays  as  far  north  as  Massachusetts. 
It  is  very  common  in  southern  Florida  and  throughout  tropical 
America. 

Genus  H^MORRHAGIA  Grote 

Moth. — Head  small.  Tongue  as  long  as  the  body.  Antennae 
clavate,  two-thirds  the  length  of  the  costa,  with  a  minute 
recurved  hook  at  the  tip.  Thorax  smooth,  strongly  projecting 
before  the  insertion  of  the  wings.  Abdomen  more  or  less 
flattened  beneath,  and,  especially  in  the  males,  adorned  with  a 
broad  fan-shaped  anal  tuft.  The  primaries  have  eleven  veins. 
Both  primaries  and  secondaries  are  transparent  about  the 
middle;  the  outer  margin  of  the  former  is  evenly  rounded,  and 
of  the  latter  slightly  excavated  between  veins  \b  and  2. 

Larva. — Characteristically  sphingiform,  provided  with  an 
anal  horn.  The  epidermis  in  most  species  of  the  genus  is  more 
or  less  granulated.  The  caterpillars  feed  for  the  most  part  upon 
Symphoricarpus,  Lonicera,  Viburnum,  Cratcegus,  and  allied 
plants. 

Pupa. — The  pupa,  which  is  brown  in  color,  is  enclosed  in 
a  somewhat  dense  cocoon,  formed  on  the  surface  of  the  ground 
under  fallen  leaves. 

(i)  Haemorrhagia  thysbe  Fabricius,  Plate  I,  Fig.  5,  $. 
(The  Humming-bird  Clearwing.) 

Syn.  pelasgus  Cramer;  ruficaudis  Kirby;  etolus  Boisduval. 
62 


EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE  V 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Hyloicus  luscitiosa  Clemens,   c?. 

2.  Errinyis  lassauxi  meriance  Grote,    $  . 

3.  Errinyis  ello  Linnaeus,    $  . 

4.  Hyloicus  libocedrus  insolita  Lintner,  c?. 

5.  Errinyis  obscura  Fabricius,  J1. 

6.  Atreides  plebeja  Fabricius,   tf. 
j.  Errinyis  crameri  Schaus,    $  . 

8.  Hyloicus  sequence  Boisduval,   (J1. 

9.  Errinyis  domingonis  Butler,    9  • 

10.  Errinyis  ello  Linnaeus,  &. 

11.  Errinyis  cenotrus  Stoll,    9- 

12.  Errinyis  alope  Drury,    $  . 

13.  Hyloicus  gordius  Stoll,   cJ1. 

14.  Dictyosoma  elsa  Strecker,   <5*. 


THE  Moxrt  BOOK 


Sphingidae 

Form  cimbiciformis  Stephens,  Plate  II,  Fig.  6,   ?  . 

Syn.  ruficaudis  Walker  (partim) ;  floridensis  Grote ;  uniformis  Grote 
&  Robinson;  buffaloensis  Grote;  pyramus  Boisduval. 

This  is  the  largest  and  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus. 
It  may  easily  be  recognized  by  the  figures  given  on  Plate  II.  It 
is  subject  to  considerable  variation.  The  form  cimbiciformis 
is  distinguished  by  the  absence  of  the  dentations  on  the  inner 
side  of  the  marginal  brown  band  of  the  fore  wings.  It  has  been 
obtained  by  breeding  from  the  eggs  of  H.  thysbe,  and  thysbe  has 
been  bred  from  it.  It  is  a  dimorphic  form  of  the  species.  The 
caterpillar  of  H.  thysbe  feeds  upon  Viburnum  and  allied  plants. 
The  insect  ranges  from  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia  southward  to 
Florida  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Haemorrhagia    gracilis    Grote   &   Robinson,  Plate  III, 
Fig.  15,  $.     (The  Graceful  Clearwing.) 

Syn.  ruficaudis  Walker  (non  Kirby)  (partim). 

The  thorax  and  basal  segments  above  are  olive-green.  The 
middle  segments  are  black,  the  two  preterminal  segments  are 
margined  laterally  with  reddish.  The  anal  tuft  is  black,  divided 
in  the  middle  by  red  hairs.  On  the  under  side  the  palpi,  pectus, 
and  thorax  are  white,  and  the  abdomen  pale  red.  The  pale  area 
of  the  thorax  is  traversed  on  either  side  by  a  stripe  of  reddish 
hair,  and  there  are  three  rows  of  white  spots  on  the  under  side 
of  the  abdomen.  It  occurs  in  the  States  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
from  New  England  to  the  Carolinas. 

(3)  Haemorrhagia    diffinis    Boisduval.       (The     Snowberry 
Clearwing.) 

Spring  form  tenuis  Grote,  Plate  II,  Fig.  2,   ? . 

Syn.  fumosa  Strecker;  metathetis  Butler;  diffinis  Beutenmuller. 

Summer  form  diffinis  Boisduval. 

Syn.  marginalis  Grote. 

Summer  form  axillaris  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  II,  Fig.  3,  $  ; 
Fig.  4,  ?  - 

Syn.  grotei  Butler;  cethra  Strecker. 

This  species  is  trimorphic.  The  life  history  has  been  in  part 
very  carefully  worked  out  by  Mr.  Ellison  Smythe  of  Blacksburg, 
Virginia.  (See  "Entomological  News,"  Vol.  XI,  p.  584.) 
The  form  diffinis  has  the  marginal  band  dentate  inwardly. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Symphoricarpus,  Lonicera,  and 
Dier-villa.  The  insect  has  a  wide  range  from  New  England  to 

63 


Sphingidae 

Georgia  and  westward  to  the  eastern  boundaries  of  the  great 
plains. 

(4)  Hsemorrhagia    senta    Strecker,    Plate   IV,    Fig.    5,    $. 
(The  Californian  Clearwing.) 

Syn.  rubens  Hanham  (non  Edwards). 

The  head,  thorax,  and  basal  segments  of  the  abdomen  are 
brownish-olivaceous.  The  abdomen  is  black.  The  two  seg- 
ments immediately  preceding  the  terminal  segment  are  marked 
laterally  by  yellow  tufts  of  hair.  The  anal  tuft  is  wholly  black. 
•The  wings  are  very  narrowly  bordered  with  brown.  There  is 
no  rusty  red  spot  at  the  apex  of  the  primaries.  The  clear 
portions  of  the  wing  in  certain  lights  have  a  bright  steel-blue 
luster.  The  under  side  of  the  palpi,  the  pectus,  and  the 
abdomen  are  pale  straw-yellow.  In  size  this  species  is  about 
as  large  as  H.  diffinis. 

The  perfect  insect  occurs  in  Utah  and  California,  frequenting 
the  blossoms  of  Lupinus. 

(5)  Haemorrhagia    thetis   Boisduval,    Plate   II,    Fig.    I,  $. 
(The  Thetis  Clearwing.) 

Syn.  palpalis  Grote;  rubens  Edwards. 

Decidedly  smaller  than  either  of  the  two  preceding  species. 
The  thorax  is  olive-green,  passing  on  either  side  into  pale 
yellow.  This  color  is  continued  dorsally  on  the  abdomen  as  far 
as  the  terminal  segment,  but  is  more  or  less  lost  in  the  broad 
yellow  preanal  band.  The  basal  and  middle  segments  of  the 
abdomen  are  marked  laterally  with  black,  and  the  anal  tuft  is 
correspondingly  marked  with  black  on  either  side.  The 
marginal  band  of  the  fore  wings  is  narrow,  as  in  H.  diffinis,  and 
is  always  distinctly  marked  above  and  below  at  the  apex  by  a 
rust-red  triangular  spot.  The  wings  at  their  insertion  are  more 
or  less  shaded  with  pale  rusty  red  both  above  and  below. 

This  species  ranges  from  Colorado  and  Wyoming  westward 
and  northward  to  Oregon  and  British  Columbia.  It  has  been  by 
Dr.  Dyar  made  synonymous  with  the  following  species,  from 
which  it  is,  however,  quite  distinct. 

(6)  Haemorrhagia   brucei    French,    Plate    II,    Fig.    7,     $ . 
(Bruce's  Clearwing.) 

This  is  a  small  species,  in  size  approximating  H.  thetis,  from 
which  it  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  the  green  color  of  the 

64 


Sphingidae 

scales  upon  the  thorax  and  the  basal  segments  of  the  adbomen, 
and  the  fact  that  the  anal  tuft  is  wholly  black,  not  divided  by 
yellow  scales  in  the  middle  as  is  the  case  in  H.  tbetis. 
The  species  is  not  uncommon  in  Colorado  and  Utah. 

SUBFAMILY  PHILAMPELIN/E 
Genus  PHOLUS  Hubner 

This  is  a  large  genus,  including  nineteen  species,  and  a  num- 
ber of  subspecies.  It  is  confined  to  the  Western  Hemisphere. 
Six  species  occur 
within  our  territory. 
P.  typbon  Klug,  which 
we  have  not  figured, 
is  occasionally  found 
in  Arizona.  The  larvae 
feed  upon  the  Vitacea, 
and  in  the  case  of  two 
of  the  species  have 
done  at  times  some 
damage  to  vineyards. 

(i)  Pholus  satel- 
litia  Linnaeus.  (The 
Satellite  Sphinx.) 

Form  pandorus 
Hubner,  Plate  III,  Fig. 
6,  <$. 

Syn.  ampelophaga 
Walker. 

This  insect  which 
is  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  eastern 
United  States,  and 
ranges  northward  into 
southern  Canada,  is 
well-known  to  all 
growers  of  vines.  The 
caterpillar,  when  it 
first  emerges  from 
the  egg  and  for  several  successive  molts  is  green  in  color  and 


FIG.  27. — Larva  of  Pbolus  satellitia  pan- 
dorus; a;  mature  larva;  b,  larva  after  third 
molt,  head  retracted;  c,  young  larva.  (After 
Riley.) 


Sphingidae 

has  at  the  anal  extremity  a  very  long  caudal  horn,  which  begins 
gradually  to  curl  up,  as  represented  in  the  accompanying  cut, 
and  after  the  third  molt  entirely  disappears,  being  replaced  by 
a  lenticular  shining  eye-like  prominence.  In  the  latter  stages  of 
development  the  larvae  frequently  become  dark  brown,  and 
Professor  Riley  maintains  that  this  is  invariably  the  case  in  the 
neighborhood  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis.  It  is  not  invariably  the 
case  in  other  localities,  as  I  know  from  experience.  I  have 
reared  a  number  of  specimens  in  which  the  green  color  perdured 
to  the  time  of  pupation,  though  the  brown  form  is  very  common. 
Like  the  larva  of  the  following  species,  the  caterpillar  of  P. 
satellitia  has  the  power  of  withdrawing  the  first  two  segments 
of  its  body  into  the  third,  when  at  rest,  or  when  suddenly  alarmed. 
When  crawling  or  feeding  the  first  segments  are  protruded,  as 
represented  in  the  cut  by  the  larger  figure. 

Several  local  races  of  P.  satellitia  are  recognized  as  occurring 
in  the  Antilles  and  in  South  America,  one  of  these,  for  which 
Mr.  Grote  proposed  the  name  posticatus,  occurs  in  Florida,  as 
well  as  in  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas.  It  may  be  distinguished  from 
the  formpandorus  by  its  slighter  build,  its  narrower  wings,  which 
in  the  case  of  the  primaries  have  the  outer  margin  straighter  than 
in  pandorus,  and  by  the  presence  of  a  large  roseate  spot  cover- 
ing the  anal  angle  of  the  secondaries.  There  are  other  differences 
of  a  minor  character,  but  those  mentioned  will  enable  the  student 
to  discriminate  this  form  from  the  one  we  have  figured. 

(2)  Pholus  achemon  Drury,  Plate  III,  Fig.  5,  $ .  (The 
Achemon  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  crantor  Cramer. 

Like  the  preceding  species  the  caterpillar  of  this  beautiful 
hawkmoth  feeds  upon  vines,  and  shows  especial  fondness  for 


FIG.  28. — Larva  of  Pholus  achemon.     (After  Riley.) 

the  grape.     It  is  also  addicted  to  the  Virginia  creeper  ( '  Ampe- 
lopsisj.    The  description  of  the  habits  of  the  larva  given  by 

66 


Sphingidae 

Professor  C.  V.  Riley,  "Missouri  Reports,"  Vol.  Ill,  p.  75,  is  most 
excellent.  The  figure  which  we  give  is  taken  from  that  Report. 
The  insect  ranges  over  the  entire  United  States  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  from  southern  Canada  to  northern 
Mexico. 

(3)  Pholus  vitis  Linnaeus,   Plate  III,  Fig.  I,   $  .     (The  Vine 
Sphinx.) 

Syn.  hornbeckiana  Harris;  linnei  Grote  &  Robinson;  fasc-iatus  Grote 
(partim). 

The  true  Pholus  vitis,  which  we  figure  in  our  plate,  may 
easily  be  distinguished  from  its  near  ally,  Pholus  fasciatus 
Sulzer,  by  the  absence  of  the  pink  outer  marginal  area  on  the 
upper  two-thirds  of  the  secondaries,  by  the  inward  prolongation 
of  the  large  black  spot  near  the  inner  margin  of  the  secondaries 
into  a  well  marked  mesial  band,  and  by  its  larger  size.  It 
occurs  in  Florida  and  in  southern  Texas  and  Arizona,  whence  it 
ranges  southward  over  wide  areas. 

(4)  Pholus   fasciatus   Sulzer,    Plate   III,    Fig.   2,    $.     (The 
Lesser  Vine  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  vitis  Drury  (non  Linnaeus);  jussiencs  Hubner;  strigilis  Vogel. 

The  caterpillar  is  reported  as  feeding  upon  Jussieua  in  the 
tropics.  In  our  territory  it  feeds  upon  various  species  of  Vitacece. 
It  is  quite  common  in  the  region  of  the  Gulf  States  and  south- 
ward, and  sometimes  is  even  taken  as  a  straggler  as  far  north  as 
Massachusetts. 

(5)  Pholus  labruscae  Linnaeus,  Plate  III,  Fig.  n,   $.     (The 
Gaudy  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  clotho  Fabricius. 

This  beautiful  creature  is  characteristic  of  the  tropics,  where 
it  is  not  uncommon.  It  occurs  quite  abundantly  in  southern 
Florida  and  along  the  borders  of  the  Gulf,  and  throughout  the 
Antilles,  Central,  and  South  America.  Specimens,  in  spite  of 
the  subtropical  habitat  of  the  species,  have  been  taken  in  Canada, 
illustrating  the  wonderful  power  of  flight  which  is  possessed  by 
these  insects,  the  frail  wings  of  which  bear  them  in  the  dusk 
of  evening,  during  the  few  days  of  their  existence  in  the  winged 
form,  from  the  orange-groves  of  the  south  to  the  banks  of  the 
St,  Lawrence,  a  thousand  leagues,  across  rivers,  plains,  and 
mountains. 


Sphingidae 

Genus    DARAPSA   Walker 

We  include  in  this  genus  three  species,  all  of  which 
occur  within  our  territory,  and  all  of  which  we  figure  upon 
our  plates. 

(1)  Darapsa  pholus  Cramer,    Plate   III,    Fig.    3,     $  .     (The 
Azalea  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  choerilus  Cramer;  azaleas  Abbot  &  Smith;  clorinda  Martyn. 

This  medium-sized  hawkmoth,  which  is  one  of  our  com- 
monest species  in  western  Pennsylvania,  may  easily  be  distin- 
guished from  its  very  near  ally,  D.  myron,  by  its  reddish  color. 
The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Viburnum  and  Azalea. 

(2)  Darapsa  myron  Cramer,   Plate    III,    Fig.   4,    $  .      (The 
Hog  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  pampinatrix  Abbot  &  Smith;  cnoius  Hiibner. 
The  caterpillar,  of  which  we  give  a  figure,  feeds  upon  wild 
and  domestic  grape-vines,  and  also  upon  the  Virginia  Creeper. 

It  is  a  very  common 
insect  in  the  Atlantic 
States,  and  ranges  as 
far  west  as  Kansas  and 
Iowa.  It  has  been  re- 
garded as  injurious  to 
vineyards,  but  the 
damage  done  is  incon- 
siderable, and  the  in- 
sects  can  easily  be 
combated  by  picking 
off  the  larvae  from  the 
vines  and  crushing 
them  under  foot.  The 
reason  why  these  in- 
sects do  comparatively 
small  damage  is  per- 
haps found  in  the  fact  that  they  appear  to  be  especially  subject 
to  the  attacks  of  a  small  hymenopterous  parasite,  belonging  to 
the  family  Ichneumonidce.  The  female  ichneumon-fly  deposits 
her  eggs  upon  the  epidermis  of  the  young  caterpillar.  As  soon 
as  the  eggs  hatch,  the  grub  penetrates  the  body  of  the  caterpillar 
and  feeds  upon  the  fatty  tissues  lying  just  under  the  skin. 

68 


FIG.  29. — Larva  of  D.  myron. 
(After  Riley.) 


FIG.  30. — Parasitized  lar- 
(After 


Sphingidae 

Before  the  caterpillar  reaches  maturity  the  grubs  emerge  from 
beneath  the  skin,  and  attaching  themselves  to  the  epidermis, 
proceed  to  weave  about  themselves 
little  white  cocoons,  in  which  they 
are  transformed  into  perfect  insects, 
emerging  to  repeat  the  cycle  of 
life.  Caterpillars  which  have  been  va"  "of  *D.  myron. 
thus  parasitized  do  not  survive  the  Rilev-) 
ordeal.  The  accompanying  cut  (Fig.  30),  shows  a  larva 
upon  which  the  ichneumon-flies  have  done  their  deadly  work. 
The  insect,  which  accomplishes  the  task 
of  destruction  imposed  upon  it  in  the 
economy  of  nature,  is  very  small.  The 
figure  given  herewith  shows  it  of  its 
natural  size,  and  also  enlarged,  so  that  its 
structural  peculiarities  'may  be  more  easily 
FIG.  31.— -Micro-  recognized.  The  species  which  we  are  con- 
ftroys  larvae  of  D.  sidering  shares  this  liability  to  parasitism 
myron.  wjth  its  congeners,  as  well  as  with  the  repre- 

sentatives of  many  other  genera  of  the  Sphingidce.  I  was  greatly 
annoyed  a  number  of  years  ago  by  having  a  large  series  of  the 
larvae  of  the  beautiful  Darapsa  versicolor,  which  I  had  collected 
in  their  early  stages,  destroyed  by  this  ichneumon-fly,  and  the 
following  summer,  and,  in  fact,  for  several  summers  following, 
the  larvae  of  D.  versicolor,  which  had  been  for  awhile  quite 
abundant  in  certain  localities  known  to  me,  almost  entirely  dis- 
appeared. In  one  ravine,  where  I  had  obtained  them  by  the 
hundreds,  they  were  not  to  be 
found.  1  account  for  their  dis- 
appearance by  the  unusual  num- 
bers of  the  parasites  which  had 
infested  them  that  summer. 

The  larva  of  myron  under- 
goes pupation  in  a  loose  COCOOn  FIG.  32. — Pupa  of  D.  myron  . 
of  coarsely  woven  threads  of  silk,  which  it  spins  under  leaves  at 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  In  this  respect  its  habits  are  strictly 
like  those  of  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

(3)  Darapsa  versicolor  Harris,  Plate  III,  Fig.  13,   $  .     (The 
Hydrangea  Sphinx.) 


Sphingidae 

This  lovely  hawkmoth,  which  is  accounted  quite  rare  in 
localities,  has  been  found  very  commonly  at  certain  times  in 
western  Pennsylvania.  Its  larva  feeds  upon  the  wild  hydrangea, 
which  grows  abundantly  in  deep  wooded  glens,  along  the 
margin  of  brooks.  The  insect  ranges  from  New  England  to  the 
mountains  of  the  Carolinas  and  westward  into  the  eastern  border 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 


Genus    SPHECODINA    Blanchard 

The  head  is  broad.  The  proboscis  is  nearly  as  long  as  the 
body.  The  antennae  are  fusiform,  with  a  recurved  hook  at  the 
tip.  The  body  is  broad,  flattened  beneath.  The  abdomen  has  a 
pointed  anal  tuft,  and  the  segments  are  adorned  laterally  with 
prominent  truncated  tufts  of  coarse  hairs.  The  wings  in  theii 
outline  closely  resemble  those  of  the  genus  Amphion.  Only  om 
species  of  the  genus  is  known. 

(i)  Sphecodina  abbotti  Swainson,  Plate  II,  Fig.  19,  $. 
(Abbot's  Sphinx.) 

This  beautiful  hawkmoth  is  found  throughout  the  Eastern 
States  and  southern  Canada  and  ranges  westward  as  far  as  Iowa 

and  Kansas.  The 
larva  feeds  on  the 
Vitacea  and  is 
not  uncommon 
o  n  Ampelopsis. 
The  caterpillar  is 
not  provided  with 
an  anal  horn,  but 
has  instead  an 
eye-like  tubercle, 
or  boss,  at  the 
anal  extremity. 
It  has  the  habit, 
when  disturbed, 
of  throwing  its 
head  violently 
from  side  to  side,  a  movement  found  in  other  sphingid  larvae, 
and  also  in  some  of  the  Ceratocampidce. 


FIG.  33. — Larva  and  moth  of  S.   abbotti. 
(After  Riley.) 


70 


EXPLANATION  OF   PLATE  VI 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of    W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Cocytius  antcBUS  Drury,   ?. 

2.  Pseudosphinx  tetrio  Linnaeus,  c?- 

3.  Herse  cingulata  Fabricius,  c?« 

4.  Dolba  hylceus  Drury,    9 . 

5.  Hyloicus  vancouverensis  albescens  Tepper,  c?. 

6.  Hyloicus  eremitus  Hubner,  9  . 

7.  Ceratomia  undulosa  Walker,    9  • 

8.  Hyloicus  kalmice  Abbot  &  Smith,    9  • 

9.  Cress on-ia  juglandis  Abbot  &  Smith,    9  • 
10.  Hyloicus  separatus  Neumoegen,  <5*. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


Sphingidae 
Genus    DEIDAMIA    Clemens 

The  head  is  small,  narrow,  retracted,  crested.  The  eyes  are 
small.  The  antennae  are  fusiform,  with  the  tip  bent  back  slightly, 
scarcely  hooked.  The  thorax  is  stout,  somewhat  crested.  The 
abdomen  is  conic,  and  in  the  male  has  a  small  anal  tuft.  The 
fore  wings,  which  have  twelve  veins,  are  narrow,  with  the  inner 
margin  sinuate.  The  apex  of  the  fore  wings  is  truncated,  and 
the  outer  margin  is  deeply  excavated  opposite  the  end  of  the  cell 
and  also  just  above  the  inner  angle,  which  is  distinctly  produced. 
The  hind  wings  are  slightly  crenulate  on  the  outer  .margin. 
There  is  only  one  species  belonging  to  the  genus. 

(i)  Deidamia  inscriptum  Harris,  Plate  II,  Fig.  15,  $. 
(The  Lettered  Sphinx.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  wild  grape-vine.  The  moth 
appears  in  the  early  spring.  It  is  a  common  species  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  but  seems  elsewhere  to  be  regarded  as  quite  rare. 
It  ranges  from  Canada  to  Virginia  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi. 

Genus   ARCTONOTUS    Boisduval 

This  small  genus,  in  which  there  are  reputed  to  be  two 
•species,  is  very  closely  related  to  the  genus  Proserpinus,  from 
•vhich,  as  has  been  pointed  out  by  Rothschild  &  Jordan,  it 
lifters  in  appearance  "owing  to  the  more  woolly  scaling." 
The  chief  structural  difference  is  found  in  the  fact  that  the 
antenna  is  not  clubbed  but  fusiform,  gradually  curved,  and 
the  feet  are  without  a  pulvillus,  and  have  only  vestiges  of  the 
paronychium. 

(i)  Arctonotus  lucidus  Boisduval,  Plate  III,  Fig.  14,  $ . 
(The  Bear  Sphinx.) 

This  insect,  which  hitherto  has  been  rare  in  collections, 
appears  to  have  a  wide  range  along  the  Pacific  coast,  from 
southern  California  to  British  Columbia.  It  appears  upon  the 
wing  very  early  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

The  name  Arctonotus  terlooi  is  applied  to  a  species,  reported 
from  northern  Mexico  by  Henry  Edwards,  and  described  by  him, 
in  which  the  hind  wings  are  wholly  vinous  red,  and  the  green 
basal  band  of  the  fore  wings  is  wanting. 

71 


Sphingidae 

Genus   AMPHION    Hubner 

Head  small.  Eyes  small,  hemispherical.  Palpi  rather  short. 
Tongue  nearly  as  long  as  the  body.  Antennae  fusiform  with  a 
long  curved  hook  at  the  tip.  Body  plump,  somewhat  globose, 
the  thorax  projecting  very  little  beyond  the  insertion  of  the 
primaries,  and  the  abdomen  terminating  in  a  conspicuous  fan-like 
tuft.  The  fore  wings  are  comparatively  short  and  narrow,  exca- 
vated on  the  outer  margin  below  the  apex  and  above  the  inner 
angle,  which  is  strongly  produced.  The  inner  margin  is  deeply 
sinuate.  The  hind  wings  are  bluntly  lobed  at  the  anal  angle. 
There  is  only  one  species  in  the  genus. 

(i)  Amphion  nessus  Cramer,  Plate  II,  Fig.  18,  $  .  (The 
Nessus  Sphinx.) 

This  species,  which  may  easily  be  recognized  from  the  figure 
on  the  plate,  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Middle  States.  It  ranges 
from  Canada  to  Georgia  and  westward  to  Wyoming.  It  flies  in 
the  daytime  on  cloudy  days  and  in  the  late  afternoon  before  sun- 
set. The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Ampelopsis  and  the  wild  grape. 

Genus  POGOCOLON  Boisduval 

This  small  genus,  which  is  closely  related  in  many  structural 
respects  to  Proserpinus,  differs  from  it  very  decidedly  in  the  form 
as  well  as  in  the  habits  of  the  insects  belonging  to  it.  In  the 
structure  of  the  antennas  and  neuration  of  the  wings  the  insects 
belonging  to  Pogocolon  show  a  close  relationship  to  the  insects 
referred  to  the  genus  Proserpinus,  but  the  form  of  the  abdomen 
is  wholly  different,  elongated,  cylindrical,  and  not  bombyliform. 
The  moths,  moreover,  are  crepuscular,  whereas  the  moths  re- 
ferred to  the  genus  Proserpinus  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  in  this 
respect  resembling  the  species  of  the  genus  Hccmorrhagia. 
There  are  at  least  three  species  belonging  to  this  genus. 

(i)  Pogocolon  gaurae  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  II,  Fig.  n,  $. 
(The  Gaura  Sphinx.) 

The  upper  side  of  this  small  species  is  sufficiently  delineated 
in  the  plate  to  require  no  verbal  description.  On  the  under  side 
the  wings  are  vinous  brown,  shading  on  the  outer  third  into 
olive-green,  and  reproducing  the  maculation  of  the  upper  surface. 
The  hind  wings  are  deep  olive  at  the  base,  passing  into  yel- 
lowish green  outwardly. 

72 


Sphingidae 

The  insect  feeds  in  the  larval  stage  upon  various  species  of 
Gaura,  and  ranges  from  Georgia  to  Texas  and  as  far  north  as 
southern  Kansas. 

(2)  Pogocolon  juanita  Strecker,  Plate  II,  Fig.  12,  £ . 
(Strecker's  Day-sphinx. ) 

The  moth  in  the  general  style  of  its  maculation  is  very  much 
like  the  preceding  species,  but  is  considerably  larger,  and  the 
colors  are  decidedly  brighter.  The  caterpillar  is  quite  different 
in  its  markings  from  the  larva  of  L.  gaurce, 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Texas,  so  far  as  is  now  known. 

One  other  species  of  Pogocolon,  P.  vega  Dyar,  occurs  in  our 
region.  It  is  much  darker  in  color  than  the  two  former  species, 
which  it  otherwise  somewhat  closely  resembles. 

Genus    PROSERPINUS    Hubner 

Head  small  ;  proboscis  moderate  or  long  ;  antennae  clavate  ; 
body  stout ;  abdomen  with  or  without  lateral  tufts,  but  always 
with  a  more  or  less  well  developed  anal  tuft.  Anterior  tibiae 
stout,  armed  with  spines  outwardly  and  at  tip.  Fore  wings 
elongate,  generally  somewhat  curved  outwardly  about  the 
middle,  and  with  the  inner  angle  more  or  less  distinctly 
produced  ;  more  or  less  densely  clothed  with  scales  over  their 
entire  surface.  The  moths  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  and  mimic 
bumblebees  in  their  appearance. 

(i)    Proserpinus  flavofasciata  Walker,   Plate   II,  Fig.    8,    ?  . 
(The  Yellow-banded  Day-sphinx.) 

The  head  and  thorax  are  pale  yellow,  the  latter  obscured  with 
brownish  hairs  about  the  middle.  The  abdomen  is  black  with 
the  basal  segment  about  the  middle  and  the  preterminal  segment 
on  either  side  pale  yellow.  The  fore  wings  on  the  upper  side 
are  blackish,  crossed  by  an  oblique  whitish  band.  The  hind  wings 
are  deep  black,  crossed  by  a  broad  orange-yellow  band.  The  fore 
wings  on  the  under  side  are  bright  orange-yellow  at  the  base. 

This  is  always  a  rare  insect  in  collections.  It  ranges,  so  far 
as  is  known,  through  British  America,  and  southward  and  east- 
ward to  Maine  and  Massachusetts.  It  is  found  in  very  early 
summer  hovering  over  flowers. 

(2)  Proserpinus  clarkiae  Boisduval,  Plate  II,  Fig.  10,  ? . 
(Clark's  Day-sphinx.) 

73 


Sphingidae 

Syn.  victories  Grote. 

The  head,  thorax  and  abdomen  on  the  upper  side  are  preva- 
lently pale  olive-green,  the  fifth  and  the  three  anal  segments  of 
the  abdomen  being  darker  green.  The  fore  wings  are  pale  green 
with  an  oblique  brownish  median  band,  and  a  triangular  paler 
brownish  spot  at  the  apex.  There  is  a  small  black  discal  dot  at 
the  end  of  the  cell.  The  hind  wings  are  deep  orange-yellow, 
margined  with  black.  On  the  under  side  the  wings  are  olive- 
green,  darker  at  the  base.  The  hind  wings  have  a  waved 
whitish  band  about  their  middle  on  the  under  side.  The  legs 
are  greenish-white. 

This  species  is  found  from  Oregon  to  northern  California,  and 
eastward  to  Utah  and  Montana. 

Genus  EUPROSERPINUS  Grote  &  Robinson 

This  genus  is  discriminated  by  Rothschild  &  Jordan  from 
Proserpinus  by  the  fact  that  the  antenna  is  more  abruptly  hooked 
and  slenderer  at  its  extremity  than  in  Proserpinus,  and  by  the 
absence  of  the  pulvillus  and  paronychium,  which  are  found  in 
Proserpinus.  Two  species  belong  to  the  genus,  both  having 
white  hind  wings  margined  with  darker  color  and  the  under  side 
of  the  pectus  and  the  wings  also  white. 

(1)  Euproserpinus   phaeton   Grote   &    Robinson,   Plate  II, 
Fig.  9,   $  .     (The  Phaeton  Sphinx. ) 

Syn.  errato  Boisduval. 

The  head  and  thorax  above  are  gray,  the  abdomen  blackish. 
The  preterminal  segment  has  yellow  lateral  tufts.  The  anal  tuft 
is  black.  The  fore  wings  above  are  of  the  same  color  as  the 
thorax.  The  hind  wings  are  yellowish-white  with  a  broad  black 
marginal  band.  Expanse  32  mm. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  southern  California. 

(2)  Euproserpinus     euterpe     Edwards.       (The     Euterpe 
Sphinx.) 

This  species,  which  is  only  known  to  the  writer  through  an 
examination  of  the  type,  is  discriminated  from  the  preceding  by 
the  absence  of  pale  tufts  on  the  side  of  the  abdomen  and  the  fact 
that  the  marginal  band  of  the  hind  wing  is  bowed  inwardly  and 
not  straight  as  in  E.  Phaeton. 

74 


Sphingidae 

SUBFAMILY  CH^ROCAMPIN/E 
Genus    XYLOPHANES    Hu'bner 

This  genus,  which  is  American,  is  very  large,  containing  fifty 
species  and  many  subspecies.  Of  these  species  two  only  are 
found,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  within  our  territory,  though  it  is 
possible  that  a  thorough  exploration  of  southern  Florida  may 
show  that  one  or  two  of  the  species  which  are  found  in  the 
Antilles  also  occur  in  that  State.  The  student  will  have  no  diffi- 
culty in  recognizing  the  species  occurring  within  our  borders  by 
means  of  the  figures  which  are  given  upon  our  plates. 

(1)  Xylophanes  pluto  Fabricius,  Plate  IV,  Fig.  9,   $  .     (The 
Pluto  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  bcerhavice  Fabricius;  crcesus  Dalman;  thorates  Hiibner;  eson 
Walker 

This  beautiful  hawkmoth,  which  is  very  common  in  the 
Antilles,  ranging  southward  to  southern  Brazil,  occurs  in 
southern  Florida.  The  larva  feeds  upon  Erythroxylon. 

(2)  Xylophanes  tersa  Linnaeus,  Plate  II,  Fig.   13,    $.     (The 
Tersa  Sphinx.) 

This  common  and  easily  recognized  species  has  a  wide  range, 
occurring  very  rarely  as  far  north  as  southern  Canada,  thence 
southward  to  Texas  and  Mexico,  and  as  far  south  as  northern 
Argentina.  The  larva  feeds  on  Bowvardia,  Spermacoce,  and 
Marietta. 

Genus  CELERIO  Oken 

Head  of  moderate  size.  Eyes  hemispherical,  not  prominent. 
Antennae  distinctly  clavate,  and  armed  at  the  tip  with  a  minute 
hook.  The  thorax  is  stout,  projecting  for  about  one-third  of  its 
length  beyond  the  insertion  of  the  fore  wings.  The  abdomen 
is  conic,  untufted,  produced  more  or  less  at  the  tip,  and  project- 
ing for  half  its  length  beyond  the  hind  margins  of  the  secondaries. 
The  fore  wings,  which  have  eleven  veins,  are  produced  at  the 
apex.  Their  outer  margin  is  slightly  and  evenly  bowed  out- 
wardly. Their  inner  margin  is  very  slightly  sinuate.  The  hind 
wings  have  their  outer  margin  evenly  rounded,  except  at  the 
extremity  of  vein  i  b,  where  they  are  slightly  produced.  The 
genus  is  well  represented  in  the  Old  World,  and  there  are  several 
South  American  species.  Only  two  species  occur  in  our  territory. 

75 


Sphingidoe 

(i)  Celerio  lineata  Fabricius,  Plate  II,'  Fig.  14,  $  •  (The 
Striped  Morning  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  daucus  Cramer. 

This  is  probably  the  commonest  of  all  the  North  American 
Sphingidse.  The  larva  feeds  upon  Portulaca.  There  is  con- 
siderable diversity  in  the  maculation  of  the  larva?.  The  two 
figures  here  given  represent  the  two  most  usual  forms  of  the 
caterpillar.  The  insect  ranges  over  the  southern  portions  of 


FIG.  34. — Light  form  of  larva  of  C.  lineata.     (After  Riley.) 

British  America  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  southward  to  the 
Antilles  and  Central  America.  I  have  seen  hundreds  of  the 
moths  swarming  about  the  electric  lights  in  the  streets  of 
Denver,  Cheyenne,  and  Colorado  Springs.  The  moth  flies  con- 


FIG.  35. — Dark  form  of  larva  of  C.  lineata.     (After  Riley.) 

stantly  in  bright  sunshine  on  the  Laramie  Plains  of  Wyoming 
in  the  month  of  August,  frequenting  the  blossoms  of  thistles. 
I  have  seen  it  busily  engaged  in  extracting  the  sweets  from  dew- 
spangled  beds  of  Soapwort  (Saponaria),  in  the  valleys  of 
Virginia  long  after  the  sun  had  risen  in  the  morning. 

(2)  Celerio  intermedia  Kirby,  Plate  II,  Fig.  20,  ?  .  (The 
Galium  Sphinx.) 

Syn.  epilobii  Harris  (non  Boisduval);  chamanerii  Harris;  galii  Walker; 
oxybaphi  Clemens;  canadensis  Guene'e. 

This  hawkmoth,  which  is  the  North  American  representant 
of  Celerio  gallii,  which  is  found  all  over  the  north  temperate 
regions  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  ranges  from  Canada  to 

76 


EXPLANATION   OP   PLATE  VII 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J 
Holland.) 

1.  Pachysphinx  modesta  Harris,   J1. 

2.  Pachysphinx  modesta  occidental!*  Henry  Edwards,    9  . 

3.  Sphinx  cerisyi  Kirby,    9  . 

4.  Calasymbolus  excoecata  Abbot  &  Smith,  c?. 

5.  Protoparce  rustica  Fabricius,    9  • 

6.  Chl&nogramma  jasminearum  Boisduval,    9 . 

7.  Hyloicus  drupiferarum  Abbot  &  Smith,  J1. 

8.  Hyloicus  chersis  Hiibner,    9 . 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


World  of  the  Dark 

Vancouver  and  southward  through  the  mountains  of  the 
Appalachian  System  and  along  the  higher  plateaus  and  mountain 
ranges  of  the  West  as  far  as  Central  Mexico.  I  have  specimens 
taken  in  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Chihuahua.  The  identification 
of  the  species  may  easily  be  made  by  means  of  the  figure 
on  our  plate. 

THE  WORLD  OF  THE  DARK 

" Sorrowing  we  beheld 

The  night  come  on;  but  soon  did  night  display 
More  wonders  than  it  veil'd;  innumerous  tribes 
From  the  wood-cover  swarm'd,  and  darkness  made 
Their  beauties  visible." 

SOUTHEY. 

There  are  two  worlds;  the  world  of  sunshine,  and  the  world 
of  the  dark.  Most  of  us  are  more  or  less  familiarly  acquainted 
with  the  first;  very  few  of  us  are  well  acquainted  with  the  latter. 
Our  eyes  are  well  adapted  to  serve  us  in  the  daylight,  but  they 
do  not  serve  us  as  well  in  the  dark,  and  we  therefore  fail  to 
know,  unless  we  patiently  study  them,  what  wonders  this 
world  of  the  dark  holds  within  itself.  There  are  whole  armies 
of  living  things,  which,  when  we  go  to  sleep,  begin  to  awaken; 
and  when  we  awaken,  go  to  sleep.  The  eyes  of  the  creatures 
of  the  dark  are  adapted  to  seeing  with  less  light  than  our  eyes 
require.  The  broad  daylight  dazzles  and  confounds  them. 
Sunshine  has  much  the  same  effect  upon  them  that  darkness  has 
upon  us.  Our  twilight  is  their  morning;  our  midnight  is  their 
noonday. 

This  is  true  even  of  many  of  the  higher  vertebrates.  The 
lemurs,  which  are  a  low  family  of  simians,  are  nocturnal  in  their 
habits.  So  also  is  the  Aye-Aye  of  Madagascar,  and  that  curious 
little  member  of  the  monkey  tribe  known  as  the  Specter 
(Tar sins  spectrum).  No  one  can  see  the  great  eyes  of  these 
creatures  without  realizing  at  a  glance  that  they  love  what  we 
call  d:irkness  better  than  what  we  call  light,  though  they  are 
far  from  being  evil-doers.  The  great  family  of  the  cats  are 
principally  nocturnal  in  their  habits.  Their  eyes  are  capable  of 
being  used  in  daylight,  for  the  beautifully  contracting  and  ex- 
panding iris  modifies  the  amount  of  light  admitted  to  the  retina 

77 


World  of  the  Dark 

far  more  delicately  and  instantaneously  than  any  device,  attached 
to  the  most  perfectly  constructed  camera,  regulates  the  amount 
of  light  transmitted  through  its  lens.  The  tiger  in  the  jungle 
sees  what  is  going  on  about  him  in  the  starlight  as  well  as  we 
see  what  is  happening  in  the  noontide.  1  have  studied  the 
eyes  of  lions  and  tigers  in  the  dark.  The  yellowish- green  iris  in 
the  night  almost  entirely  disappears  from  view,  and  shrinks 
down  into  a  narrow  ring.  The  windows  of  the  eyes  have  the 
curtains  drawn  back  wide,  so  as  to  let  in  all  the  light  which  the 
darkness  holds  within  itself.  The  great  orbs  then  look  like 
globes  of  crystal,  framed  in  a  narrow  band  of  gold,  lying  on  a 
background  of  the  blackest  velvet,  while  in  their  pellucid  depths, 
fires,  tinged  with  the  warm  glow  of  blood,  play  and  coruscate. 

The  eyes  of  many  birds  are  adapted  to  the  dark.  This  is 
true,  as  everybody  knows,  of  the  owls,  and  of  their  not  distant 
relatives,  the  goat-suckers.  I  remember  having,  when  a  boy, 
dissected  an  owl,  which  I  found  dead  after  a  long  protracted 
period  of  intensely  cold  weather.  The  thermometer  had  stood 
at  twenty  degrees  below  zero  for  several  nights  in  succession. 
The  earth  was  wrapped  deep  in  snow.  Upon  the  sleety  crust 
I  found  a  great  horned  owl,  lying  dead,  and  frozen  stiff.  It  may 
have  died  of  old  age,  or  it  may  have  starved  to  death.  The 
instinct  of  the  child,  who  takes  his  toys  to  pieces  in  order  to  see 
how  they  are  made,  seized  me,  and,  with  a  sharp  penknife  as  a 
scalpel,  and  a  few  needles  set  in  sticks  of  pine,  I  took  my  owl 
apart,  and  made  drawings  of  what  I  found.  I  did  not  then 
know  the  names  and  functions  of  all  the  parts,  but  the  drawing 
of  the  eye,  which  I  made,  I  still  have  in  an  old  portfolio,  and 
there  I  saw  it  the  other  day.  The  eye  of  an  owl  is  a  wonderful 
piece  of  mechanism.  It  is  a  wide-angle  lens  of  beautiful  powers 
of  adjustment.  It  is  adapted  to  taking  in  all  the  light  there  is, 
when  the  light  is  almost  all  gone;  and  it  is  so  contrived  as  to 
shut  out  light,  when  too  much  of  its  splendor  would  dazzle. 
and  hurt. 

Among  the  insects  thousands  and  tens  of  thousands  of 
species  are  nocturnal.  This  is  true  of  the  great  majority  of  the 
moths.  When  the  hour  of  dusk  approaches  stand  by  a  bed 
of  evening  primroses,  and,  as  their  great  yellow  blossoms 
suddenly  open,  watch  the  hawkmoths  coming  as  swiftly  as 

78 


World  of  the  Dark 

meteors  through  the  air,  hovering  for  an  instant  over  this 
blossom,  probing  into  the  sweet  depths  of  another,  and  then 
dashing  off  again  so  quickly  that  the  eye  cannot  follow  them. 
My  friend,  Henry  Pryer,  had  a  great  bed  of  evening  primroses  in 
his  compound  on  the  Bluff  in  Yokohama.  Well  I  remember 
standing  with  him  before  the  flowers,  and,  as  the  light  began  to 
fade  upon  the  distant  top  of  Fuji-no-yama,  with  net  in  hand 
capturing  the  hawkmoths,  which  came  eagerly  trooping  to  the 
spot.  When  it  grew  quite  dark  O-Chi-san  held  a  Japanese 
lantern  aloft  to  help  us  to  see  where  to  make  our  strokes.  A 
dozen  species  became  our  spoil  during  those  pleasant  evenings. 
Ah !  those  nights  in  Japan !  Can  I  ever  forget  them  ? 

Did  you  ever  reflect  upon  the  fact  that  the  wings  of  many 
moths,  which  lie  concealed  during  the  daytime,  reveal  their 
most  glorious  coloring  only  after  dark,  when  they  are  upon  the 
wing  ?  Take  as  an  illustration,  the  splendid  moths  of  the  great 
genus  Catocala,  the  Afterwings,  as  we  familiarly  call  them.  The 
fore  wings  are  so  colored  as  to  cause  them,  when  they  are 
quietly  resting  upon  the  trunks  of  trees  in  the  daytime,  to  look 
like  bits  of  moss,  or  discolored  patches  upon  the  bark.  They 
furnish,  in  such  positions,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  illustrations 
of  protective  mimicry  which  can  be  found  in  the  whole  realm  of 
nature.  The  hind  wings  are  completely  concealed  at  such  times. 
The  hind  wings  are,  however,  most  brilliantly  colored.  In  some 
species  they  are  banded  with  pink,  in  others  with  crimson;  still 
others  have  markings  of  yellow,  orange,  or  snowy  white  on  a 
background  of  jet-black.  One  European  species  has  bands  of 
blue  upon  the  wings.  These  colors  are  distinctive  of  the  species 
to  a  greater  or  less  extent.  They  are  only  displayed  at  night. 
The  conclusion  is  irresistibly  forced  upon  us  that  the  eyes  of 
these  creatures  are  capable  of  discriminating  these  colors  in  the 
darkness.  We  cannot  do  it.  No  human  eye  in  the  blackness  of  the 
night  can  distinguish  red  from  orange,  or  crimson  from  yellow. 
The  human  eye  is  the  greatest  of  all  anatomical  marvels,  and  the 
most  wonderfu  piece  of  animal  mechanism  in  the  world,  but 
not  all  of  power  is  lodged  within  it.  There  are  other  allied 
mechanisms  which  have  the  power  of  responding  to  certain 
forms  of  radiant  energy  to  a  degree  which  it  does  not  possess. 

Let  me  commend  to  the  study  of  my  readers  this  world  of  the 

79 


Saturniidae 

dark  of  which  I  have  been  speaking.  Some  of  the  pleasantest 
excursions  afield  which  can  be  made  are  those  which  the 
naturalist  takes,  when  he  has  only  moonlight  or  starlight  to 
guide  his  steps.  Always  take  a  dark  lantern  with  you.  Without 
it  you  cannot  see,  and  even  with  it  you  will  not  see  much  which 
it  might  be  delightful  to  behold.  But  without  a  lantern  you  will 
not  see  a  great  deal,  and  you  may  in  the  thick  wood  get  deeply 
mired  in  a  boggy  hole,  or  even  break  a  limb.  Your  eyes  are  not 
made  like  those  of  the  owl  and  the  cat.  Do  not  be  afraid  of  the 
"night  air."  The  air  of  the  night  has  the  same  chemical  com- 
position as  the  air  of  the  day.  It  is  cooler,  of  course,  and  some- 
times it  has  fog  in  it,  but  cool  and  even  foggy  air  is  not  un- 
healthful.  Scotchmen  live  half  their  lives  in  fog,  but  are  healthy. 
The  only  things  to  be  dreaded  are  the  mosquitoes,  carrying  with 
them  the  germs  of  malaria,  as  we  call  it.  These  may  be  kept 
off  if  you  only  know  how  to  anoint  yourself  with  a  properly 
prepared  lotion. 

FAMILY   SATURNIID/E 

"When ^hypocritically  clad  in  dressing-gown  and  slippers,  I  stopped 
at  my  guest's  inner  door  and  Fontenette  opened  it  just  enough  to  let  me 
hi,  I  saw,  indeed,  a  wonderful  sight.  The  entomologist  had  lighted  up  the 
room,  and  it  was  filled,  filled  !  with  gorgeous  moths  as  large  as  my  hand 
and  all  of  a  kind,  dancing  across  one  another's  airy  paths  in  a  bewildering 
maze,  or  alighting  and  quivering  on  this  thing  and  that.  The  mosquito- 
net,  draping  almost  from  ceiling  to  floor,  was  Deflowered  with  them, 
majestically  displaying  in  splendid  alternation  their  upper  and  under 
colors,  or,  with  wings  lifted  and  vibrant,  tipping  to  one  side  and  another 
as  they  crept  up  the  white  mesh,  like  painted  and  gilded  sails  in  a  fairies' 
regatta." — G.  W.  CABLE. 

This  family  is  composed  of  moths,  which  are  for  the  most 
part  medium-sized  or  large.  The  larvae  are  cocoon-makers.  The 
perfect  insects  have  vein  8  of  the  hind  wings  .diverging  from  the 
cell  from  the  base  of  the  wings.  The  frenulum  is  wanting.  The 
tongue  is  aborted,  being  at  most  extremely  rudimentary.  There 
are  no  tibial  spurs  on  the  legs.  The  antennae  are  either  singly  or 
doubly  bipectinated  to  the  tips  in  the  case  of  the  males,  and 
often  in  the  case  of  the  females.  Bipectination  of  the  antennae 
occurs  also  in  the  family  Ceratocampidce,  but  in  the  latter  family 
it  never  extends  to  the  tip  of  the  organ.  The  family  falls  into 
three  subfamilies:  the  Attacince;  the  Saturniince;  and  the  Hemi- 

80 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE   VIII 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  \7.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Samia  cecropia  Linnaeus,  tf. 

2.  Samia  rubra  Behr,   <5\ 

3.  Caliosamia  angulifera  Walker,   <j\ 

4.  Caliosamia  angulifsra  Walker,    9 . 

5.  Automeris  zephyria  Grote,   $  . 

6.  Pinconia  coo.  Schaus,   J1. 

7.  Heteropacha  rileyana   Harvey,    9 . 

8.  Samia  Columbia  Smith,    $ . 

9.  Anisota  virginiensis  Drury,  <5\ 

10.  Anisota  virginiensis  Drury,    9  . 

11.  Anisoia  rubicunda  Fabricius,  tf, 

12.  Hylesia  ahnda  Druce,  $. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


COPYRIGHTED   BY   W.    J.    HOLLAND, 


Saturniidae 

leucince.     These  subfamilies  may  be  discriminated  by  the  help  of 
the  following  Key: 


Hind  wings  with  one  distinct  internal  vein. 
Discal  cell  of  both  wings  open 
Discal  cell  of  both  wings  closed 

Hind  wings  with  two  distinct  internal  veins 


Attacinae. 
Saturniinae. 
Hemileucmte. 


FIG.   36. — Philosamia  cynthia. 


a.   Eggs;  b.   Larva;  c.   Cocoon;  d.   Pupa;  e.  Moth. 
(After  Riley.) 

81 


Saturniidae 

SUBFAMILY  ATTACIN/E 
Genus    PHILOSAMIA    Grote 

This  genus,  which  may  be  distinguished  from  all  others  in  our 
fauna  by  the  tufted  abdomen  of  the  perfect  insect,  is  represented 
by  a  single  species,  which,  originally  imported  from  the  eastern 
parts  of  Asia,  has  become  thoroughly  acclimatized  on  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  in  the  vicinity  of  the  larger  cities,  from  which,  as 
centres,  it  has  spread  to  some  extent  to  the  surrounding  country. 

(i)  Philosamia  cynthia  Drury,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  2,  $  .  (The 
Ailanthus  Silk-moth.) 

Syn.  aurotus  Fabricius;  insularis  Vollenhoven;  vesta  Walker;  canningi 
Walker;  walkeri  Pelder;  pryeri  Butler. 

The  cut  (Fig.  36)  and  the  representation  on  our  plate  obviate 
all  necessity  for  mere  verbal  description  of  the  species.  The  in- 
sect which  was  originally  introduced  into  Europe  about  the 
middle  of  the  last  century  was  first  introduced  into  America  in 
the  year  1861.  It  was  hoped  that  it  would  prove  a  valuable  silk- 
bearing  species,  but  although  a  good  grade  of  coarse  silk  may  be 
made  from  it  by  the  process  of  carding,  and  strong  and  service- 
able fabrics  are  manufactured  from  it  in  China,  no  method  of 
successfully  and  economically  reeling  the  cocoons  has  yet  been 
invented.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  ailanthus,  and  these 
shade  trees  in  some  places  have  been  known  to  be  completely 
defoliated  by  the  worms. 

Genus    ROTHSCHILDIA  Grote 

This  characteristically  neotropical  genus  may  always  be  rec- 
ognized by  the  large  more  or  less  triangular  translucent  spots  of 
the  wings,  and  the  general  likeness  to  the  species  we  figure 
upon  our  plate.  The  abdomen  is  without  tufts.  The  antennae 
of  both  sexes  are  doubly  bipectinated.  The  fore  wings  are 
generally  considerably  produced  at  the  apex.  Two  species 
occur  within  our  faunal  limits. 

(i)  Rothschildia  orizaba  Westwood,  Plate  X,  Fig  I,  $. 
(The  Orizaba  Silk-moth.) 

From  Rothschildia  jorulla  Westwood,  the  other  species 
found  in  our  territory,  this  is  easily  separated  by  its  generally 
lighter  color  and  the  much  larger  size  of  the  translucent  spots 

82 


Saturniidae 

upon  the  wings.      Both  species  occur  in  Arizona,  where  they 
are  not,  however,  nearly  as  common  as  they  are  in  Mexico. 

Genus  SAMIA  Hubner 

In  this  genus,  composed  of  quite  large  moths,  characterized, 
as  are  the  moths  of  the  two  preceding  and  the  next  succeeding 
genera,  by  having  the  discal  cells  open,  we  find  that  the  spots 
on  the  middle  of  the  wings  are  opaque,  not  hyaline,  as  in  the 
genus  Rothschildia  ;  and,  furthermore,  the  fore  wings  are  more 
rounded  and  less  produced  than  in  that  genus. 

(i)  Samia  cecropia  Linnaeus,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  i,  $  ;  Plate 
I,  Fig.  8,  larva.  (The  Cecropia  Moth.) 

This  splendid  moth,  which  is  very  common,  is  one  of  a  small 
number  of  our  native  silk-moths,  which  attract  more  or  less 


FIG   37. — Cocoon  of  Samia  cecropia.     (After  Riley.) 

popular  attention,  and  the  spring  of  the  year  in  our  museums  is 
always  regarded  as  a  period  in  which  a  certain  portion  of  the 
time  of  the  entomological  staff  will  be  consumed  in  replying  to 
the  letters  of  persons  who,  having  for  once  opened  their  eyes  to 
the  wonders  of  the  insect  world,  have  sent  in  old  matchboxes 
through  the  mails  specimens  of  this  insect,  generally  adding  the 
information  that  the  species  is  probably  "new  to  science"  or 
"excessively  rare,"  they  having  for  the  first  time  in  their  lives 
noticed  the  moth. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  a  great  variety  of  deciduous  trees  and 
shrubs,  though  manifesting  a  predilection  for  the  Rosacece, 
willows,  maples,  and  the  lilac.  The  cocoon  is  a  familiar  object. 
The  insect  is  found  over  the  whole  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  ranges 
westward  to  the  eastern  margin  of  the  great  plains. 


Saturniidae 

(2)  Samia  gloveri  Strecker,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  4,   $  .     (Glover's 
Silk-moth.) 

This  species,  which  may  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding 
by  the  more  obscure,  purplish  color  of  the  outer  band,  which 
in  5.  cecropia  is  bright  red,  ranges  over  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  from  Arizona  in  the  south  to  Alberta  and  Assiniboia 
in  the  north.  A  small  dwarfed  form  has  been  taken  upon  the 
high  mountains  of  Colorado,  to  which  Neumoegen  gave  the  sub- 
specific  name  reducta. 

(3)  Samia  Columbia  Smith,  Plate    VIII,   Fig.   8,    $  .     (The 
Columbian  Silk-moth.) 

This  species,  which  is  well  represented  in  our  plate,  may  be 
discriminated  from  its  allies  by  its  smaller  size,  and  by  the 
absence  of  the  reddish  outer  shading  of  the  transverse  white  line 
which  crosses  the  wings  about  their  middle.  It  ranges  from 
Maine  to  Wisconsin,  never,  so  far  as  is  known  at  present,  rang- 
ing south  of  the  forty-first  parallel  of  north  latitude.  While 
closely  allied  to  5.  gloveri,  it  is  much  smaller,  and  the  larva 
shows  marked  differences.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  larch. 
(4)  Samia  rubra  Behr,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  2,  $  .  (The  Ceano- 
thus  Silk-moth. ) 

Syn.  ceanoihi  Behr;  euryalns  Boisduval;  calij 'ornica  Grote. 

The  species  which  is  easily  separated  from  its  congeners  by 
its  small  size  and  prevalently  redder  cast  of  coloration,  is  found 
on  the  Pacific  coast,  ranging  eastward  to  Utah  and  Wyoming, 
The  larva  feeds  upon  Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus. 

Genus  CALLOSAMIA  Packard 

The  structure  of  the  moths  of  this  genus  is  much  like  that  of 
the  preceding  genus,  but  the  species  composing  it  may  invari- 
ably be  discriminated  from  others  by  the  fact  that  the  pectinations 
of  the  antennae  of  the  females  in  the  anterior  pair  on  each  joint 
are  shorter  than  the  posterior  pair.  The  genus  contains  several 
species,  two  of  which  are  common  in  portions  of  our  territory, 
and  the  other  is  a  straggler  into  our  fauna  from  Mexico. 

(i)  Callosamia  promethea  Drury,  Plate  I,  Fig.  2,  larva; 
Plate  XI,  Fig.  II,  £,  Fig.  12,  ?.  (The  Spice-bush  Silk-moth.) 

Every  country  boy  who  lives  in  the  Atlantic  States  is  familiar 
with  the  cocoons,  which  in  winter  and  spring  he  has  found 

84 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE    IX 

(Except  \.nen  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  figured    are    con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Tele  a  polyphemus  Cramer,    $. 

2.  Philosamia  cynthia  Drury,  tf. 

3.  Agapema  galbina  Clemens,  d\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Automeris  to  Fabricius,  <J*. 

5.  Automeris  io  Fabricius,    9  • 

6.  Automeris  pamina  aurosea  Neumoegen,  cJ1. 

7.  Pseudohazis  eglanterina  nuttalli  Strecker,  (J1. 

8.  Pseudohazis  her  a  Harris,   (J1. 

9.  Zeuzera  pyrina   Linnaeus,    <5* 


THE  MOTH  Boox 


Saturniidae 

hanging  from  the  twigs  of  the  spice-bush,  the  sassafras,  and 
other  trees.  As  they  dangle  in  the  wind  they  are  easily  de- 
tected, though  they  are  often 
wrapped  in  the  dead  leaf  in 
which  the  caterpillar  originally 
spun  them.  The  larva  of  which, 
in  addition  to  the  figure  given  in 
Plate  I,  we  furnish  a  cut  herewith, 
is  a  rather  striking  object,  the 
coral-red  tubercles  on  the  second 
and  third  anterior  segments 
showing  conspicuously  against 
the  bluish-green  epidermis.  The 
insect  subsists  in  the  larval  stage 
upon  a  great  variety  of  deciduous 
shrubs  and  trees,  showing  a 


Fig.  38. — Callosamia  promethea. 
a,  Young  larva;  b,  front  view  of 
head;  c,  magnified  view  of  a  seg- 
ment of  young  larva;  d,  mature 
larva.  (After  Riley.) 


special  predilection  for  the  Lauracece, 
Liriodendron,  Liquidambar,  and  the 
wild-cherry.  It  ranges  over  the  Atlantic 
States  from  Florida  to  New  England 
into  southern  Canada,  and  thence 
westward  through  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  to  the  eastern  boundaries 
of  the  great  plains.  Whether  the  silk 
produced  by  this  common  and  easily 
reared  species  could  be  utilized  in 
such  a  way  as  to  make  its  production  commercially  profitable 
is  a  problem  to  be  solved  in  the  future.  No  one  up  to 

8? 


Fig.     39. — Cocoon    of     C. 
promethea.   (After  Riley.) 


Saturniidae 

the  present  time  has  succeeded  either  in  reeling  or  carding 
the  silk  of  the  cocoons. 

(2)  Callosamia  angulifera  Walker,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  3,  $  , 
Fig.  4,  ?  .  (The  Tulip-tree  Silk-moth.) 

This  species  may  easily  be  discriminated  from  the  last  named 
by  the  fact  that  the  males  are  not  without  discal  spots  as  in  that 
species,  but  have  large  angular  white  spots,  causing  them  to 
resemble  in  this  respect  the  females  of  C.  promethea.  The  larva 
feeds  commonly  on  the  tulip-poplar  (Liriodendron).  The  cocoon 
is  not  suspended  from  the  twigs,  as  in  the  case  of  C.  promethea. 

The  only  other  species  of  the  genus,  which  occurs  in  our  fauna, 
is  Callosamia  calleta  Westwood,  which  may  be  differentiated 
from  the  two  foregoing  species  by  the  fact  that  it  has  a  whitish 
band  on  the  collar  and  at  the  base  of  the  thorax. 

SUBFAMILY  SATURNIIN^ 

The  discal  cells  are  closed.  The  antennae  are  pectinated  in 
both  sexes  to  the  tip.  The  hind  wings  have  but  one  internal 
vein  distinctly  developed.  But  four  genera  representing  this  sub- 
family are  found  within  our  territory. 

Genus   AGAPEMA    Neumcegen  &  Dyar 

The  antennae  of  both  sexes  are  doubly  bipectinated,  those  of 
the  female  having  both  the  anterior  and  posterior  pectinations  of 
equal  length.  Only  one  species  is  known. 

(i)  Agapema  galbina  Clemens,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  3,  $  .  (The 
Galbina  Moth.) 

This  interesting  insect  occurs  in  southern  Texas,  Arizona  and 
Mexico.  The  larval  stages  have  been  described  by  Henry 
Edwards  (see  "Entomologica  Americana,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  61).  The 
specimen  figured  is  considerably  darker  than  the  figures  given 
by  Strecker.  Specimens  as  light  as  those  he  depicts  have  never 
fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  author. 

Genus    ACTIAS    Leach 

The  species  of  this  genus  may  easily  be  discriminated  by  their 
pale  green  color,  and  the  tailed  h.nd  wings.  The  pectinations  of 
the  antennae  in  the  female  sex  are  shorter  in  the  anterior  pair  on 

86 


Saturniidae 

each  joint  than  the  posterior  pair.  The  genus  is  quite  large,  but 
only  one  species  occurs  in  temperate  North  America.  It  is  bettei 
represented  in  the  Old  World. 

(j)  Actias  luna  Linnaeus,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  7,  3.  (The  Luna 
Moth.) 

This  common  and  well-known  insect  has  an  extensive  range 
from  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  to  Texas  and  the  trans- 
Mississippi  States  as  far  as  the  region  of  the  great  plains.  The 
larva,  of  which  we  give 
a  representation,  feeds 
upon  the  various  species 
of  walnut  and  hickory, 
the  sweet-gum  (Liqui- 
dambar),  the  persimmon 
(Diospyros),  and  other 
trees.  In  North  Caro- 
lina it  appeared  to  be 
particularly  fond  of  the 
persimmon.  The  cocoon 
is  thin  and  papery,  spun 
among  leaves,  and  falls 
to  the  ground  in  autumn. 
In  consequence  it  is  not 
nearly  as  often  found  as  those  of  some  other  species,  which 
have  been  described  in  the  preceding  pages. 

Genus   TELEA    Hubner 

This  is  a  very  small  genus,  including  only  two  or  three 
species.  It  is  confined  to  the  New  World.  The  only  represen- 
tative in  our  faunal  limits  is  the  well-known  species,  which  we 
figure. 

(i)  Telea  polyphemus  Cramer,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  I,  ?.  (The 
Polyphemus  Moth.) 

Syn.  paphia  Linnaeus;  fenestra  Perry;  oculea  Neumoegen. 

This  very  common  moth  feeds  in  the  larval  stage  upon  a 
great  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs.  I  have  found  the  caterpillar 
upon  various  species  of  oaks,  upon  the  two  species  of  Juglans, 
which  grow  in  the  Eastern  States,  upon  hickory,  basswood,  elms, 
maples,  birches,  chestnuts,  the  sycamore  (Platanus),  wild- 

8? 


FIG.  40. — Larva  of  A.  luna.     (After  Riley.) 


Saturniidae 

roses,  and  the  beech.     Other  observers  have  reported  the  larva 
as  found  upon  a  great  variety  of  other  trees.     The  caterpillar, 


FIG.  41. — Larva  of  Telea  polyphemus.     (After  Riley.) 

which  is  of  a  beautiful  shade  of  green,  is  ornamented  on  the 
sides  by  raised  lines  of  silvery  white,  and  is  altogether  a  beauti- 
ful object,  so  far  as  coloration  is  concerned.  The  cocoon  is  in 
form  like  that  of  Actias  luna,  but  is  much  more  dense,  and,  after 
it  has  been  spun  up,  is  injected  by  the  larva  with  a  fluid,  which 
appears  to  precipitate  a  white  chalky  matter  through  the  fibers 
after  it  has  dried.  Efforts  to  reel  the  silk  have  hitherto  amounted 
to  but  little.  The  insect  is  double-brooded  in  the  southern  States. 

In  Pennsylvania  and  north- 
ward it  is  single-brooded. 
The    moth    ranges    across 
the    entire    continent    and 
into  Mexico  in  the  South. 
We  have  given  in  Figure  5 
a     representation     of    the 
FIG.  42.— Cocoon  of  Telea  polyphemus.  pupa,   in   Figure    io  a  cut 
(After  Riley.)  of  the  antenna  greatly  en- 

larged, and  in  Figures  41  and  42  are  shown  the  larva  and  the 
cocoon.  The  latter,  as  is  illustrated  in  the  cut,  is  spun  among 
leaves,  and  falls  in  the  autumn  to  the  ground.  A  number  of 
aberrant  forms  and  local  races  have  been  described,  and  there  is 
considerable  variety  in  the  depth  of  the  ground-color  of  the  wings 

88 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  X 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  figured  are  in  the 
collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Rothschildia  orizaba  Westwood,   9  • 

2.  Basilona  imperialis  Drury,   9  . 

3.  Cither onia  regalis  Fabricius,  cT 

4.  Cither  onia  mexicana  Grote  &  Robinson,  tf. 

5.  Adelocephala  bicolor  Harris.    cT. 

6.  Adelocephala  bicolor  Harris,   9  • 

7.  Syssphinx  albolineata  Grote  &  Robinson,  cT« 

8.  Color adia  pandora  Blake,  <$ . 

9.  Malacosoma  disstria  Hiibner,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

10.  Malacosoma  erosa  Stretch,  tf. 

11.  Malacosoma  californica  Packard,  c?. 

12.  Malacosoma  americana  Fabricius,   9i  U.  S.  N.  M. 


Saturn  iidae 

in  a  long  series  of  specimens  collected  in  the  same  locality.  I 
have  one  or  two  fine  melanic  specimens,  in  which  the  wings  are 
almost  wholly  black  on  the  upper  side.  Albino  specimens  are 
also  occasionally  found. 

Genus  SATURNIA  Schrank 

This  genus  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  a  single  species. 

(i)  Saturnia  mendocino  Behrens,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  6,  $. 
(The  Mendocino  Silk-moth.) 

The  insect  inhabits  northern  California,  where  it  is  not 
uncommon.  The  larva  feeds  upon  Arctostaphylos  tomentosa. 

Genus  AUTOMERIS  Hxibner 

Four  species  of  this  genus  occur  within  our  borders.  Three 
of  them  we  figure  on  our  plates.  The  other,  Automeris  ^elleri 
Grote  &  Robinson,  may  be  distinguished  from  those  we  give  by 
its  much  greater  size,  the  female  expanding  fully  five  inches 
across  the  wings,  and  having  three  broad  brown  bands  parallel 
to  the  margin  of  the  hind  wing,  a  large  blind  ocellus  in  the 
middle  of  that  wing,  and  the  fore  wings  purplish  brown,  marked 
with  darker  brown  spots  at  the  base,  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  on 
the  limbal  area. 

(1)  Automeris   pamina  Neumoegen,    Plate   IX,    Fig.   6,   $. 
(The  Pamina  Moth.) 

The  figure  we  give  is  taken  from  an  example  of  the  form 
called  aurosea  by  Neumcegen,  in  which  the  hairs  along  the  inner 
margin  of  the  hind  wings  are  somewhat  more  broadly  rosy  red 
than  in  the  specimens  which  he  indicated  as  typical.  The 
specimen  was  labeled  by,  and  obtained  from,  the  author  of  the 
species. 

(2)  Automeris    zephyria    Grote,    Plate    VIII,     Fig.     5,     ?  . 
(The  Zephyr  Silk-moth.) 

This  beautiful  insect  which  is  found  in  New  Mexico,  is  well 
delineated  in  our  plate,  and  may  easily  be  discriminated  from 
other  species  by  the  white  transverse  lines  of  the  fore  wings. 

(3)  Automeris  io  Fabricius,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  4,   $  ,  Fig.  5,   $  . 
(The  Io  Moth.) 

Syn.  corollaria  Perry;  varta,  Walker;  fabricii,  Boisduval;  argus 
Neumoegen  &  Dyar. 

89 


Saturniidae 

This  common  insect,  which  ranges  from  Canada  to 
Florida,  and  westward  and  southward  to  Texas  and 
Mexico,  subsists  in  the  larval  stage  upon  a  large  variety  of 

trees  and  shrubs;  in  fact,  the 
caterpillar  is  almost  omnivo- 
rous. The  larva  is  a  beautiful 
object,  the  body  being  green, 
ornamented  with  a  lateral 
stripe  of  pink  and  creamy 
white  and  covered  with 
clusters  of  branching  spines. 
These  are  possessed  of  sting- 
ing properties,  and  the  cater- 
pillar should  be  handled  with 
extreme  care,  if  painful  con- 
sequences are  to  be  avoided. 
In  spite  of  this  defense  the 
larvae  are  greatly  liable  to 
the  attack  of  ichneumon 

which 


Fio.  43.-Larva  of  Aulonteris  io. 

(After  Riley.)  tudes  of  them. 

Genus  HYLESIA  Hiibner 

This  is  a  neotropical  genus  of  small  size,  one  species  of 
which,  common  enough  in  Mexico,  is  occasionally  found  in 
Arizona.  It  is  a  true  Saturnian,  the  secondaries  having  but  one 
inner  vein  and  the  discal  cells  in  both  wings  being  closed. 

(i)  Hylesia  alinda  Druce,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  12,  $.  (The 
Alinda  Moth.) 

The  specimens  I  have  were  taken  on  the  Mexican  border  of 
Arizona.  So  far  as  I  remember,  nothing  has  been  written  upon 
the  life-history  of  the  species. 

SUBFAMILY  HEMILEUCIN^E. 

The  moths  of  this  subfamily  may  be  structurally  differentiated 
from  their  near  allies  by  the  fact  that  the  hind  wings  have  two 
distinct  internal  veins,  i  a  and  i  b.  The  antennas  of  the  male 
insect  in  the  genus  Coloradia  are  doubly  bipectinated.  In  the 

90 


Saturniidae 

genera  Hemileuca  and  Psettdoha^is,  the  antennae  of  the  males 
are  singly  bipectinated.  In  the  former  genus  the  females  have 
bipectinated  antennae;  in  the  latter  the  females  have  the  antennae 
serrate,  or  very  feebly  pectinated. 

Genus  COLORADIA  Blake 

(i)  Coloradia  pandora  Blake,  Plate  X,  Fig.  8,  $.  (The 
Pandora  Moth.) 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  the  eastern  foot-hills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  to  the  Cascades,  and  from  Montana  to  Mexico. 

Genus  HEMILEUCA  Walker 

Eight  species  of  this  genus  are  known  from  our  territory, 
four  of  which  we  figure.  H.  electra  Wright  has  the  hind  wings 
more  or  less  red  with  a  black  border.  H.  grotei  is  a  black 
species  with  a  white  collar,  and  a  series  of  narrow  white  spots 
covering  the  middle  of  the  wings,  three  on  the  fore  wing,  and 
those  on  the  hind  wing  composing  a  narrow  median  band. 
H.  neumcegeni  is  a  beautiful  insect  with  snowy  white  thorax  and 
reddish  brown  abdomen.  The  wings  are  snowy  white  with 
orange  discal  marks  crossed  by  two  black  bands  on  the  pri- 
maries and  one  on  the  secondaries,  the  inner  line  of  the  primaries 
being  relieved  externally  by  an  orange  spot  bordered  with  black. 
H.  hualapai  NeumcEgen  has  the  wings  dull  pink,  either  without 
markings,  or  crossed  by  two  pale  lines.  The  form  with  the  pale 
transverse  lines  has  been  dubbed  sororius  by  Henry  Edwards. 

(i)   Hemileuca  maia    Drury,    Plate    XI,    Fig.    i,    $.     (The 
Buck-moth.) 

Syn.  proserpina  Fabricius. 

In  the  fall  of  the  year,  when  the  leaves  are  falling  and  the 
days  are  still  mellow  and  warm,  the  Buck-moths  may  be  seen 
flitting  through  the  air  at  noonday.  They  especially  frequent  the 
edges  of  groves  of  oaks.  Upon  the  twigs  of  these  trees,  as  well 
as  occasionally  upon  willows,  wild  cherry-trees,  and  hazels,  they 
deposit  their  eggs  in  clusters,  as  represented  in  Figure  44.  The 
larvae,  which  are  gregarious  and  have  stinging  spines  or  bristles 
upon  the  somites,  hatch  in  the  latter  part  of  April  or  in  May, 
according  to  latitude,  and  after  undergoing  five  molts,  pupate  in 

91 


Saturniidae 

the  ground.  The  moths  emerge  in  the  fall,  though  a  few  winter 
over  in  the  soil  until  the  next  spring,  when  they  emerge,  or 
they  may  even  remain  dormant  until  the  following  fall. 

The  wings  are  semi-translucent,  and  in  some 
specimens  are  apparently  almost  devoid  of 
scales.  The  insects  are  diurnal,  or  semi-crepus- 
cular in  their  habit,  and  1  have  never  known 
them  to  be  attracted  to  artificial  light.  The 
name  "Buck-moths"  is  said  to  have  been  given 
to  them  because  they  fly  at  the  time  when  deer- 
stalking is  in  order. 

The    insect   ranges  from   Maine   and   Nova 
Scotia    to   Florida 
and  westward  to 
the  eastern  edge  of 
the    great    plains. 
In  the  Carolinas  it 
is    very    common,    especially    in 
groves    of  the    Black-jack    Oak, 
which  grow  on  barren  up- 
lands. 

(2)  Hemileuca  neva- 
densis  Stretch,  Plate  XI, 
Fig  2,  $.  (The  Nevada 
Buck-moth.) 

Syn.  californica  Wright ; 
artemis  Packard. 

This  species,  which 
closely  resembles  the  pre- 
ceding, may  be  distin- 


FIG.  44.— Eggs 
of  Buck-moth. 
(After  Riley.) 


guished    from    it    by    the 

much  wider  expanse  of  the 

transverse   discal  bands  in 

both  wings,  and  the  much 

redder  tuft   of   anal    hairs. 

It  may  be  a  mere    local    race  of  Hemileuca  maia, 

authors  have  recently  accorded  it  specific  rank. 

(3)  Hemileuca  juno  Packard,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  8, 
Juno  Moth.) 

Syn.  yavapai  Neumcegen. 

92 


FIG.  45.  —  Buck -moth;  a,  mature 
larva;  b,  pupa;  c-d,  bristles  on  larvae  in 
first  stage;  e,  thoracic  spine  in  second 
stage;  /,  spine  in  third  stage;  g,  spine 
in  fifth  stage.  (After  Riley.) 


but  most 


(The 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XI 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of    W.    J 
Holland.) 

1.  Hemileuca  maia  Drury,  cJ1. 

2.  Hemileuca  nevadensis  Stretch,  <5\ 

3.  Pseudohazis  her  a  pica  Walker,  tf . 

4.  Pseudohazis  her  a  pica  Walker,  9  . 

5.  Pseudohazis  eglanterina  nuttalli  Strecker,  <^- 

6.  Ctenucha  brunnea  Stretch,  c?. 

7.  Tolype  velleda  Stoll,  J* . 

8.  Tolype  velleda  Stoll,  9  . 

9.  Anisota  stigma  Fabricius,  <5*. 

10.  Anisota  stigma  Fabricius,  9  • 

11.  Callosamta  promethea  Drury,  $. 

12.  Callosamia  promethea  Drury,  9- 

13.  Basilona  imperialis  Drury,  (J*. 

14.  Sys sphinx  heiligbrodti  Harvey,  $. 

15.  Cargida  pyrrha  Druce,  c?. 

16.  Fenaria  longipes  Druce,  J1- 

17.  Xanthopastis  timais  Cramer,   9- 

1 8.  Euchcctias  murina  Stretch,  9  • 

19.  Copidryas  cosyra  Druce,  <j\ 

20.  Apantesis  intermedia  Stretch,  cJ1- 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Saturniidae 

This  beautiful  moth  occurs  in  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

(4)  Hemileuca  tricolor  Packard,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  9,  $  .  (The 
Tricolor  Buck-moth.) 

This  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  found  in  Arizona  and  in 
New  Mexico.  The  larvae  feed  upon  the  Grease-wood,  according 
to  report. 

Genus  PSEUDOHAZIS  Grote  &  Robinson 

This  is  a  small  genus  of  rather  striking  and  exceedingly  vari- 
able insects,  the  life  histories  of  which  have  not  been  as  thor- 
oughly studied  as  is  desirable.  The  moths  appear  to  be  diurnal 
in  their  habits,  and  may  be  found  in  vast  numbers  in  the  morn- 
ing hours  on  bright  days  in  their  favorite  haunts  in  the  region  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  I  have  found  them  particularly  abundant 
about  Laramie  Peak  in  Wyoming  in  the  latter  part  of  June  and 
July.  They  appear  to  frequent  flowers  in  company  with  diurnal 
lepidoptera,  as.  the  various  species  of  Argynnis,  and  they  may 
then  be  easily  taken.  Their  flight  is  rapid.  They  are  character- 
istic of  the  country  of  the  sage-brush,  and  the  ranges  of  the 
western  sheep-herder. 

(l)  Pseudohazis  eglanterina  Boisduval. 

Form  nuttalli  Strecker,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  7,  $  ;  Plate  XI,  Fig.  5, 
$  .  (Nuttall's  Sheep-moth.) 

Syn.  shastaensis  Behr;  denudata  Neumoegen. 

The  two  figures  given  on  our  plates  show  two  forms  of  this 
well-known  insect.  Whatever  the  amount  of  black  or  purple 
upon  the  fore  wings  the  specimens  may  always  be  distinguished 
from  others  by  the  presence  just  beyond  the  discal  spot  of  the 
fore  wings  of  a  longitudinal  dash  of  Indian  yellow.  This  is 
characteristic,  and  I  have  never  failed  to  find  it  in  a  long  series 
of  specimens,  no  matter  how  the  other  markings  varied. 

(2)  Pseudohazis  hera  Harris,  Plate  IX,  Fig.  8,  $ .  (The 
Hera  Moth. ) 

Form  pica  Walker,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  3,  $  ;  Fig.  4,  ?  .  (The 
Magpie  Moth.) 

This  extremely  variable  moth  is  represented  by  the  typical 
form  in  the  figure  given  upon  Plate  IX,  and  in  the  figures  given 
upon  Plate  XI  by  two  specimens  showing  the  form,  which  is 

93 


Ceratocampiden 

most  common  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  in  which  the  wings 
are  greatly  suffused  with  black.  To  this  form  Walker's  name 
pica  properly  applies. 

FAMILY  CERATOCAMPIDy^ 

"  In  Nature's  infinite  book  of  secrecy 
A  little  I  can  read." — SHAKESPEARE. 

This  family  contains  moths  of  large  or  medium  size,  the 
larvae  of  which  do  not  produce  cocoons,  but  undergo  transforma- 
tion in  the  ground.  The  larvae  are  generally  more  or  less  orna- 
mented with  spines  and  bristly  protuberances.  The  moths  have 
the  tongue  developed,  but  nevertheless  feebly.  The  tibial  spurs 
are  present.  The  frenulum  is  lacking.  The  genera  belonging  to 
this  family  are  American,  and  only  five  of  them  occur  within  our 
faunal  limits. 

Genus   ANISOTA   Hubner   . 

Of  the  five  species,  recognized  as  belonging  to  this  genus  and 
occurring  within  our  borders,  we  have  selected  three  for  repre- 
sentation. Anisota  senatoria,  a  common  species  found  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  is  distinguished  from  its  very  near  ally,  Anisota 
virginiensis,  not  only  by  marked  differences  in  the  larval  stage, 
but  by  the  fact  that  the  females  are  almost  exactly  like  the  female 
of  Anisota  stigma,  profusely  covered  with  black  spots  or  freck- 
lings  on  the  wings,  while  the  females  of  virginiensis,  as  shown 
in  the  plate,  are  almost  wholly  destitute  of  such  spots.  The 
males  of  these  two  species  are  almost  alike,  the  only  difference 
being  that  the  male  insect  in  the  case  of  -virginiensis  is  somewhat 
darker  than  in  the  case  of  Anisota  senatoria,  and  less  ochreous. 

(i)  Anisota  stigma  Fabricius,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  9,  3  ;  Fig. 
10,  $.  (The  Stigma  Moth.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  various  species  of  oak.  It  is  orna- 
mented with  short  spines  upon  the  segments,  arranged  in  rows, 
those  on  the  second  segment  from  the  head  being  long  and 
recurved.  The  color  of  the  larvae  at  maturity  is  a  dull  reddish 
brown,  marked  with  small  creamy-white  and  gray  punctulations. 
The  insect  occurs  in  the  Appalachian  faunal  region,  from  Canada 
to  the  Carolinas,  and  westward  to  Kansas  and  Missouri. 

94 


Ceratocampidae 

(2)  Anisota  virginiensis  Drury,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  9,    $  ;  Fig. 
10,    ?  .     (The  Virginian  Anisota.) 

Syn.  astymone  Olivier;  pellucida  Herrich-Schaeffer. 

The  male  insect  has  the  fore  wings  almost  transparent  about 
the  middle,  as  is  the  case  with  Anisota  senatoria.  as  has  already 
been  pointed  out,  but  the  female  is  not  heavily  spotted,  as  is  the 
case  in  that  species.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  oaks.  The  moth 
has  the  same  geographical  distribution  as  the  preceding  species. 

(3)  Anisota   rubicunda    Fabricius,  Plate  VIII,   Fig.    n,    $, 
(The  Rosy  Maple-moth.) 

The  larva  of  this  beautiful  moth  feeds  commonly  upon  the 
silver-maple,  which  in  many  of  our  western  cities  has  been 
extensively  planted  as  a  shade-tree.  The  depredations  it  commits 
upon  the  foliage  have  subjected  it  to  the  indignation  of  arbori- 
culturists. It  was 
formerly  very  com- 
mon in  the  city  of 
Pittsburgh,  but  for 
many  years  past  it 
has  almost  entirely 
disappeared,  so  that 
it  is  now  regarded  as 
a  rather  rare  insect  by 
local  collectors.  The 
disappearance  of  the 

moth  is  due  no  doubt  e 

to  the  combined  influ- 
ence    of   the    electric 
lights,  Which  annually        FlG-    4<3.— Anisota  rubicunda.      a.  larva;    b. 
VPuPa;  c-  female  moth.     (After  Riley.) 

destroy  millions  of 

insects,  which  are  attracted  to  them,  and  to  gas-wells,  and 
furnaces,  which  lick  up  in  their  constantly  burning  flames  other 
millions  of  insects.  Perhaps  the  English  sparrow  has  also  had  a 
part  in  the  work  of  extermination.  In  Kansas  the  insect  is  very 
common.  I  recently  saw  in  the  city  of  Atchison  numerous 
maples,  which  had  almost  been  stripped  of  their  leaves  by  these 
larvae.  The  range  of  the  insect  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of 
the  other  species  of  the  genus. 


95 


Ceratocampidae 

Genus  ADELOCEPHALA  Herrich-Schaeffer 

As  in  the  preceding  genus,  vein  1 1  of  the  fore  wing  is  stalked 
with  veins  6-8,  but  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing  is  not  straight 
as  in  that  genus,  and  longer  than  the  internal  margin,  but  it  is 
convex  and  shorter  than  the  inner  margin.  There  are  a  number 
of  species  belonging  to  the  genus,  which  are  indigenous  in 
Central  and  South  America,  but  only  one  occurs  within  our 
borders. 

(i)  Adelocephala  bicolor  Harris,  Plate  X,  Fig.  5,  $  ;  Fig.  6, 
?  .     (The  Honey-locust  Moth.) 

Syn.  distigma  Walsh. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  the  Honey-locust  (Gleditschia)  and  the 
Kentucky  Coffee-tree  (Gymnocladus).  It  is  a  rather  common 
insect  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  and  ranges  from  the  region  of 
the  Great  Lakes  southward  to  Georgia  and  Kansas. 

Genus    SYSSPHINX    Hubner 

The  insects  assigned  to  this  genus  by  recent  writers  do  not 
differ  greatly  in  structure  from  those  referred  to  the  preceding 
genus.  The  principal  structural  differences  consist  in  the  fact 
that  the  antennae  of  the  females  are  somewhat  shorter  and  less 
strongly  pectinated,  and  the  abdomen  is  generally  longer,  in  some 
species  greatly  exceeding  the  hind  margin  of  the  hind  wings. 
The  genus  is  well  represented  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 
Only  four  species  occur  in  our  territory,  two  of  which  we  figure, 
(i)  Syssphinx  albolineata  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  X,  Fig. 
7,  $  .  (The  White-lined  Syssphinx.) 

Syn.  raspa  Boisduval. 

The  figure  we  give  is  sufficient  to  enable  the  student  to  iden- 
tify this  species  which  is  common  in  Mexico,  and  also  occurs  in 
southern  Arizona. 

(2)  Syssphinx  heiligbrodti  Harvey,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  14,  ?  . 
(Heiligbrodt's  Syssphinx.) 

This  very  pretty  moth,  which  may  easily  be  determined  by 
the  help  of  the  figure  we  give,  is  not  uncommon  in  southern 
Arizona.  The  caterpillar  feeds,  it  is  said,  upon  Grease-wood 
bushes. 

96 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XII 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  figured  are  in  the 
collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Cossus  centerensis  Lintner,  J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Hypopla  berthbldi  Grote,  9  • 

3.  Hypopta  henrici  Grote,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Samia  gloveri  Strecker,  cT. 

5.  Artace  punctistriga  Walker,  J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

6.  Saturnia  mendocino  Behrens,  cJ1. 

7.  Actias  luna  Linnaeus,  (J1. 

8.  Hemileuca  juno  Packard,  cJ1. 

9.  Hemileuca  tricolor  Packard,  c?. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Ceratocampidae 
Genus  CITHERONIA  Hubner 

This  genus  of  large  and  showy  moths  is  characteristically 
neotropical,  having  its  metropolis  in  Central  America.  Three 
species  occur  in  our  territory,  two  of  them  having  an  extensive 
northern  range. 

1 i)  Citheronia  regalis  Fabricius,  Plate  I,  Fig.  4,  larva  ;  Plate 

X,  Fig.  3,   $  .     (The  Royal  Walnut-moth.) 

Syn.  regia  Abbot  &  Smith. 

The  caterpillar,  which  is  known  by  boys  as  the  "Hickory 
Horn-devil,"  feeds  upon  a  great  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs, 
showing  a  decided  preference  for  the  walnut  and  butternut,  the 
persimmon,  and  several  species  of  arborescent  sumac  (Rhus). 

(2)  Citheronia  sepulchralis  Grote  &  Robinson,    Plate  XLI, 
Fig.  5,   $  .     (The  Pine-devil  Moth.) 

The  larva,  which  is  smaller  and  more  obscurely  colored  than 
that  of  the  preceding  species,  feeds  upon  various  species  of  pine, 
and  the  insect  ranges  from  the  Carolinas  northward  to  Massa- 
chusetts along  the  coast.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  valley  of 
the  Potomac,  and  at  Berkeley  Springs  I  have  found  it  abundant  in 
the  larval  state  in  the  months  of  July  and  August. 

(3)  Citheronia  mexicana  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  X,  Fig. 
4,    $  .     (The  Mexican  Walnut-moth.) 

This  species,  which  is  in  many  respects  very  closely  allied  to 
C.  regalis,  occurs  in  Arizona,  and  southward. 

Genus    BASILONA    Boisduval 

The  only  representative  of  this  genus  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States  is  the  species  which  is  illustrated  on  our  plates. 
There  are  a  number  of  other  species,  which  are  Mexican  or  South 
American. 

(i)  Basilona  imperialis  Drury,   Plate  X,  Fig.   2,    ?  ;  Plate 

XI,  Fig.   13,    $  .     (The  Imperial  Moth.) 

Syn.  imperaioria  Abbot  &  Smith;  punctatissima  Neumregen. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  a  vast  number  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and 
may  almost  be  described  as  omnivorous.  The  larvae  are  eithei 
brown  or  green,  the  color  having  nothing  whatever  to  do  with 
the  character  of  the  perfect  insects,  which  emerge  from  the 
pupae.  Such  cases  of  dichromatism  among  larvae  are  not  at  all 
uncommon. 

97 


Syntomidae 

FAMILY   SYNTOMID/E 

"  Whoever  looks  at  the  insect  world,  at  flies,  aphides,  gnats,  and  innumerable 
parasites,  and  even  at  the  infant  mammals,  must  have  remarked  the  extreme 
content  they  take  in  suction,  which  constitutes  the  main  business  of  their  life.  If 
we  go  into  a  library  or  news-room,  we  see  the  same  function  on  a  higher  plane, 
performed  with  like  ardor,  with  equal  impatience  of  interruption,  indicating  the 
sweetness  of  the  act." — EMERSON. 

This  family,  which  quite  recently  has  been  monographed  by 
Sir  George  F.  Hampson,  consists  of  moths  which  are  small,  or 
at  most  of  medium  size.  They  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  and 
frequent  flowers.  At  first  glance,  they  often  are  mistaken 
for  wasps  and  other  hymenoptera,  which  they  mimic.  The 
following  characterization  of  the  family  is  quoted  from  the 
learned  author,  to  whom  reference  has  just  been  made: 

"  Proboscis  usually  well  developed,  but  sometimes  aborted; 
palpi  short  and  porrect,  long  and  downcurved,  or  upturned; 
frons  rounded;  antennae  simple,  ciliated,  or  bipectinate,  usually 
with  short  branches  dilated  at  extremity  in  both  sexes;  tibiae 
with  the  spurs  short.  Fore  wing  usually  with  the  terminal  area 
broad;  vein  \a  forming  a  fork  with  \b,  \c  absent;  5  from  below 
middle  of  discocellulars ;  7  stalked  with  8,  9.  Hind  wing  small; 
vein  i a  often  absent;  \c  absent;  8  absent,  rarely  rudimentary 
and  not  reaching  costa;  frenulum  present;  retinaculum  bar- 
shaped."  Hampson,  Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phalcznce, 
Vol.  1,  p.  20. 

Eleven  genera  comprised  within  this  family  are  recognized  by 
recent  writers  as  holding  place  in  the  fauna  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  Most  of  these  are  southern,  and  represent  a 
northern  movement  of  the  great  complex  of  genera  and  species 
referable  to  the  family,  which  inhabits  the  hot  lands  of  equa- 
torial America. 

Genus  COSMOSOMA  Hubner 

This  is  a  large  genus,  including  at  least  eighty  species,  which 
are  found  in  Central  and  South  America.  Only  one  species  is, 
at  present,  known  to  occur  within  our  faunal  limits. 

(i)  Cosmosoma  auge  Linnaeus,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  I,  $. 
(The  Scarlet-bodied  Wasp-moth.) 

Syn.  omphale  Hubner;  melitta  Moschler. 
98 


Syntomidac 

This  beautiful  little  insect  occurs  throughout  the  tropics  of 
the  New  World,  and  is  not  rare  in  southern  Florida.  The  larval 
stages  have  been  described  by  Dyar  (see  "Psyche,"  Vol.  VII. 
p.  414).  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Mikania  scandens.. 

Genus  SYNTOMEIDA  Harris 

The  type  of  this  genus  is  Syntomeida  tpomece.  Six  species 
have  thus  far  been  assigned  to  it,  two  of  these  occuring  in  the 
extreme  southern  portions  of  our  territory. 

1 i )  Syntomeida   ipomeae    Harris,    Plate   XIII,    Fig.    3    9 . 
(The  Yellow-banded  Wasp-moth.) 

Syn.  ferox  Walker;  euterpe  Herrich-Schseffer. 

This  species  is  confined  to  the  southern  States  along  the 
borders  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  caterpillar,  which  according 
to  report  feeds  upon  the  Convolvulacece,  remains  to  be  fully 
described. 

(2)  Syntomeida   epilais  Walker,    Plate    XIII,    Fig.    2,    $. 
(The  Polka-dot  Wasp-moth. ) 

The  larva  has  been  described  by  Dyar  (see  Journal  New 
York  Entomological  Society,  Vol.  IV,  p.  72,  and  "  Insect  Life," 
Vol.  II,  p.  360).  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Nerium  odorum. 

Genus  PSEUDOMYA  Hubner 

This  is  a  small  neotropical  genus,  including,  so  far  as  is 
known,  but  eight  species,  one  of  which  occurs  in  the  extreme 
southern  part  of  Florida. 

(i)  Pseudomya  minima  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  6,  $  .  (The 
Lesser  Wasp-moth.) 

The  caterpillar,  which  has  been  described  by  Dr.  H.  G. 
Dyar  in  "  Psyche,"  Vol.  VIII,  p.  42,  feeds  upon  Myginda 
ilicifolia. 

Genus    DIDASYS    Grote 

Only  one  species  has  hitherto  been  referred  to  this  genus. 
It  is  found  in  Florida. 

(i)  Didasys  belae  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  7,  $,  Fig.  8  ?. 
(The  Double-tufted  Wasp-moth.) 

As  shown  in  our  plate,  the  male  has  the  end  of  the 
abdomen  ornamented  by  two  tufts,  while  the  female  is  devoid 

99 


Syntomidae 

of  these  appendages.     The  insect  is  found  on  the  Indian  River 
in  Florida,  and  southward. 

Genus    HORAMA    Hubner 

Ten  species  compose  this  genus,  of  which  only  one  is  found 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

(i)  Horama  texana  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  9,  $.  (The 
Texan  Wasp-moth.) 

No  difficulty  should  be  experienced  in  identifying  this  moth 
by  the  help  of  the  figure  which  is  given. 

Genus    EUCEREON    Hubner 

Sixty-two  species,  all  inhabiting  the  hot  lands  of  North  and 
South  America,  are  assigned  by  Hampson  to  this  genus.  The 
only  one  thus  far  known  to  occur  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States  is  figured  on  our  plate. 

(i)  Eucereon  confine  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  10, 
$  .  (The  Floridan  Eucereon.) 

Syn.  Carolina  Henry  Edwards. 

This  interesting  little  moth,  which  was  described  by  Henry 
Edwards  under  the  name  Nelphe  Carolina,  had  been  figured  by 
Herrich-Schaeffer  under  the  specific  name  above  cited  thirty-two 
years  before.  It  is  rare  in  Florida,  but  is  common  in  the 
Antilles,  Mexico,  and  Central  America. 

Genus   LYMIRE    Walker 

This  is  a  small  genus  comprehending  only  five  species.  Its 
only  representant  within  our  borders  was  originally  assigned  by 
Grote  to  the  genus  Scepsis,  which  it  superficially  resembles. 

(i)  Lymire  edwardsi  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  II,  $. 
(Edwards'  Wasp-moth.)  ., 

The  larval  stages,  thanks  to  the  labors  of  Dr.  H.  G.  Dyar,  are 
known.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  Ficus  pedunculata.  The 
insect,  when  pupating,  spins  a  small  cocoon  of  hair  and  silk. 
For  fuller  knowledge  upon  the  subject  the  reader  is  referred  to 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  II,  p.  361. 

Genus  SCEPSIS  Walker 

Three  species  of  this  genus,  which  does  not  range  far  into  the 
Mexican  territory,  are  recognized.  Two  of  these  we  figure; 

100 


Syntomidae 

the  third,  Scepsis  packardi  Grote,  =matthewi  Grote,  is  a  trifle 
larger  in  size,  than  the  other  two,  much  paler  in  color,  and 
inhabits  Washington,  Oregon,  and  British  Columbia. 

(1)  Scepsis   fulvicollis    Hubner,    Plate    XIII,    Fig.    12,     $. 
(The  Yellow-collared  Scape-moth.) 

Syn.  semidiaphana  Harris. 

This  common  insect,  the  larva  of  which  feeds  upon  grasses, 
has  a  wide  range  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  States,  and  westward 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  southward  to  Chihuahua  in 
Mexico.  The  moths  frequent  the  blossoms  of  the  golden-rod 
(Solidago)  in  the  late  summer. 

(2)  Scepsis  wrighti  Stretch,   Plate  XIII,   Fig.    13,   $  .     (The 
White-collared  Scape-moth.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  southern  California.  The  speci- 
men figured  was  sent  me  by  Mr.  Wright,  labeled  "  Type,"  and 
may  be  accepted  as  typical  of  the  species. 

Genus    LYCOMORPHA    Harris 

A  small  genus  of  moths,  diurnal  in  their  habits,  having  a 
preference  for  the  flowers  of  the  Compositor,  upon  which  they 
may  frequently  be  found  in  their  habitats. 

(  i )  Lycomorpha  grotei  Packard,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  14,  ? . 
(Crete's  Lycomorpha.) 

Syn.  palmeri  Packard. 

This  pretty  little  insect  occurs  in  Colorado  and  thence  south- 
ward to  Texas.  So  far  as  recalled  by  the  writer  its  larval  stages 
have  not  as  yet  received  attention  from  any  of  our  American 
students  of  the  lepidoptera. 

(2)  Lycomorpha  pholus  Drury,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  15,    6. 

This  common  insect,  but  not  the  less  beautiful  because  it  is 
common,  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 
The  larva  is  said  to  feed  upon  lichens. 

Genus    CTENUCHA    Kirby 

This  genus,  which  includes  about  twenty  species,  is  quite 
well  represented  in  our  fauna.  Figures  of  all  the  species  occur- 
ring within  our  territory  are  given  in  the  plates. 

(i)  Ctenucha  venosa  Walker,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  20,  $  .  (The 
Veined  Ctenucha.) 


Syntomidse 

From  Ctenucha  cressonana,  its  nearest  ally,  this  species  may 
be  distinguished  by  its  smaller  size,  the  reddish  tint  of  the  stripes 
upon  the  fore  wings  and  the  edges  of  the  shoulder  lappets,  and 
the  fact  that  the  fringe  opposite  the  end  of  the  cell  on  both  wings 
is  marked  by  fuscous,  and  not  uniformly  white  throughout 
as  in  C.  cressonana.  The  species  ranges  from  Colorado  to 
Mexico. 

(2)  Ctenucha   cressonana   Grote,   Plate  XIII,    Fig.   21,   $. 
(Cresson's  Ctenucha.) 

This  species,  which  is  one  of  the  largest  in  the  genus,  may 
easily  be  recognized  by  the  figure  we  give  and  the  remarks 
made  in  connection  with  what  has  been  said  in  regard  to  the 
preceding  species. 

(3)  Ctenucha  brunnea  Stretch,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  6,   $  .     (The 
Brown-winged  Ctenucha.) 

Easily  recognized  by  the  pale  brown  color  of  the  primaries, 
upon  which  the  veins  stand  forth  in  a  darker  shade  of  brown: 

(4)  Ctenucha  multifaria    Walker,   Plate   XIII,   Fig.    19,  $. 
(The  Californian  Ctenucha.) 

This  species,  which  is  closely  allied  to  the  next,  may  be  dis- 
criminated by  the  fact  that  the  fore  wings  are  lighter  in  color, 
the  collar  is  black,  not  orange  spotted  with  black,  as  in  C. 
rubroscapus,  and  the  costal  margin  of  the  primaries  is  nar- 
rowly edged  with  white. 

(5)  Ctenucha    rubroscapus    Menetries,    Plate    XIII,    Fig. 
22,  $  .     (Walsingham's  Ctenucha.) 

Syn.  walsinghami  Henry  Edwards. 

This  species,  which  may  be  distinguished  by  the  aid  of  what 
has  been  said  under  the  preceding  species,  as  well  as  by  our 
figure,  may  have  the  edges  of  the  shoulder  lappets  either  red,  as 
in  our  figure,  or  orange  yellow.  It  is  found  in  the  Pacific  States. 

(6)  Ctenucha  virginica  Charpentier,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  18,  $  . 
(The  Virginian  Ctenucha.) 

Syn.  latreillana  Kirby. 

This  moth,  which  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  northern 
portions  of  the  Appalachian  faunal  region,  may  be  found  in  the 
tetitude  of  New  York  City  and  Pittsburgh  frequenting  the  blos- 
scms  of  blackberries  at  the  end  of  May  and  in  June.  The  larva 
feeds,  as  do  the  larvae  of  the  other  species,  upon  grasses. 

102 


Lithosiiclae 

Genus    DAHANA    Grote 

Only  one  species,  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  known. 

(i)  Dahana  atripennis  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  23,  $  .  (The 
Black-winged  Dahana.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  southern  Florida.  The  insect 
does  not  appear  to  be  common  in  collections. 


FAMILY   LITHOSIID/E 

"You  would  be  another  Penelope:  yet,  they  say,  all  the  yarn  she  spun 
in  Ulysses's  absence  did  but  fill  Ithaca  full  of  moths." 

— SHAKESPEARE,  Coriolanus,  I,  3. 

The  moths  belonging  to  this  family  have  the  larvae  of  the 
usual  form  displayed  by  the  Arctiidae,  with  all  of  the  prolegs 
present.  They  feed  principally  upon  lichens.  They  pupate  in 
cocoons  spun  up  of  silk,  in  which  the  hairs  of  the  larva  are 
mingled. 

The  perfect  insects,  or  imagoes,  are  of  medium  size  or  small. 
As  a  family,  they  present  many  variations  in  structure,  both  as 
to  the  venation  of  the  wings  and  secondary  sexual  characteris- 
tics. The  following  general  characterization  of  the  group  is 
taken  from  Hampson,  "Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  Phalaenae," 
Vol.  II,  p.  80: 

"  Proboscis  usually  well  developed,  but  often  aborted;  palpi 
usually  short  and  porrect,  sometimes  reaching  well  beyond  the 
frons,  often  upturned,  rarely  reaching  above  the  vertex  of  the 
head;  antennae  of  male  usually  with  bristles  and  cilia,  often  bipec- 
tinate,  sometimes  dilated  or  with  tuft  of  scales  on  upper  side  of 
shaft;  ocelli  absent;  tibiae  with  the  spurs  usually  moderate,  some- 
times long  or  absent.  Fore  wing  typically  long  and  narrow,  but 
in  a  large  section,  short  and  broad,  the  narrow  winged  genera 
having  vein  5,  and  often  vein  4,  absent.  Hind  wing  with 
vein  8  coincident  with  the  cell  from  base  to  one-third  or  to 
near  end  of  cell." 

About  a  dozen  genera  have  thus  far  been  recognized  as 
represented  in  the  fauna  of  the  region  of  which  this  book 
treats. 

103 


Lithosiidae 

Genus    CRAMBIDIA    Packard 

This  small  genus,  consisting  of  moths  displaying  delicate 
shades  of  slaty-gray,  pale  yellow,  or  pearly  white  upon  their 
wings,  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  six  species,  three  of 

which  we  figure,  one  of  them 
being  hitherto  undescribed. 
The  genus  falls  into  two  sec- 
tions,  in  the  first  being  included 
those  species  in  which  there  is 
no  areole  in  the  fore  wing,  and 


FIG. 


,   $  -f 


the  areole  developed.    The  first 

section  is  represented  by  Crambidia  pallida,  and  contains,  in 
•addition,  the  species  named  lithosioides  and  uniformis  by  Dyar  ; 
ihe  second  section  is  represented  by  Crambidia  casta,  and  con- 
tains, in  addition,  the  species  named  cephalica  by  Grote  & 
Robinson,  and  the  species  herein  described  and  named  allegheni- 
ensis.  The  structure  of  the  insects  is  sufficiently  well  set  forth 
in  the  two  cuts  we  give,  which  have  been  kindly  furnished  by 
Sir  George  F.  Hampson,  with  the  permission  of  the  Trustees  of 
the  British  Museum. 

(1)  Crambidia  pallida  Packard.     (The  Pale  Lichen-moth.) 
The  moth  is  uniformly  brownish-grey,  with  the  hind  wings 

a  trifle  paler  than  the  fore  wings.  The  wings  on  the  under 
side  are  lighter  than  on  the  upper  side.  The  species  occurs 
in  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Crambidia  casta  Sanborn,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  30,  $  .     (The 
Pearly-winged  Lichen-moth.) 

On  the  under  side  the  fore 
wings  and  the  costal  area  of 
the  hind  wings  are  fuscous, 
and  in  some  specimens  the 
upper  side  of  the  wings  is 
also  slightly  touched  with  pale 
fuscous.  The  insect  appears 

to  be  not  uncommon  in  Colorado  and  ranges  thence  south 
and  north  toward  the  Pacific  coast. 

(3)  Crambidia  allegheniensis,  sp.  nov.,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  31,  $  . 
(The  Alleghenian  Lichen-moth.) 


FIG.  48. — -Crambidia  casta,  $  . 


104 


Lithosiidae 

The  head  and  anterior  portions  of  the  thorax  are  pale  yellow. 
The  patagia  are  of  the  same  color.  The  thorax  and  the  abdomen 
on  the  upper  side  are  pale  slaty-gray.  The  legs  and  the  tip  of 
the  abdomen  on  the  under  side  are  ochreous,  the  middle  of  the 
abdomen  on  the  under  side  being  dark  slaty-gray.  The  fore  wing 
on  the  upper  side  is  slaty-gray,  with  the  costa  evenly  edged  with 
pale  yellow.  The  hind  wings  are  translucent  white.  On  the 
under  side  the  wings  are  marked  as  on  the  upper  side,  but  paler. 
The  insect  is  slightly  smaller  than  casta.  It  occurs  in  western 
Pennsylvania.  The  type,  which  is  in  the  collection  of  the  author, 
was  taken  by  him  in  East  Pittsburgh. 

Genus    PALPIDIA    Dyar 

The  genus  is  represented  by  only  one  species,  so  far  as  is  now 
known. 

(i)    Palpidia    pallidior    Dyar.       ( Dyar's    Palpidia. ) 
This   insect,    a   drawing  of  the   type 
of  which  is  given  in  the  annexed  cut, 
has  the  fore  wings  pale  ochreous,  with  the 
interspaces  between  the  veins  strongly 
irrorated   with   dark   scales.     The   hind         FIG.  49.— Pa//>«tfa 
wings  are  whitish.     It  is  as  yet  a  rare  pallidior ,  ?  .  f 

insect    in     collections,    and     has     only 
been  recorded  from  Cocoanut  Grove,  in  Dade  County,  Florida. 

Genus    LEXIS    Wallengren 

The  genus  Lexis  is  of  moderate  size,  all  of  the  species 
referred  to  it,  with  the  single  exception  of  the  one  figured 
on  our  plate,  being  inhabitants  of  the  Old  World.  The 
metropolis  of  the  genus  appears  to  be  southern  Asia  and 
the  adjacent  islands.  One  species  is  recorded  from  Australia, 
and  the  species,  which  is  the  type  of  the  genus,  is  found  in 
East  Africa. 

(i)  Lexis  bicolor  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  29,  $.  (The 
Yellow-edged  Lexis). 

Syn.  argillacea  Packard. 

The  moth  is  pale  slaty-grey,  with  the  head,  patagia,  and 
anal  tuft  yellow.  The  fore  wings  are  bordered  on  the  costa 

105 


Lithosiidae 

with  pale  yellow,  the  band  of  this  color  running  out  to  nothing 
before  it  quite  reaches  the  apex.  The  specimen  figured  on 
the  plate  came  from  Colorado.  It  is  also  said  to  occur  in 
Canada  and  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

Genus    HYPOPREPIA    Hubner 

A  small  genus  of  North  American  moths,  all  the  species  of 
which  occur  within  the  territory  covered  by  this  book.  The 
insects  closely  resemble  each  other,  and  the  student  who  has 
learned  to  recognize  one  of  them  cannot  fail  to  refer  the  others 
correctly  to  their  genus.  It  is  not,  however,  so  easy  to  discrimi- 
nate the  species.  The  following  little  key,  which  is  taken  from 
Hampson's  Catalogue,  Vol.  II,  page  515,  may  help  the  student 
in  making  correct  specific  references  : 

1 .  Ground-color  of  the  fore  wing  wholly  scarlet miniaia 

2.  Ground-color  of  the  fore  wing  yellow  and  crimson fucosa 

3.  Ground-color  of  the  fore  and  hind  wings  yellow cadaverosa 

4.  Ground-color  of  the  fore  wing  fuscous  brown,  of  the  hind 

wing  whitish inculta 

(1)  Hypoprepia   miniata    Kirby,     Plate    XIII,    Fig.   41,  $. 
(The  Scarlet-winged  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  viitata  Harris;  subornata  Neumoegen  &  Dyar. 

This  rather  common  insect  ranges  from  Canada  to  the 
Carolinas  and  westward  in  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes  to 
Minnesota.  It  comes  freely,  as  do  all  the  species  of  the  genus,  to 
light,  and  I  have  found  it  very  abundant  at  times  about  the 
lamps  in  the  village  of  Saratoga,  New  York.  I  have  taken  it  at 
Asheville,  North  Carolina,  and  at  the  White  Sulphur  Springs  in 
West  Virginia,  but  have  never  received  specimens  from  low 
altitudes  on  the  Virginian  and  Carolinian  coasts. 

(2)  Hypoprepia    fucosa    Hubner,    Plate   XIII,    Fig.  42,  $ . 

(The  Painted  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn .  tricolor  Fitch ;  plumbea  Henry 
Edwards. 

This  species,  which  may  be 
easily  distinguished    from    the 

^    i      preceding  by  the  fact  that  the 
FIG.  50. — Hypoprepia  fucosa,  0  •  T-      f.  °  v. 

(After  Hampson.)  tip    of    the    abdomen    is    not 

marked    by     a     dark     fuscous 

spot,  and  by  the  narrower  marginal  band  of  the  secondaries, 

106 


Lithosiidae 


as  well  as  by  the  difference  in  the  color  of  the  wings,  is  a  com- 
mon species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  ranges  westward  into 
the  basin  of  the  Mississippi. 

Genus    H^EMATOMIS    Hampson 

This  little  genus  includes,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  but  two 
species,  both  of  which  are  Mexican,  but  one  of  which  ranges 
into  southern  Arizona.  The  species  are  separated  as  follows  by 
Hampson  : 


Fore  wing  with  yellowish  streaks,  on  costa,  through  cell,  and 


.  .  .  .mextcana 
.  .  ,  .uniformis 

Fig.  34,  $  • 


FIG.  51. — H&matomismexicana,  $ 
(After  Hampson.) 


on  inner  margin 

2.  Fore  wing  with  pale  streak  on  the  costa  only 

(i)  Haematomis   mexicana  Druce,   Plate   XIII 
(The      Mexican      Lichen- 
moth.) 

With  the  help  of  the  illus- 
trations we  have  given  the 
student  should  have  no  great 
difficulty  in  identifying  this 
little  moth. 

Genus    COMACLA   Walker 

This  genus  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  two  species.  One 
other  occurs  in  Europe  and  northern  Asia,  and  another  in 
tropical  Africa.  The  two  American  species  are  very  much 
alike  in  appearance,  and  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  worn 
or  rubbed  specimens.  The  following  key  will  be  of  some 
assistance: 
i.  Wings  pale  mouse  gray,  translucent;  collar  and  abdomen 

ochreous;  apex  of  fore  wings  rounded simplex  Walker 

2.  Wings  and  body  uniformly 
pale  mouse  gray,  wings  trans- 
lucent only  about  the  mid- 
dle, sprinkled  with  blackish 
scales  and  marked  by  an 
obscure  discal  dot,  apex  of 
fore  wings  less  rounded  and 
'  more  nearly  square  than  in 


FIG.  52. — Comacla  simplex,  $ 
(After  Hampson.) 


preceding  species.} uscipes  Grote 

(i)  Comacla  simplex  Walker,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  34,  $  .     (The 
Mouse-colored  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  murina  Walker;  clarus  Grote  &  Robinson;  texana  French. 

107 


Lithosiidae 

The  species   is   common    in   Texas.     C.  fuscipes  occurs  in 
Arizona. 

Genus    BRUCEIA    Neumcegen 

One  species  is  reckoned  in  this  genus,  the   structural   char- 
acters of  which  are  well  shown  in  the  cut  we  give. 

(i)  Bruceia  pulverina 
Neumoegen,  Plate  XIII,  Fig. 
33,  $  .  (The  Powdered 
Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  hubbardi  Dyar. 

The  insect  named  hub- 


FIG.  53. — Bruceia  pulverina,  S  . 
(After  Hampson.) 


bardi  by  Dyar  seems  to  be 
only  a  smaller  form  of  B. 
pulverina. 

Genus    CLEMENSIA   Packard 

To  this  genus  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  refers  a  dozen  species. 
All  of  these  are  inhabitants  of  the  hot  lands  of  America,  except 
the  species  we  figure.  Cisthene  lactea  Stretch  is  by  Hampson 
referred  to  the  genus  ttlice.  Dr.  Dyar  places  it  in  the  genus 
Clemensia.  The  species  is  unknown  to  the  writer,  and  does 
not  exist  in  any  collection  which  he  has  examined,  so  that  we 
shall  not  attempt  to  discuss  the  vexed  question  of  its  proper 
location. 

(i)  Clemensia  albata  Pack- 
ard, Plate  XIII,  Fig.  38,  <$.  (The 
Little  White  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  albida  Walker ;  cana  Walker ; 
umbrata  Packard ;  irrorata  Henry 
Edwards  ;  patella  Druce  ;  philodina 
Druce. 

The  insect  ranges  from  New 
England  to  Mexico  and  westward  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

Genus    ILLICE   Walker 

This  is  a  moderately  large  genus  comprising  nearly  thirty 
species,  the  most  of  which  are  found  in  tropical  America. 
It  has  been  subdivided  into  three  sections,  or  subgenera,  by 
Hampson.  In  the  second  section,  equivalent  to  O^onadia,  a 
genus  erected  by  Dyar,  are  placed  those  species,  in  which 

108 


FIG.  54. — Clemensia  albata,  $  . 
(After  Hampson.) 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIII 


(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 


the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Cosmosoma  auge  Linnseus,  c?1. 

2.  Syntomeida  epilais  Walker,  tf. 

3.  Syntomeida  ipomece  Harris,  9  •  23 

4.  Triprocris  rata  Henry  Edwards,  24 

cJ1-  25 

5.  Triprocris  latercula  Henry  Ed-  36 

wards,  d> ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

6.  Pseudomya  minima  Grote,  c? ,  27 

U.  S.  N.  M.  28 

7.  Didasysbelce  Grote,  cMJ.S.N.M.  29 

8.  Didasys  belce  Grote,  9  .  30 

9.  Horama  texa na  Grote,  (?.  31 

10.  Eucereon    confine    Herrich- 

Schaeffer,  9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M.  32 

11.  Lymire  edwardsi  Grote,   9-  33 

12.  Scepsis  fulvicollis  Hiibner,   9- 

13.  Scepsis     wrighti     Stretch,     c?,  34 

type.  35 

14.  Lycomorpha  grotei  Packard ,  9-  36 

15.  Lycomorpha  pholus  Drury,  tf. 

1 6.  Triprocris  constans  Henry  Ed-  37 

wards,  c?-  38 

17.  Lycomorpha  fulgens  Henry  Ed- 

wards, 9 .  39 

1 8.  Ctenucha  virginica  Charpentier,  40 

9- 

19.  Ctenucha  multif aria  Walker,  9  ,  41 

U.  S.  N.  M.  42 

20.  Ctenucha  venosa  Walker,  tf.  43 

21.  Ctenucha  cressonana  Grote,  J1.  44 

45.  Kodiosoma  fulva 


.  Ctenucha  rubroscapus  Menetries, 
9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

.  Dahana  atripennis,  Grote,  c?. 

.  Nola  ovilla,  Grote  (J1 . 

.   Celama  triquetrana  Fitch,  (J1. 

.  Celama  pustulata  Walker,  <5\ 
U.  S.  N.  M. 

.  Rceselia  fuscula  Grote,   9  • 

.  Ptychoglene  phrada  Druce,  tf . 

.  Lexis  bicolor  Grote,  tf. 

.  Crambidia  casta  Sanborn,  tf. 

.  Crambidia  allegheniensis  Hol- 
land, c?. 

.  Nigetia  formosalis  Walker,  J1 . 

.  Bruceia  pulverina  Neumoegen, 
tf. 

.  Comacla  simplex  Walker,  cJ1 . 

.  Illice  subjecta  Walker,  cT . 

.  Illice  unifascia  Grote  &  Robin- 
son, (J1. 

.  Illice  nexa  Boisduval,  (J1. 

.  Clemensia  albata  Packard ,  c^  • 
U.  S.  N.  M. 

.  H&matomis  mexicana  Druce,  c? . 

.  Pygoctenucha  funerea  Grote,  9  , 
Acad.  Nat.  Sc.  Phila. 

.  Hypoprepia  miniata  Kirby,  9  • 

.  Hypoprepia  fucosa  Hiibner,  $. 

.  Kodiosoma  eavesi  Stretch,  tf . 

.  Kodiosoma  tricolor  Stretch,  c?. 

Stretch,  <?. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Lithosiidae 

the  nind  wing  is  slightly  produced  at  the  anal  angle.  Here 
come  two  of  the  species  found  in  our  fauna,  /.  schwar^iorum 
and  /.  unifascia.  In  the  third  section,  typical  Illice,  fall  the 
species  in  which  the  anal  angle  is  not  produced.  Here  are 
placed  five  species.  The  student  may  find  the  following  key 
helpful  in  determining  his  specimens: 

A.  Hind  wing  slightly  produced  at  the  anal  angle. 

Lappets  and  markings  of   fore  wing  yellow,  hind  wings 
crimson,  fuscous  at  apex. 

1  .  Fore  wing  with  the  band  across  the  wing  crimson  on  the 

inner  margin  ........................  schwarziorum  Dyar 

2  .  Fore  wing  with  the  band  across  the  wing  not  crimson  on 

the  inner  margin  ........................  unifascia  Grote 

B.  Hind  wing  not  produced  at  the  anal  angle. 
Abdomen  crimson  ;  fore  wing  slaty-gray  in  ground  color. 

1.  Fore  wing  with  crimson  patch  on  the  costa  .......  subjecta  Walker 

2.  Fore  wing  without  crimson  patch  on  costa,  and  with  a  pink 

streak  on  the  inner  margin  at  the  base  .  .  .  .striata  Ottolengui 

3.  Fore  wing  with  whitish  patch  about  the  middle  of  the  inner 

margin  ................................  plumbea  Stretch 

Abdomen  orange  or  yellowish. 

1.  Hind  wing  pale  yellow,  with  apex  blackish  ........  nexa  Boisduval 

2.  Hind  wing  smoky-gray  ....................  faustinula  Boisduval 

(i)  Illice  unifascia  Grote 
&  Robinson,  Plate  XIII:  Fig. 
36,  ?  .  (The  Banded  Lichen- 
moth.) 

Syn.  lenuifascia  Harvey. 

The  insect  ranges  from 
the  Ohio  Valley  southward  to 


FlG.  55.—niice  unifascia,  $  . 
(After  Hampson.) 


Texas,    and  from   Virginia  to   Florida.      The  transverse   band 

is  often  interrupted  in  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  and  there 
is  variation  in  the  color  of 
the  hind  wings,  which,  while 
usually  red  or  crimson,  may 
FIG.  56.—  Illice  subjecta,  $  .  f  also  be  orange,  or  even 

(After  Hampson.)  yellow. 

(2)  Illice  subjecta   Walker,    Plate  XIII,    Fig.  35,  $  .     (The 
Subject  Lichen-moth.) 
Syn.  packardi  Grote. 


109 


Lithosiidae 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  much  the  same  as  that 
of  the  preceding.  Its  range  is  slightly  more  northern  than 
that  of  /.  unifascia. 

0)  lllice  nexa  Boisduval,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  37,  $.  (The 
Yellow-blotched  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  grisea  Packard;  deserta  Felder. 

This  species  is  found  upon  the  Pacific  coast,  and  is  not 
uncommon  in  southern  California. 

Genus    PTYCHOGLENE    Felder 

A  small  genus  confined  to  the  southwestern  portions  of 
our  territory.  The  four  species  occurring  within  our  fauna 
may  be  briefly  characterized  as  follows: 

1 .  Head,  thorax,  base  of  abdomen,  basal  two-thirds  of  prima- 

ries and  basal  half  of  secondaries  bright  carmine ;  black 
marginal  borders  of  both  wings  strongly  dentate 
inwardly coccinea  Henry  Edwards 

2.  Head,  thorax,   and  abdomen  black;    fore  wings  crimson, 

narrowly  edged  with  black  on  inner  margin,  and  with 
a  black  marginal  band  covering  the  wing  for  about  one- 
fifth  of  its  length,  dentate  inwardly  opposite  end  of 
cell.  Hind  wing  blackish-brown,  more  or  less  broadly 
laved  with  crimson  on  costal  margin phrada  Druce 

3.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black;  fore  wing  crimson,  with 

the  costal  margin  narrowly  edged  with  black;  terminal 
black  band  of  the  same  width  as  in  the  preceding 
species,  but  not  dentate  inwardly.  Hind  wing  pale 
yellowish  crimson,  with  the  outer  marginal  band 
1  strongly  toothed  inwardly  on  vein  2 sanguineola  Boisduval 

4.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen,  deep  black;  patagia  crimson; 

fore  wings  deep  crimson,  very  narrowly  edged  on 
external  margin  with  black,  extending  on  costal  margin 
a  short  distance  from  the  apex  toward  the  base.  Hind 
wings  deep  bluoblack,  very  narrowly  edged  on  the 
costa  with  crimson,  the  crimson  fascia  not  quite  reach- 
ing the  apex tenuimargo  sp.  nov. 

(1)  Ptychoglene   phrada    Druce,    Plate   XIII,   Fig.   28,    $. 
(Druce's  Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  flammans  Dyar. 

(2)  Ptychoglene    tenuimargo   sp.  nov.,    Plate   XIII.,  Fig. 
17,    ?.     (The  Narrow-banded  Lichen-moth.) 

no 


Lithosiidae 

The  type  of  this  species,  which  I  have  received  in  recent 
years  from  Arizona  and  in  great  abundance  from  the  State  of 
Chihuahua  in  Mexico,  is  figured  upon  our  plate. 

Genus   PYGOCTENUCHA  Grote 

A  small  genus  containing  three  species,  two  of  which  are 
found  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  They  may  be 
discriminated  as  follows: 

1.  Uniformly  black,  collar-lappets  and  tip  of  abdomen  ochre- 

yellow  ;  size  small funerea  Grote 

2.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  black  shot  with  brilliant  blue; 

fore  coxae,  tegulae,  patagia,  and  anal  tuft  scarlet,  the 
latter  white  in  the  female ;  fore  wings  black  shot  with 
green;  hind  wings  black  shot  with  blue.  Fully  one- 
third  larger  than  preceding  species terminates  Walker 

(1)  Pygoctenucha  funerea  Grote,  Plate  XIII.,  Fig.  40,  $. 
(The  Funereal  Lichen-moth.) 

The  specimen  figured  on  our  plate  was  kindly  loaned  for 
the  purpose  by  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia. 
The  insect  occurs  in  New  Mexico. 

(2)  Pygoctenucha  terminalis  Walker.      (The    Blue-green 
Lichen-moth.) 

Syn.  harrisi  Boisduval;  pyrrhoura  Hulst;  votiva  Henry  Edwards. 

This  insect,  referred  by  Hampson  to  his  genus  Protosia, 
must  be  placed  here,  Pygoctenucha  having  priority  over 
Protosia,  which  falls  as  a  synonym. 

Genus   LERINA   Walker 

Only  one  species  belongs  to  this  genus.  It  was  originally 
named  by  Walker,  and  made  the  type  of  the  genus.  Subse- 
quently it  was  redescribed  by  Boisduval  as  Ctenucha  robinsoni, 
under  which  name  it  has 
passed  current  in  American 
collections  until  recently. 

(i)  Lerina  incarnata 
Walker.  (The  Crimson- 
bodied  Lichen-moth.)  FIG.  57.— Lerina  incarnata,  $  .  f 

Syn.  robinsoni  Boisduval.  (After  Hampson.) 

The  head,  tegulae,  and  patagia,  with  the  terminal  half  of 
the  abdomen  are  deep  crimson.  The  rest  of  the  body  and 

III 


14  Splitters  "  and  "  Lumpers  " 

its  appendages  are  black.     The  wings  are  bronzy-green.     The 
insect  inhabits  Mexico  and  southern  Arizona. 

"SPLITTERS"    AND    "LUMPERS" 

Every  true  naturalist  is  called  upon  to  exercise  the  faculty  of 
discrimination  and  the  faculty  of  generalization.  His  work 
trains  him  to  detect  dissimilarities  on  the  one  hand  and  like- 
nesses on  the  other.  His  judgments  as  to  likeness  are  expressed 
in  the  genera,  the  famiies,  the  orders,  which  he  proposes.  His 
judgment  as  to  dissimilarities  is  most  frequently  expressed  in  his 
views  as  to  species.  When  the  two  faculties  of  discrimination 
and  generalization  are  well  balanced  and  accompanied  by  the 
habit  of  patient  observation,  ideal  conditions  are  reached,  and 
the  work  of  the  naturalist  in  classification  may  be  expected  to 
stand  the  test  of  time.  But  where,  as  is  often  the  case,  one  of 
these  faculties  is  exalted  at  the  expense  of  the  other,  there 
are  certain  to  result  perversions,  which  will  inevitably  cause 
trouble  to  other  students.  When  a  man  cultivates  the  habit  of 
discrimination  to  excess,  he  is  apt  to  become,  so  far  as  his  labors 
as  a  systematist  are  concerned,  "a  splitter."  A  "splitter" 
magnifies  the  importance  of  trivial  details;  he  regards  minute 
differences  with  interest;  he  searches  with  more  than  micro- 
scopic zeal  after  the  little  things  and  leaves  out  of  sight  the  lines 
of  general  resemblance.  Huber,  the  celebrated  naturalist,  said 
that  by  patient  observation  he  had  come  to  be  able  to  recognize 
the  different  ants  in  a  hill,  and,  as  one  by  one  they  emerged  from 
their  subterranean  galleries,  he  knew  them,  as  a  man  living  upon 
a  certain  thoroughfare  in  a  great  city  comes  at  last  to  know  by 
sight  the  men  and  women  who  are  in  the  habit  of  daily  passing 
his  windows.  No  doubt  the  critical  eye  can  detect  as  great 
individual  differences  in  the  lower  animal  world  as  are  to  be 
detected  among  men.  A  student  comes  to  apply  himself  with 
great  zeal  to  searching  out  and  describing  these  differences,  and 
when  he  undertakes  to  say  that  because  of  them  one  form 
should  be  separated  specifically  from  another  he  becomes  "a 
splitter."  1  recall  an  entomologist  whose  chief  weapon  of 
research  was  a  big  microscope.  He  would  take  a  minute  insect 
and  study  it  until  he  was  able  to  number  the  hairs  upon  its  head. 
Then  he  would  describe  it,  giving  it  a  specific  name.  The  next 

112 


"  Splitters  "  and  "  Lumpers 

specimen  he  would  subject  to  the  same  critical  process,  and  if 
the  number  of  hairs  was  not  just  the  same,  or  a  small  wart  was 
detected  here  or  there,  or  a  bristle  grew  in  a  place  where 
a  bristle  did  not  grow  in  the  specimen  previously  examined,  it 
too,  was  described  and  a  specific  name  was  given  it.  It  was  as 
if  a  man,  sitting  and  looking  out  on  the  throng  upon  Broadway, 
should  resolve  to  give  every  individual  a  specific  name  and 
should  declare  he  had  seen  as  many  species  of  men  as  he  had 
seen  men  passing  his  window.  The  labors  of  such  naturalists 
may  be  highly  entertaining  to  themselves,  but  they  are,  to  say 
the  least,  provocative  of  unpleasant  feelings  in  the  minds  of 
others  who  come  after  them  and  are  compelled  to  deal  with  and 
review  their  labors. 

The  "lumper,"  on  the  other  hand,  is  a  man  who  detects  no 
differences.'  "All  cocoons  look  alike  to  me!"  he  says.  Any  two 
moths  which  are  of  approximately  the  same  size  and  the  same 
color,  are,  by  him,  declared  to  belong  to  the  same  species. 
Questions  of  structure  do  not  trouble  him.  General  re- 
semblances are  the  only  things  with  which  he  deals.  No 
matter  if  eggs,  larvae,  legs,  veins,  and  antennas  are  different  it 
is  "all  one  thing"  to  him.  His  genera  are  "  magazines,"  into 
which  he  stuffs  species  promiscuously.  The  "lumper"  is  the 
horror  of  the  "splitter,"  the  "splitter"  is  anathema  to  the 
"  lumper";  both  are  the  source  of  genuine  grief  and  much  hard- 
ship to  conscientious  men,  who  are  the  possessors  of  normally 
constituted  minds  and  truly  scientific  habits.  Nevertheless,  we 
are  certain  to  have  both  "splitters"  and  "lumpers"  in  the 
camps  of  science  until  time  is  no  more.  "This  kind  goeth 
not  forth"  even  for  "fasting  and  prayer." 

"  Look  at  this  beautiful  world,  and  read  the  truth 

In  her  fair  page ;  see  every  season  brings 
New  change  to  her  of  everlasting  youth — 

Still  the  green  soil,  with  joyous  living  things 
Swarms — the  wide  air  is  full  of  joyous  wings." 

BRYANT. 


FAMILY  ARCTIID^ 

"AH  diamonded  with  panes  of  quaint  device, 
Innumerable  of  stains,  and  splendid  dyes, 
As  are  the  Tiger  Moth's  deep  damask  wings." 

KEATS. 

"There  is  another  sort  of  these  caterpillers,  who  haue  no  certaine  place 
of  abode,  nor  yet  cannot  tell  where  te  find  theyr  foode,  but,  like  vnto 
superstitious  Pilgrims,  doo  wander  and  stray  hither  and  thither  (and  like 
Mise),  consume  and  eat  vp  that  which  is  none  of  their  owne ;  and  these 
haue  purchased  a  very  apt  name  amongst  vs  Englishmen,  to  be  called 
Palmer-worms,  by  reason  of  their  wandering  and  rogish  life  (for  they 
neuerstayin  one  place,  but  are  euer  wandering) ,  although  by  reason  of 
their  foughnes  and  ruggednes  some  call  them  Beare-wormes.  They  can 
by  no  means  endure  to  be  dyeted,  and  to  feede  vpon  some  certaine  herbes 
and  flowers,  but  boldly  and  disorderly  creepe  ouer  all,  and  tast  of  all 
plants  and  trees  indifferently,  and  liue  as  they  list." — TOPSELL,  History  of 
Serpents,  p.  105  (1608). 

This  is  a  large  family  including  many  genera  and  reckon- 
ing, according  to  recent  lists,  over  two  thousand  species. 
The  family  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  thirty-eight  genera, 
and  at  least  one  hundred  and  twenty  species. 

The  following  characterization  of  the  family  is  adapted  from 
Hampson,  with  special  reference  to  the  genera  occurring  within 
our  territory: 

Proboscis  more  or  less  aborted  in  the  typical  genera  Arctia, 
Diacrisia,  and  allies,  fully  developed  in  most  neotropical 
genera,  and  in  Utetheisa  and  its  allies;  palpi  slight  and  porrect, 
or  well  developed  and  upturned;  ocelli  present;  eyes  rarely 
hairy;  antennae  pectinate  or  ciliate;  tibial  spurs  typically  small, 
but  often  well  developed,  the  hind  tibiae  with  the  medial  spurs 
absent  in  a  few  genera  and  the  fore  tibiae  in  others  with  curved 
apical  claw,  the  mid  and  hind  tibiae  rarely  spined.  Wings 
usually  well  developed.  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a  separate  from 
\b;  *,  from  near  lower  angle  of  cell  or  well  below  angle  of 
discocellulars;  6  from  or  from  near  upper  angle;  areole  present 
in  many  genera.  Hind  wing  with  vein  \a  present;  \c  absent' 

114 


Arctiidae 

4  often  absent;  5  from  near  lower  angle  of  cell  or  well  below 
angle  of  discocellulars;  6,  7  sometimes  coincident;  8  coin- 
cident with  the  cell  from  or  almost  from  base  to  near  middle, 
or  extremity  of  the  cell  and  even  in  some  genera  beyond  the 
extremity  of  the  cell.  In  the  genus  Halisidota  vein  8  is  obsolete. 
The  larvae  have  all  the  prolegs  and  are  generally  profusely 
clothed  with  hairs.  They  pupate  in  cocoons  woven  of  silk 
mixed  with  the  hairs  which  are  shed  during  the  process  of 
spinning.  The  caterpillars  of  some  species  have  received  the 
common  appellation  of  "woolly  bears,"  and  the  moths  are 
familiarly  known  as  "tiger-moths." 

Genus    HOLOMELINA    Herrich-Schseffer 

The  names  Eubaphe  and  Crocota,  proposed  by  Hubner, 
and  applied  recently  by  some  writers  to  this  group  of  insects, 
being  what  are  known  to  students  as  nomina  nuda,  cannot 
stand. 

It  may  be  said  in  passing  that  this  genus  from  a  classi- 
ficational  standpoint  is  in  a  very  unsatisfactory  condition,  so  far 
as  some  of  the  species  are  concerned.  The  "Splitters"  and  the 
"Lumpers"  have  been  hard  at  work  upon  it,  and  inasmuch  as 
the  insects  show  very  little  purely  structural  variation,  and 
vary  greatly  in  color  and  size,  there  has  resulted  great  con- 
fusion. Within  the  limits  of  the  space  assigned  to  us  in  the 
present  compendium  we  have  not  the  opportunity  to  discuss 
these  questions,  but  suggest  to  our  readers  that  there  is  here 
an  opportunity  to  use  both  eyes  and  mind  to  advantage  in 
solving  some  of  the  vexed  points.  The  test  of  breeding  should 
be  rigorously  applied,  and  the  larval  stages  of  the  insects 
should  be  critically  observed. 

(1)  Holomelina   ostenta   Henry  Edwards,  Plate   XIV,   Fig. 
17,  $  .     (The  Showy  Holomelina.) 

This  conspicuous  and  very  beautifully  colored  insect-  ranges 
from  Colorado  through  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  into  Mexico. 

(2)  Holomelina  opella  Grote,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  23,  $ .     (The 
Tawny  Holomelina.) 

Syn.  obscura  Strecker;  rubricosta  Ehrman. 

This  species  is  rather  common  in  Pennsylvania  and  the 
Atlantic  States  as  far  south  as  Georgia. 

"5 


Arctiidae 

Form  belmaria  Ehrman,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  24,  $. 
(Ehrman's  Holomelina.) 

This  insect,  a  paratype  of  which  is  figured  as  above  cited, 
is  regarded  by  Dr.  Dyar  as  a  varietal  form  of  H.  opella.  The 
author  is  inclined  to  question  the  correctness  of  this  determi- 
nation, because  all  specimens  of  the  moth  so  far  seen,  and  a 
considerable  series  has  come  under  observation,  appear  to  be 
structurally  different  from  H.  opella,  in  so  far  forth  that  the 
fore  wings  are  narrower,  longer  and  more  produced  at  the 
apex.  The  mere  fact  that  they  are  always  black  in  itself  could 
hardly  constitute  a  valid  ground  for  specific  discrimination. 

(3)  Holomelina  immaculata  Reakirt,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  20, 
$  .     (The  Plain-winged  Holomelina.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
preceding. 

(4)  Holomelina  diminutiva  Grasf,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  22,    ?  . 
(The  Least  Holomelina.) 

Very  common  in  Florida,  and  apparently  quite  constant  in 
size  and  markings.  It  is  sunk  as  a  synonyn  of  aurantiaca,  form 
rubicundaria,  by  Dyar,  but  the  writer  is  not  willing  to  admit 
that  this  is  correct. 

(5)  Holomelina    brevicornis    Walker,     Plate    XIV,     Figs. 
19,  21,  ?  .     (The  Black-banded  Holomelina.) 

Syn.  belfragei  Stretch. 

This  species  has  also  been  sunk  as  a  synonym  of  aurantiaca 
by  recent  writers,  but  with  doubtful  propriety.  It  is  common 
in  the  Gulf  States  and  particularly  in  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

(6)  Holomelina  quinariaGrote,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  18,  $.    (The 
Five-Spotted  Holomelina.) 

Syn.  choriona  Reakirt;  bimaculata  Saunders. 

Characterized    by    the   creamy  white    spots   upon    the   fore 

wings.     The  depth  of  color  of  the  primaries  varies  much,  from 

dark   brown   to   pale   ferruginous,  the    specimen  'figured   being 

representative  of  the  latter  form.  The  spots  also  vary  much 
in  size. 


'And  there's  never  a  blade  nor  a  leaf  too  mean 
To  be  some  happy  creature's  place." 

— LOWELL. 

116 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIV 


(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 


the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Eupseudosoma  involutum  Sepp, 

dMJ.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Bertholdia  irigona  Grote,  $ . 

3.  Pareuchtetesinsulata  Walker,  9  • 

4 .  Pareuchcetes eglenensis .Clemen s , 

9. 

5.  Opharus  astur  Cramer,  J1. 

6.  Hemihyalea  edwardsi  Packard, 

9- 

7.  Hemihyalea  labecula,  Grote,  tf . 

8.  Halisidoia   argentata    Packard, 

J. 

g.  Halisidota    argentata    Packard, 
9- 

10.  Halisidota  carycE  Harris,  c?. 

11.  Halisidota  maculata  Harris,  J1. 

12.  Halisidota  tessellaris  Abbot   & 

Smith,  tf». 

13.  Halisidota  cinct ipes  Grote,  c?. 

14.  ^Emilia  roseata  Walker,   9  • 

15.  ALmilia  ambigua   Strecker,    &. 

16.  Halisidota  longa  Grote,  c?. 

17.  Holomelina  ostenta  Henry  Ed- 

wards, cJ1. 


1 8.  Holomelina  quinaria  Grote,  cJ1. 

19.  Holomelina  brevicornis  Walker, 

9. 

20.  Holomelina immaculata Reakirt, 

d«- 

21.  Holomelina  brevicornis  WTalker, 

9  ,  var. 

22.  Holomelina  diminutiva  Grsef ,  J1 . 

23.  Holomelina  opella  Grote,  J1. 

24.  Holomelina   belmaria    Ehrman, 

9  ,  paratype. 
2  5 .  Leptarctia  California  Walker,  9  . 

26.  Leptarctia  dimidiata  Stretch,^ . 

27.  Leptarctia  decia  Boisduval,  <3\ 

28.  Leptarctia  lena  Boisduval,  (J1. 

29.  Neoarctia  beani  Neumoegen,  9  , 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

30.  Neoarctia    brucei    Henry    Ed- 

wards, <5*. 

31.  Phragmatobia    fuliginosa    Lin 

naeus,   9  • 

32.  Diacrisia  rubra  Neumoegen,   9 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

33.  Diacrisia  vagans  Boisduval,  (J1. 


34.  Diacrisia  vagans  Boisduval,  9- 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


COPYRIGHTED    BY   W.    J.    HOLLAND,    19'.i3. 


Arctiidae 

Genus    DODIA    Dyar 

Only  one  species  has  thus  far  been  assigned  to  this  genus. 
It  was  named  Dodia  albertae  by  Dr.   Dyar  in  the  year  1901. 
The   description    both   of   the   genus 
and  the  species  will  be  found  in  the 
Journal  of  the  New  York  Entomologi- 
cal Society,  Vol.  IX,  p.  85.     The  an- 
nexed  cut  (Fig.    58)   is   taken  from 
the  type  of  the  species  in  the  United 
States    National    Museum.      The   in-        *"•  S*-Dodia  oB**.. 
sect  has  thus  far  only  been  found  in  the  Territory  of  Alberta. 

Genus    UTETHEISA   Hubner 

A  genus  of  small  extent,  represented  both  in  the  Old 
World  and  the  New  by  nine  species,  two  of  which  occur 
within  our  territory. 

(i)  Utetheisa  bella  Linnaeus,  Plate  XV,   Fig.  27,   ?.     (The 
Beautiful  Utetheisa.) 

Syn.  hybrida  Butler;  intermedia  Butler;  terminalis  Neumcegen &  Dyar. 

This  common  moth,  which  frequents  the  blossoms  of  the 
golden-rod  (Solidago)  in  the  late  summer  and  fall,  is  widely 
distributed  in  the  States  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  shows 
some  tendency  to  local  variation. 

(2)  Utetheisa  ornatrix  Linnaeus,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  8,  g  . 
(The  Ornamented  Utetheisa.) 

Syn.  stretchi  Butler;  pura  Butler. 

This  species  may  easily  be  distinguished  from  the  preceding 
by  the  washed-out  appearance  of  the  primaries.  In  the  form 
named  pura  by  Butler  the  fore  wings  are  white,  immaculate, 
except  for  the  red  costal  streak.  The  species  is  common  in  the 
Antilles,  and  occurs  in  southern  Florida. 

Genus    HAPLOA   Hubner 

The  genus  Haploa,  which  is  confined  to  our  territory,  has 
furnished  a  great  deal  of  amusement  to  classificationists,  who 
have  busied  themselves  with  the  spots  and  markings  on  the 
wings  of  the  species,  which  are  very  variable.  In  a  long 
series  of  specimens  of  any  one  of  the  species  it  will  be  found 

117 


Arctiidae 

that  scarcely  two  are  exactly  alike  in  the  amount  of  black 
or  white  displayed  upon  the  fore  wings.  The  reader  will 
do  well  in  this  connection  to  consult  the  Proceedings  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum,  Vol.  X,  pp.  338-353,  where 
Prof.  John  B.  Smith  has  written  upon  the  subject,  the  Canadian 
Entomologist,  Vol.  XIX,  p.  181  et  seq.,  where  Mr.  H.  H.  Lyman 
has  presented  his  views,  and  the  Plate  given  by  Mr.  F.  A. 
Merrick  in  the  Entomological  News  for  1903,  in  which  the 
extreme  variability  of  H.  lecontei  in  a  given  locality  is 
illustrated. 

(1)  Haploa  clymene  Brown,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  7,   $.     (The 
Clymene  Moth.) 

Syn.  interruptomarginata  De  Beauvois;  comma  Walker. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  constant  species  of  the  genus, 
and  may  easily  be  recognized  by  the  figure  we  have  given  upon 
the  plate.  It  ranges  from  southern  New  England  to  Georgia, 
and  westward  to  the  Mississippi.  The  larva  feeds  upon 
Eupatorium  it  is  said,  and  the  writer  believes  that  the  state- 
ment, which  has  been  called  in  question,  is  correct,  for,  although 
he  has  never  reared  the  larvae  to  maturity  himself,  he  has  observed 
the  female  moth  ovipositing  upon  this  plant  in  southern  Indiana. 
It  is  also  said  to  feed  upon  willows. 

(2)  Haploa  colona  Hiibner,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  2,    9.     (The 
Colona  Moth.) 

Syn.  Carolina  Harris. 

Form  consita  Walker,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  5,  $  . 

Syn.  lactata  Smith. 

This  species,  which  is  the  largest  of  the  genus,  is  very 
variable  in  the  amount  of  the  black  shown  upon  the  fore  wings. 
We  give  two  extremes.  Other  forms  are  recognized.  The 
insect  has  its  metropolis  in  the  southwestern  States,  though  it 
occurs  also  very  sparingly  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and 
more  commonly  in  the  southern  Atlantic  States.  It  is  common 
in  Texas. 

(3)  Haploa  lecontei  Boisduval  (Leconte's  Haploa). 
Form  dyari  Merrick,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  9,  &. 

Form  militaris  Harris,  Plate  XVII,  Figs.  4,  10,  $  ; 
Fig.  i,  9  . 

Form  vestalis  Packard,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  3,  $  . 

118 


FIG.  59. — Haploa 
lecontei,  $  . 


ArctJM* 

This  is  a  protean  species,  of  which  a  half  dozen,  or  more, 
forms  have  been  recognized,  named,  and  described.  We  give  in 
our  cut  (Fig.  59),  a  figure  of  the  wings  of 
a  specimen,  which  agrees  in  its  markings 
with  the  specimen  figured  by  Boisduval, 
the  author  of  the  species,  in  his  Plate  given 
in  the  Regne  Animal.  Such  specimens 
come  in  the  form  of  their  maculation  very 
near  the  next  species,  which  has  been 
differentiated  by  Lyman  under  the  name 
confusa.  Haploa  lecontei  ranges  from 
New  England  to  Georgia  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 
It  is  a  very  common  insect  in  western  Pennsylvania.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  upon  Triosteum  perfoliatum,  and  in  localities  where 
this  plant  is  abundant  the  moths  may  be  found  in  swarms  at 
the  end  of.  May  and  the  beginning  of  June. 

(4)  Haploa  confusa  Lyman,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  6,  $  .    (Lyman's 
Haploa.) 

This  form,  or  species,  is  well  represented  in  our  plate.  It 
appears  to  be  constant,  and  is  indigenous  to  the  New  England 
States.  The  specimen  figured  came  from  the  neighborhood  of 
Claremont,  New  Hampshire. 

(5)  Haploa  contigua  Walker.     (The  Neighbor.) 

The  cut  we  give  (Fig.  60),  shows  the  maculation  of  the 
wings  of  this  species  sufficiently  well  to 
enable  it  to  be  separated  at  once  from  its 
congeners.  It  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  region 
from  New  England  northward  and  westward. 
It  is  found  in  the  Catskills  and  the  Adiron- 
dacks,  and  probably  occurs  in  the  mountains 
of  northern  Pennsylvania,  although  I  do  not 
recall  any  reference  to  its  having  been  taken 
in  that  State,  nor  have  I  seen  it  on  the 
Alleghenies,  where  I  have  passed  several 


FIG.     60. — Haploa 
contigua,  $ 


summits   of 
summers. 


the 


Genus    EUERYTHRA    Harvey 

There   are   two   species   of  this   genus   known,   Euerythra 
phasma  Harvey,  which  is  represented  in  the  accompanying  cut 

119  . 


Arctiidae 


(Fig.  61),  and  Euerythra  trimaculata,  which  is  figured  on 
Plate  XVI,  Fig.  4.  The  insects  occur  in  Texas  and  Arizona. 
They  are  not  common  in  collections  as  yet,  and  so  far  as  the 


PIG.  61. — Euerythra  phasma,    $  .  |.     (After  Hampson.) 

writer  recalls,  their  larval  habits  have  not  been  described.  The 
student  who  desires  to  study  the  structure  of  the  genus  should 
consult  Hampson's  Catalogue,  or  Prof.  Smith's  Paper  pub- 
lished in  the  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 
Vol.  X,  p.  335  et  seq. 

Genus    ECPANTHERIA    Hubner 

This  is  a  large  genus,  well  represented  in  the  tropics  of 
America.  Only  two  species  occur  within  the  limits  of  our 
fauna,  Ecpantheria  muzina  Oberthur,  which  is  found  in 
Texas  as  a  straggler  from  the  Mexican  territory,  and  Ecpan- 
theria deflorata  Fabricius,  which  is  more  commonly  known 
by  its  synonymical  name,  scribonia, 
given  to  it  by  Stoll.  The  larva  of 
this  handsome  moth  is  itself  a 
beautiful  object.  It  is  deep  black, 
clothed  with  black  hairs,  and  at 
the  junction  of  the  somites,  or 
segments  of  the  body,  it  is  banded 
with  rings  of  crimson.  The  male 
of  the  perfect  insect  is  figured  on 
Plate  XVI.  Fig.  16,  and  in  the 
accompanying  cut  we  give  a  figure 
of  the  larva.  The  Eyed  Tiger-moth 
ranges  from  southern  New  England,  where  it  is  rare,  through 
the  southern  parts  of  the  United  States  into  Mexico.  It  is 
quite  common  in  the  Carolinas,  and  in  my  boyhood  I  derived 
much  pleasure  from  rearing  the  larvae,  which  fed  very  freely 
upon  the  plantain  (Plantago). 

1 20 


6 


FIG.  62. — E.  deflorata;  a  larva; 

b  magnified  hair  of  larva. 

(After  Riley.) 


Arctiidae 

Genus   TURUPTIANA    Walker 

There  are  eight  species  in  this  genus,  but  only  one  of  them 
occurs  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

(i)  Turuptiana  permaculata  Packard,  Plate  XVI,  Fig. 
15,  $'  (The  Many-spotted  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  reducta  Grote ;  caeca  Strecker. 


FIG.  63. — Turuptiana  permacvlaia,   $  .      |.     (After  Hampson.) 


This  neat  moth  is  found  in  Colorado  and  thence  southward 
as  far  as  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Genus   LEPTARCTIA    Stretch 

There  is  only  one  species  in  this  genus,  but  the  single 
species  by  assuming  protean  colors  has  caused  a  great  multi- 
plication of  names:  We  have  figured  a  few  of  the  varietal 
forms. 

(i)  Leptarctia  California;  Walker,   Plate  XIV,   Fig.  25,   <?. 

Form  lena  Boisduval,   Plate  XIV,  Fig.  28,    $  . 

Form  decia  Boisduval,   Plate  XIV,   Fig.  27,    $. 

Form  dimidiata  Stretch,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  26,    $  . 

The  moth  is  found  in  southern  California,  where  it  is  quite 
/ommon.  The  student  will  have  little  trouble  in  recognizing 
the  commoner  varieties  by  the  help  of  the  figures  we  have 
given,  but  these  are  only  a  few  of  the  forms  which  occur. 


And  with  childlike  credulous  affection 
We  behold  those  tender  wings  expand, 
Emblems  of  our  own  great  resurrection. 
Emblems  of  the  bright  and  better  land." 

— LONGFELLOW. 


Arctiidae 


Genus    SEIRARCTIA    Packard 


(i)  Seirarctia  echo  Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate  I,  Fig  10,  larva; 
Plate  XVI;  Fig.  23,    9  .     (The  Echo  Moth.) 

Syn.  niobe  Strecker. 

This  beautiful  moth,  the  caterpillar  of  which  feeds  upon  the 


FIG.  64.  —  Seirarctia  echo,      $  .     \.     (After  Hampson.) 

sabal    palmetto,    occurs    in    Florida,     Georgia,     Alabama,    and 
Mississippi. 

Genus    ALEXICLES    Grote 


Alexicles     Moth.) 


FIG.  65. — Alexicles 
aspersa,    $  . 


(i)  Alexicles      aspersa     Grote.       (The 

This  moth  is  referred  by  Hampson 
to  Hyphantria.  It  may  belong  there, 
but  I  leave  it  in  the  genus  erected  for 
it  by  Grote.  The  abdomen  is 
vermilion-colored,  with  black  dorsal 
spots.  The  wings  are  dark  brown, 
the  primaries  somewhat  lighter  than 
the  secondaries  and  showing  obscure 
darker  spots,  arranged  in  transverse  bands. 

Genus   ESTIGMENE    Hubner 

There  are  reputed  to  be  four  species  of  this  genus  found 
within    the    United    States.      Albida  Stretch 
is    possibly    only    an    extreme   white   varia- 
tion    of    E.    acrcea.    E.    prima    Slosson   is 
represented  in  Fig.  66.      It  is  found  in   the 
New   England   States,   northern    New   York, 
FIG.  66.—Estigmene  and  Canada.     The  three  species  just  named 
prtma,  $  .          ajj   agree   jn   having  the  abdomen   yellowish 
or  orange  above,  and  ornamented  dorsally  by  a  series  of  black 

122 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XV 

(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Apantesis  rectilinea  French,  9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Arctia  caia,  var.  wiskotli  Staudinger,  9  . 

3 .  A  pantesis  determinata  Neumoegen ,  c?  • 

4.  Apantesis  proximo  Guerin-Me"ncville,    9  • 

5.  Arcita  caia  Linnaeus,   9  • 

6.  Apantesis  phalerata  Harris,   9  . 

7.  Apantesis  nevadensis  Grote  &  Robinson,  cJ1. 

8.  Apantesis  persephone  Grote,  tf . 
g.  Apantesis  virguncula  Kirby,  (J1. 

10.  Apantesis  persephone  Grote,   9  • 

11.  Apantesis  virgo  Linnaeus,  (J1. 

12.  Apantesis  figurata  Drury,   9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

13.  Apantesis  parthenice  Kirby,  c?. 

14.  Apantesis  phyllira  Drury,  c?. 

15.  Apantesis  arge  Drury,  tf . 

1 6.  Apantesis  virguncula  Kirby,  <j\  var. 

17.  Apantesis  michabo  Grote,  9- 

1 8.  Platyprepia  virginalis  Boisduval,  <?. 

19.  Platyprepia  virginalis  "Boisduval,  9- 

20.  Apantesis  achaia  Grote  &  Robinson,  c?. 

21.  Apantesis  radians  Walker,   9- 

22.  Apantesis  vittata  Fabricius,   9- 

23.  A  pantesis  radians  Walker,  J1. 

24.  Apantesis  achaia  Grote  &  Robinson,  $ . 

25.  A  pa ntesis  vittata  Fabricius,  c?. 

26.  Hyphantria  cunea  Drury.  var.  pallida  Packard,  cJ1. 

27.  Utetheisa  bella  Linnaeus,   9  • 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XV. 


22 


27 


COPYR.GHTED  BY  W.   J.   HOLLAND, 


Arctiidae 

spots.  E.  congrua  has  the  abdomen  white  on  the  upper  side. 
The  genus  is  represented  in  Asia,  Africa,  and  Tasmania,  as  well 
as  in  the  temperate  regions  of  North  America. 

(i)  Estigmene  acrsea  Drury,  Plate,  XVI,  Fig.  n,  S, 
Fig.  12,  ?.  (The  Acraea  Moth.) 

Syn.  caprotina  Drury;  menthastrina  Martyn;  pseuderminea  Peck; 
cali) 'arnica  Packard;  packardi  Schaupp;  klagesi  Ehrman. 

A  western  variety  with  the  fore  wings  slightly  shaded  with 
brown  has  been  dubbed  dubia  by  Walker,  and  rickseckeri  by 
Behr.  In  Mexico  there  is  a  local  race  in  which  the  males  have 
the  hind  wings  white  like  the  females,  and  to  this  race  Hampson 
has  applied  the  name  mexicana.  This  is  altogether  one  of 


FIG.  67. — Estigmene  acrcpa,  $  .  |.     (After  Hampson.) 

the  commonest  insects  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States,  and  with 
the  illustrations  we  have  given  can  be  easily  determined. 

(2)  Estigmene  congrua  Walker,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  8,  $  . 
(The  white-bodied  Estigmene.) 

Syn.  antigonc  Strecker;  athena  Strccker. 

A  fairly  common  species  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Atlantic 
States  generally,  ranging  westward  as  far  as  Colorado. 

Genus    HYPHANTRIA    Harris 

This  small  genus  contains  only  three  or  four  species,  one  of 
which  is  South  African. 

(i)  Hyphantria  cunea  Drury.  (The  Fall  Web- worm 
Moth.) 

Form  punctatissima  Abbott  &  Smith,  Plate  XVI, 
Fig.  10,  $*. 

*The  specimens  used  on  Plate  XVI.  Figs.  10  and  7,  both  unfortunately  developed 
grease  on  their  abdomens  between  the  time  when  they  were  set  up  for  the  photographer, 
and  the  time  when  they  were  photographed.  The  abdomen  in  both  cases  is  normally 
white,  with  darker  markings 

123 


Arctiidae 

Form  pallida  Packard,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  26,  $  . 

The  larvae  are  social  in  their  habits,  and  spin  great  webs  upon 
the  foliage  of  almost  all  kinds  of  deciduous  trees  in  the  late 
summer  and  fall,  and  do  a  great  deal  of  damage  to  orchards  and 
nurseries.  The  insects  pupate  in  loose  cocoons,  in  crannies, 
and  even  under  the  loose  surface  of  the  soil.  The  species  ranges 
over  the  United  States  from  southern  New  England  and  New 
York  to  Texas  and  further  west. 

(2)  Hyphantria  textor  Harris,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  9,  $  .  (The 
Spotless  Fall  Web-worm  Moth.) 

This  species,  which  is  closely  allied  to  the  preceding  in  its 
habits,  may  be  distinguished  by  the  white  antennae,  and  the  un- 
spotted abdomen.  There  are  specimens  of  the  preceding 
species,  which  have  the  wings  as  immaculate  as  in  H.  textor. 
The  range  of  the  insect  is  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf,  and  from 
Nova  Scotia  to  California. 

Genus    ARACHNIS    Geyer 

A  small  genus  containing  eight  or  nine  species  found  in  the 
southwestern  States  of  the  American  Union,  Mexico,  and  Central 
America. 

(1)  Arachnis   aulaea   Geyer,    Plate  XVI,   Fig.    i,   $  .     (The 
Aulaean  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  incarnata  Walker. 

The  insect  occurs  in  southern  Arizona  and  ranges  thence 
southwardly  as  far' as  Guatemala.  The  larval  stages  have  been 
described  by  Dyar  in  the  Canadian  Entomologist,  Vol.  XXVI, 

P-  307. 

(2)  Arachnis  picta  Packard,  Plate  XVI,   Fig.  2,   $  .     (The 
Painted  Arachnis.) 

Names  have  been  applied  to  a  number  of  color  varieties  of 
this  insect.  It  ranges  from  Colorado  to  southern  California  and 
northern  Mexico.  The  larva  feeds  upon  Lupinus. 

(3)  Arachnis  zuni  Neumcegen,  Plate  XVI,   Fig.  3,  ?  .     (The 
Zuni  Tiger-moth.) 

The  figure  we  give  will  enable  the  student  to  recognize  this 
pretty  and  rather  rare  species  without  any  difficulty.  It  ranges 
from  New  Mexico  to  Arizona  and  southward  on  the  table- 
lands. 

124 


Arctiidce 


Genus    ISIA    Walker 


Three  species  belong  to  this  genus,  one  found  in  Argentina, 
the  other  in  Turkestan,  and  the  third  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 


FIG.  68— Isia  isabella,  3  .  \.      (After  Hampson.) 

(i)  Isia  Isabella  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  13,  9- 
(The  Isabella  Tiger-moth.) 

This  common  insect  is  found  everywhere  in  the  United 
States.  The  caterpillar  is  the  familiar  "woolly  bear,"  which 
may  be  often  seen  by  the  roadside  rapidly  making  its  way  in  the 
fall  of  the  year  to  a  hiding-place  in  which  to  hibernate,  or,  in 
the  spring,  to  some  spot  where  it  may  find  food.  It  is  reddish- 
brown  in  color,  black  at  either  end.  When  disturbed,  it  curls 
up  and  lies  motionless,  as  if  feigning  death.  To  "caterpillar," 
in  the  slang  phrase  of  the  Middle  West,  is  to  silently  succumb 


FIG.  69. — Isia  isabella.     a.  larva;  b.  pupa. 

and  yield  to  the  unavoidable.  The  larva  feeds  freely  upon  a  great 
variety  of  herbaceous  plants.  It  is  fond  of  the  grasses,  and 
particularly  likes  the  leaves  of  the  plantain  (Plantago\  There 
does  not  appear  to  be  any  marked  tendency  to  variation  in  this 
species.  Both  the  moth  and  the  larva  are  common  objects,  with 
which  eve/y  American  schoolboy  who  has  lived  in  the  country 

125 


Arctiidae 

is  familiar;  and  unhappy  is  the  boy  who  has  not  at  some  time  or 
other  in  his  life  made  the  country  his  home.  "  God  made  the 
country,  man  made  the  town." 

Genus    PHRAGMATOBIA    Stephens 

A  genus  of  modern  extent,  represented  in  Europe,  Asia, 
and  North  America.  The  structural  characteristics  of  the  wings 
are  displayed  in  Fig.  71. 

(i)  Phragmatobia    fuliginosa     Linnaeus,    Plate   XIV,    Fig. 
31,  ?  .     (The  Ruby  Tiger-moth.) 
Syn.  rubric os a  Harris. 

The  Ruby  Tiger-moth  is  widely  distributed,  being  found 
throughout  boreal  Asia,  Europe,  and  the  northern  United  States 

_j  and  Canada.     A   multitude   of 

minor  subvarietal  forms  have 
been  distinguished,  and  to  some 
of  them  names  have  been  ap- 
plied, but  there  is  compara- 
tively little  difference  between 
them,  and  the  student  who  has 
once  learned  to  recognize  the 
species  will  find  no  difficulty 
in  assigning  to  it  any  specimens 
which  may  come  into  his  pos- 
session. The  insect,  so  far  as 
our  fauna  is  concerned,  is  a 


FIG.  70. — Phragmatobia  fuliginosa. 
a.  larva;  b.  cocoon;  c.  imago,  $  . 
From  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  I,  p.  236.) 


northern  species,  quite  common 
in  New   England  and  Canada, 

and  ranging  southward  along  the  Appalachian  Mountains  into 
the  Carolinas,  where  it  only  occurs  at  high  elevations  above 
sea-level.  It  is  also  found  ranging  southward  along  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  a  variety  of 
herbaceous  plants,  and  is  partial  to  the  shoots  of  the  golden- 
rod  (Solid  ago). 

(2)  Phragmatobia  brucei  Henry  Edwards,   Plate  XIV,   Fig. 
30,  $  .     (Bruce's  Tiger.) 

This  species  is  found  in  Colorado  upon  the  mountains. 

(3)  Phragmatobia  beani  Neumoegen,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  29,  $  . 
(Bean's  Tiger-moth.) 

126 


Arctiidae 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Alberta 
and  Assiniboia. 

(4)  Phragmatobia  yarrowi  Stretch.  ( Yarrow's  Tiger- 
moth.) 

Syn.  remissa  Henry 
Edwards. 

This  pretty  little 
tiger  -  moth  is  found 
from  the  country  south 
of  Hudson  Bay  to  FIG  p  ^. ^  ~  Hampson.) 

British  Columbia,    and 

ranges  thence  southward  along  the  higher  mountain  ranges  as 
far  as  northern  Arizona. 

Genus    M^ENAS    Hiibner 

Only  one  species  of  this  rather  extensive  genus,  which  is 
represented  in  South  America  by  five  species  and  by  a  con- 
siderable number  in  Africa  and  the  Indo-Maluyan  region,  occurs 
in  North  America. 

(i)  Maenas  vestalis  Packard,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  5,5.  (The 
Vestal  Tiger-Moth.) 

This  insect,  which  closely  resembles  Estigmene  congrua, 
figured  on  the  same  plate,  may  be  distinguished  from  the  latter 
not  only  by  structural  peculiarities,  but  unfailingly  by  the 
ordinary  observer,  by  the  presence  of  the  two  'black  spots  on 
the  hind  wings,  as  shown  in  our  illustration. 

Genus    DIACRISIA    Hiibner 

This  large  genus,  which  includes  over  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  species,  according  to  the  arrangement  given  in 
Hampson's  Catalogue,  not  reckoning  the  species  referred  to 
the  genus  Isia,  which  he  also  places  here,  is  represented  in 
our  fauna  by  four  insects,  of  which  we  give  illustrations. 

(i)  Diacrisia  virginica  Fabricius.  Plate  XVI.  Fig.  7,  $. 
(The  Virginian  Tiger-moth.) 

The  form  figured  on  our  plate  is  the  slight  variety  named 
fumosa  by  Strecker.  in  which  the  fore  wings  are  a  little  dusky 
at  their  tips  as  if  they  had  been  flying  about  in  the  smoke  of 
the  furnaces  at  Reading  or  Pittsburgh.  Ordinarily  the  species 

127 


Arctiidae 

is  pure   white.     The   body  of  the    specimen   on   our   plate  is 
greasy,  and  hence  too  dark 

(2)  Diacrisia   latipennis   Stretch,    Plate    XVI,    Fig.  6,    $ . 
(The  Red-legged  Diacrisia.) 

The  coxae  and  femora  are  pink  or  reddish.  The  insect  is 
common  in  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Atlantic  States  generally. 

(3)  Diacrisia  rubra  Neumcegen,  Plate   XIV,    Fig.    32,     $. 
(The  Ruddy  Diacrisia.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  British  Columbia,  Oregon, 
and  Washington. 

(4)  Diacrisia   vagans    Boisduval,   Plate    XIV;    Fig.  33,    $  , 
Fig.  34,    ?.     (The  Wandering  Diacrisia.) 

Syn.  pteridis  Henry  Edwards;  bicolor  Walker;  rufula  Boisduval; 
punctata  Packard;  proba  Henry  Edwards. 

The  insect  illustrates  the  phenomenon  of  sexual  dimor- 
phism, the  males  and  females  being  unlike  in  color.  The 
species-makers  have  had  some  sport  with  it,  as  shown  by  the 
synonyms. 

Genus    HYPHORAIA    Hubner 

This  is  a  sub-arctic  genus,  circumpolar  in  its  distribution 
in  the  Northern  Hemisphere.  Three  species  occur  in  our  terri- 
tory, one  of  which  we  figure. 

(i)  Hyphoraia  parthenos  Harris,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  20,  ?. 
(The  St.  Lawrence  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  borealis  Moeschler. 

The  moth,  which  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  in  the 
family,  is  comparatively  rare  in  collections.  It  occurs  in 
northern  New  England,  and  the  valley  of  the  St.  Lawrence, 
westward  to  Manitoba.  It  is  occasionally  found  in  the  Catskills. 

Genus    PLATYPREPIA    Dyar 

One  species  is  found  in  our  region.  It  is  somewhat  variable 
in  the  style  and  number  of  the  spots  upon  the  wings. 

(i)  Platyprepia  virginalis  Boisduval,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  18, 
$  .  Fig.  19.  ?  .  (The  Ranchman's  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  ochracea  Stretch;  guttata  Boisduval. 

A  very  beautiful  insect,  quite  common  in  Colorado. 
Wyoming,  and  Montana,  and  thence  ranging  westward  to 
northern  California  and  the  region  of  Puget's  Sound. 

128 


Arctildee 

Genus   APANTESIS    Walker 

The  metropolis  of  this  genus  is  North  America,  only  two 
species  attributed  to  it  being  found  in  the  Old  World.  There 
are  over  twenty  valid  species  found  within  our  limits,  and 
numerous  so-called  subspecies  and  varietal  forms.  A  small 
treatise  might  be  written  upon  these,  but  in  a  volume  like 
this,  which  is  designed  to  cover  in  as  compact  form  as  pos- 
sible the  most  needed  information,  all  that  we  can  do  is  to 
help  the  student  to  the  determination  of  the  more  important 
species. 

(1)  Apantesis   virgo    Linnaeus,    Plate    XV,    Fig.     n,     <3 . 
(The  Virgin  Tiger-moth). 

Found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

(2)  Apantesis   parthenice    Kirby,    Plate   XV,   Fig.    \j,    $  . 
(The  Parthenice  Moth.) 

Syn  saundersi  Grote. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  A.  virgo, 
from  which  it  may  always  be  discriminated  by  its  smaller 
size,  the  narrower  white  lines  upon  the  fore  wings  and  the 
absence  of  the  dark  spot  at  the  origin  of  vein  two  on  the 
hind  wings,  which  is  characteristic  of  the  former  species. 

(3)  Apantesis  intermedia   Stretch,   Plate    XI,   Fig.    20,    $ , 
(The  Intermediate  Tiger-moth.) 

This  species  which  is  by  some  authors  regarded  as  a 
southern  form  of  A.  parthenice,  is  intermediate  in  size  between 
A.  virgo  and  A.  parthenice.  It  closely  resembles  the  latter  in 
the  maculation  of  the  wings,  but  the  pinkish-white  stripes  on 
the  primaries  are  broad  as  in  A.  virgo. 

(4)  Apantesis  oithona  Strecker,   Plate  XVI,    Fig.   30,    $  . 
(The  Oithona  Moth.) 

This  insect  is  undoubtedly  genetically  the  same  as  A.  recti- 
linea  French.  The  difference  is  merely  in  the  width  of  the 
pale  lines  on  the  fore  wings,  which,  being  narrower  in  recti- 
linea,  give  these  wings  a  darker  appearance. 

Form  rectilinea  French,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  i,  ?.  (The 
Straight-lined  Tiger-moth.) 

This  insect  in  its  varietal  forms  ranges  from  the  Atlantic 
States  across  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

129 


Arctncrse 

(5)  Apantesis    michabo  Grote,    Plate    XV,    Fig.    17,    $. 
(The  Michabo  Moth.) 

Syn.  minea  Slosson. 

The  illustration  we  give  is  sufficient  to  enable  the  student 
to  identify  this  species,  which  is  discriminated  from  its  con- 
geners most  readily  by  observing  the  broad  flesh-colored  band 
on  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings.  In  the  form  minea  the  flesh- 
colored  lines  are  deep-red.  This  is  the  only  difference. 

(6)  Apantesis  arge   Drury,   Plate   XV,  Fig.    15,    $.     (The 
Arge  Moth.) 

Syn.  dione  Fabricius;  incarnatorubra  Goeze;  ccelebs  Martyn;  nerea 
Boisduval;  doris  Boisduval. 

Allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  ascertained  by  the  test 
of  breeding  to  be  distinct.  The  species  is  very  variable.  The 
hind  wings  are  not  often  as  free  from  dark  markings  as  the 
specimen,  and  frequently  are  as  much  spotted  and  blotched  with 
black  as  is  the  figure  of  A.  michabo  we  give.  The  species  is 
found  almost  everywhere  within  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

(7)  Apantesis  ornata  Packard.     (The  Ornate  Tiger-moth.) 
Form  achaia  Grote  &   Robinson,  Plate  XV,   Figs.    20,  24, 

$  .     (The  Achaia  Moth.) 

Syn.  edwardsi  Stretch. 

A  variable  insect  to  which  a  number  of  names  have  been 
given.  The  variety  in  which  the  hind  wings  are  yellow  is 
A.  ochracea  Stretch.  The  species  is  found  on  the  Pacific 
coast.  The  larval  stages  have  been  described  by  Dyar,  Psyche, 

Vol.  V,  p.  380,  556. 

(8)  Apantesis  anna  Grote. 
(The  Anna  Moth.) 

Form  persephone  Grote, 
Plate  XV,  Fig.  8,  $,  Fig.  10,  ?. 
(The  Persephone  Moth.) 

FIG.  7a.— Apantesis  anna,  $  .  We  give    in  Figure  72  a  cut 

representing  a  specimen  of  the 

typical  anna,  in  which  the  hind  wings  are  wholly  black. 
Persephone  is  the  normal  form.  The  insect  is  very  variable  in 
the  amount  of  black  displayed  upon  the  hind  wings,  and  also 
to  some  extent  in  the  width  and  extent  of  the  light  lines  on  the 
primaries.  The  species  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  is 

130 


Arctiid* 

not  at  all  uncommon  in  western  Pennsylvania.     The  larva    has 
been  described  by  Dyar. 

(9)  Apantesis  quenseli  Paykull,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 
(The  Labrador  Apantesis.) 

Syn.  strigosa  Fabricius:  gelida  Moeschler;  liturata  M6ne"  trie's ;  compli- 
cata  Walker;  turbans  Christoph. 

This  little  moth  is  found  in  Labrador,  Greenland,  and  Arctic 
America  generally.  It  also  occurs  in  Arctic  Europe  and  Asia  and 
upon  the  summits  of  the  Swiss  Alps.  It  doubtless  will  be  found 
upon  the  American  Alps  in  British  Columbia. 

(10)  Apantesis    virguncula    Kirby,    Plate    XV,    Fig.    9,3, 
Fig.  16,  $  .     (The  Little  Virgin  Moth.) 

Syn.  dahurica  Grote  (nee  Boisduval) ;  speciosa  Moeschler;  otiosa  Neu- 
mcegen  &  Dyar. 

A  variable  species.  The  form  described  as  otiosa  has  traces 
of  the  transverse  lines,  characteristic  of  so  many  other  species  of 
the  genus,  and  the  fore  wings  have  a  more  checkered  appearance 
on  this  account.  The  insect  occurs  in  the  northern  United 
States  and  Canada. 

(n)  Apantesis  proxima  Guerin-Meneville,  Plate  XV,  Fig. 
4,  ?  .  (The  Mexican  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  docta  Walker;  mexicana  Grote  &  Robinson;  arizonensis  Stretch; 
mormonica  Neumoegen. 

Form  autholea  Boisduval,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  32,  $  . 

From  the  varietal  form  autholea  figured  in  the  plate  proxima 
may  be  discriminated  by  the  fact  that  the  latter  has  the  hind 
wings  marked  with  dark  brown  or  black  spots  on  the  margins. 
The  species  occurs  in  southern  California,  Arizona,  Mexico,  and 
Central  America. 

(12)  Apantesis    blakei     Grote,    Plate    XVI,     Fig.    31,    $. 
(Blake's  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  bolanderi  Stretch. 

This  species  is  found  in  the  mountains  of  California  and 
adjoining  States. 

(13)  Apantesis   nevadensis  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XVI, 
Fig.  29,  $  .     (The  Nevada  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  behri  Stretch. 

Form  incorrupta    Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  7,  $ . 

Syn.  shastaensis  French. 


Arctiidae 

As  the  name  indicates,  this  species  is  an  inhabitant  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

(14)  Apantesis  williamsi  Dodge.     (Williams' Tiger-moth.) 
Form  determinata  Neumregen,  Plate  XV.,  Fig.  3,    &  . 

Syn.  diecki  Neumcegen. 

This  easily  recognized  species  is  found  in  Colorado  and 
adjacent  States  among  the  mountains. 

(15)  Apantesis   phyllira    Drury,    Plate   XV,    Fig.    14,    3. 
(The  Phyllira  Moth.) 

Syn.  B-atra  Goeze:  plantaginis  Martyn;  dodgei  Butler;  excelsa 
Neumcegen;  favorita  Neumoegen;  lugubris  Hulst. 

This  species  is  found  in  the  Southern  States,  where  it  is 
not  uncommon.  It  is  rather  variable  in  the  disposition  and 
extent  of  the  dark  and  light  markings. 

(16)  Apantesis   figurata    Drury,    Plate   XV,    Fig.    12,     $, 
(The  Figured  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  cer -arnica  Htibner;  f-pallida  Strecker 

This  is  probably  only  a  form  of  the  preceding  species, 
which  occurs  with  considerable  frequency.  It  is  confined  to 
the  Southern  States. 

(17)  Apantesis   vittata   Fabricius,    Plate   XV,  Fig.    25,    6, 
Fig.  22,    ? .     (Banded  Tiger-moth.) 

Syn.  decor ata  Saunders. 

Form  radians  Walker,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  23,    $,  Fig.    21    ?. 

Syn.  colorata  Walker;  incomplete!  Butler. 

Form  phalerata  Harris,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  6,    ?. 

Syn.  rhoda  Butler. 

A  very  common  and  variable  species,  which  is  probably 
the  same  as  A.  nais  Drury,  which  has  the  abdomen  preva- 
lently ochraceous,  and  not  as  strongly  marked  with  black. 
The  species  seems  to  be,  so  to  speak,  in  a  liquid  state.  In 
a  series  of  some  hundreds  of  specimens  before  the  writer, 
many  of  them  bred  from  larvae,  and  undoubtedly  all  referable 
to  the  same  species,  any  and  all  of  the  forms,  which  have 
been  named  by  writers,  can  be  found,  yet  the  bulk  of  them 
came  from  one  narrow  little  ravine  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
We  leave  the  synonymy  as  it  stands  in  Dyar's  list,  so  far  as 
the  things  figured  on  our  plate  are  concerned,  but  cannot  believe 
that  these  insects  represent  different  species,  as  maintained  by 
some  authors. 


Arctiidae 


Genus    KODIOSOMA   Stretch 

This  little  Californian  genus,  the  structure  of  which  is  abun- 
dantly illustrated  by  the  cut  we  give,  contains  but  one  species, 
which  is  represented  in  a  number  of  varietal  forms. 

(i)  Kodiosoma  fulva  Stretch,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  45,   $. 

Form  eavesi,  Stretch,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  43  $  . 

Form  tricolor  Stretch,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  44,   $  . 

There  are  still  other  forms, 
one  of  which  is  wholly  black, 
and  has  been  named  nigra  by 
Stretch.  The  moth  is  found  in 
California,  and  is  there  not  at  all 
uncommon.  The  life-history 
has  been  thus  far  only  imper- 
fectly  ascertained. 


F'G- 


*'  *• 


Genus  ECTYPIA  Clemens 


Two  species  are  referred  to  this  genus.  E.  thona  Strecker, 
from  New  Mexico  is  doubtfully  referable  to  it,  but  the  only 
specimen  known,  the  type,  is  in  too  poor  a  condition  to  enable 
much  to  be  told  about  it. 

(i)  Ectypia  bivittata  Clemens.  (The  Two-banded  Ec- 

typia.) 

Syn.  nigroflava  Graef. 

This  very  beautiful 
and  rare  moth  occurs 
in  Texas.  Its  charac- 
teristics are  well  dis- 
played in  the  figure 
we  give  in  the  accom- 


FIG.  74 — Ectypia  bivittata,  ? 
(After  Hampson.) 

panying  cut. 


Genus  EUVERNA   Neumcegen  &  Dyar 

(i)  Euverna  clio  Packard,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  22,  ?.  (The 
Clio  Moth.) 

This  chastely  beautiful  moth  occurs  in  the  Rocky  Mountains 
of  southern  California.  It  is  the  sole  representative  of  its  genus, 
and  is  as  yet  rare  in  collections. 


Arctiidae 

Genus  PARASEMIA  Hiibner 

This  genus  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  certain  varietal 
forms,  which  agree  in  part  with  those  found  in  the  Old  World, 
and  in  part  differ  from  them.  There  is  only  one  species  in  the 
genus,  which  has  a  wide  circumpolar  distribution,  and  a  score 
or  more  of  names  have  been  given  to  mere  color  varieties.  We 
figure  two  of  the  commoner  variations.  The  larva  feeds  on 
Plantago  and  Myosotis. 

(i)  Parasemia  plantaginis  Linnaeus.  (The  Small  Tiger- 
moth.) 

Plate  XVI,  Fig,  25,  $  .  The  usual  form  found  in  Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

Plate  XVI,  Fig.  26,  $  .     Form  named  geometrica  by  Grote. 

Genus  ARCTIA  Schrank 

A  circumpolar  genus  of  the  Northern  Hemisphere,  containing 
four  species,  which  are  subject  to  considerable  variation  in  color 
and  size  of  spots. 

(1)  Arctia  caia  Linnaeus,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  5,   ?.     (The  Great 
Tiger-moth.) 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  taken  in  Labrador. 
Form  wiskotti  Staudinger,  Plate  XV,  Fig.  2,   $  . 

Syn.  utahensis  Henry  Edwards;  auripennis  Butler;  transmontana 
Neumcegen  &  Dyar. 

The  specimen  portrayed  on  the  plate  was  taken  in  Colorado. 

Genus    PAREUCH-ffiTES    Grote 

There  are  three  species  of  this  genus,  two  of  which  we 
figure.  The  species  may  be  discriminated  as  follows: 

1.  Hind  wing  yellowish insulata 

2.  Hind  wing  white tenera 

3.  Hind  wing  tinged  with  fuscous eglenensis 

(i)   Pareuchaetes   insulata  Walker,    Plate   XIV,  Fig.  },    ?. 
(The  Yellow- winged  Pareuchaetes.) 

Syn.  cadaverosa  Grote;  affints  Grote;  aurata  Butler. 

Found  in  the  Gulf  States  and  the  Antilles. 

(2)  Pareuchaetes   eglenensis   Clemens,   Plate  XIV,  Fig.  4, 
?  .     (The  Gray-winged  Pareuchaetes.) 

134 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVI 


(Unless  otherwise  indicated,   the  specimens  figured  are  contained 


in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Arachnis  aul&a  Geyer,    9- 

2.  Arachnis  picta  Packard,   $ . 

3.  Arachnis  zuni   Neumcegen,    9  , 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

4 .  Euerythra  trimaculata  Smith ,  tf , 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

5.  Manas  vestalis   Packard,    J1. 

6.  Diacrisia  latipennis  Stretch,  c?. 

7 .  Diacrisia  virginica  Fabricius ,  cT . 

8.  Estigmene  congrua  Walker,  c? . 

9.  Hyphantria  cunea  Drury,    c?. 

10.  Hyphantria    cunea    Drury,    tf , 

var.  punctatissima,  Abbot  & 
Smith. 

11.  Estigmene  acrcea  Drury,  tf . 

12.  Estigmene  acroea   Drury,    9- 

13.  Isia  Isabella  Abbot  &  Smith,  9  . 

14.  A coloithus  falsarius  Clemens,  <3* . 

15.  Turuptiana  permaculata  Pack- 

ard,  c?. 

1 6.  EC  panther  ia  deftorata  Fabricius, 

17.  Pygarctia  elegans  Stretch,    (?. 

1 8.  Pygarctia  spraguei  Grote,    tf  •' 


19.  Euchcetias  oregonensis  Stretch, 

d1- 

20.  Hyphoraia  parthenos  Harris,  9  , 

U.   S.   N.   M. 

21.  EuchoBtias  egle  Drury,    9- 

22.  Euverna  clio  Packard,    9- 

23.  Seirarctia  echo  Abbot  &  Smith, 

9- 

24.  Calidota  strigosa.   Walker    tf . 

2  5 .   Parasemia  plantaginis  Linnaeus, 
d\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

26.  Parasemia  plantaginis  var.  geo- 

metrica,  Grote,   tf . 

27.  Pygarctia    abdominalis    Grote, 

9,  U.  S.   N.   M. 

28.  Apantesis  quenseli  Paykull,  tf . 

29.  Apantesis  nevadensis   Grote   & 

Robinson,  J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

30.  Apantesis  oithona  Strecker,  cJ1, 

Engel  Collection. 

31.  Apantesis  blakei  Grote,  d1,  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

32.  A  pantesis  proximo  var .  autholea . 

Boisduval,  (J1. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


26 


YRlGHTEC   BY   W.    J,    HOLLAND, 


Arctii&e 

This  species  occurs  in  the  Carolinas  and  southward. 
Pareuchcetes  tenera  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  is  not 
uncommon  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus    EUCH-ffiTIAS    Lyman 

The  following  key  based  upon  that  of  Hampson  may  enable 
the  student  to  differentiate  the  species  in  his  collection: 

Abdomen  red  above. 

Fore  wing  with  costal  fascia. 

Fore  wing  with  the  costal  fascia  yellow antica  Walker 

Fore  wing  with  the  costal  fascia  white albicosta  Walker 

Fore  wing  without  costal  fascia. 

Hind  wing  with  crimson  patch  on  inner  area perlevis  Grote 

Hind  wing  without  crimson  patch  on  inner  area. 

Fore  wing  uniform  brownish murina  Stretch 

Fore  wing  white  tinged  with  fuscous bolteri  Stretch 

Abdomen  orange  above. 

Fore  wing  gray- brown egle  Drury 

Fore  wing  brownish  white  with  the  veins  white .  .oregonensis  Stretch 
Abdomen  whitish  above pudens  Henry  Edwards 

(1)  Euchaetias   murina    Stretch,    Plate    XI,    Fig.     18,    ?. 
(The  Mouse-colored  Euchaetias.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Texas. 

(2)  Euchaetias   egle   Drury,    Plate   I,    Fig.    5,    larva;   Plate 
XVI,  Fig.  21,  ?.     (The  Milk-weed  Moth.) 


FIG.  75. — Euchaetias  egle,  $  .  {-.     (After  Hampson.) 

The  figure  given  above  in  the  text  and  those  given  on 
the  plates  will  suffice  for  the  identification  of  this  common 
insect,  which  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi  and 
beyond.  The  larva  feeds  upon  Milk-weed  (Asclepias). 

(3)  Euchaetias  oregonensis  Stretch,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  19, 
$  .  (The  Oregon  Euchaetias.) 

This  insect  is  found  throughout  the  northern  portions  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada. 

135 


Arctiidae 

Genus   PYGARCTIA   Grote 

A  small  genus  containing  four  species  all  found  within  our 
territory.  The  following  table  taken  from  Hampson  will  serve 
for  the  identification  of  the  species,  taken  in  connection  with  the 
cut  and  the  figures  we  give: 

A.  Fore  wing  with  scarlet  fasciae  on  costa  and  inner  margin spraguei 

B.  Fore  wing  with  orange  fasciae  on  costa  and  inner  margin 

a.  Abdomen  scarlet vivida 

b.  Abdomen  orange abdominalis 

C.  Fore  wing  without  fasciae elegans 

(i)  Pygarctia  elegans  Stretch,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  17,  $  .     (The 

Elegant  Pygarctia.) 

The  neuration  and  struc- 
tural characteristics  of  the 
genus  are  sufficiently  well 
displayed  in  the  accom- 
panying cut  of  this  species 


scription  unnecessary.   The 
insect  occurs  in  southern  California,  Texas,  Arizona,  and  Mexico. 

(2)  Pygarctia   abdominalis  Grote,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  27,    ?  . 
(The  Orange-bodied  Pygarctia.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Florida. 

(3)  Pygarctia    spraguei    Grote,    Plate   XVI,    Fig.     18,     $. 
(Sprague's  Pygarctia.) 

The  home  of  this  insect  is  Kansas,  Colorado,  and  adjoining 
States. 

Genus  HYPOCRISIAS  Hampson 

A  small  genus  of  which  a  single  representant  is  found  within 
our  limits,  occurring  as  a  straggler  from  the  Mexican  fauna. 

(i)  Hypocrisias  minima  Neumoegen. 
(The  Least  Hypocrisias.) 

Syn.  armillata  Henry  Edwards. 

The  prevalent  tints  of  the  body  and  fore 
wings  are  ochreous  and  brown.  The  hind 
wings  are  yellowish  white.  The  annexed 
cut  will  help  the  student  to  recognize  the  FlG-  77-Hypocri- 

,  .  .  ,  .         sias  minima,   5  • 

insect,    when    a    specimen    comes    into  his 
possession.     The   habitat  of   the  species    is   Mexico,   but  it  is 
occasionally  taken  in  southern  Arizona. 

136 


Arctiidae 

Genus  EMILIA  Kirby 

A  small  neotropical  genus,  represented  in  our  fauna  by  two 
species.  The  insect  named  occidentalis  by  French  is  a  form  of 
A.  roseata,  in  which  the  red  of  the  wings  has  been  replaced  by 
ochreous. 

(1)  Emilia    ambigua    Strecker,    Plate    XiV,    Fig.    15,    $. 
(The  Red-banded  /Emilia.) 

Syn.'  bolteri  Henry  Edwards;  syracosia  Druce. 

This  beautiful  insect  is  found  in  the  Rocky  Mountains  of 
Colorado,  and  thence  southward  to  northern  Mexico. 

(2)  Emilia  roseata  Walker,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.   14.   ?.     (The 
Rosy  /Emilia.) 

Syn.  cinnamomea  Boisduval;*  sanguivenosa  Neumoegen;  significans 
Henry  Edwards;  occidentalis  French. 

This  rather  rare  insect  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast, 
and,  according  to  report,  ranges  from  British  Columbia  to 
Mexico.  The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  came  from  the 
latter  country. 

Genus    HALISIDOTA    Hiibner 

An  extensive  genus,  well  represented  in  Central  and  South 
America,  and  containing  about  a  dozen  species,  which  are 
found  within  our  faunal  limits.  Of  these  we  figure  a  number 
of  species,  enough  to  enable  the  student  to  recognize  the  genus, 
and  the  commoner  species,  which  he  is  likely  to  encounter. 

(1)  Halisidota  tessellaris  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XIV,  Fig. 
12,    $.     (The  Tessellated  Halisidota) 

Syn.  antiphola  Walsh;  harrisi  Walsh. 

The  form  named  Harrisi  does  not  differ  from  tessellaris  in 
the  imaginal  stage.  The  sole  difference  is  in  the  color  of  the 
pencils  of  hairs  in  the  larvae,  which  are  orange  in  color,  while 
in  tessellaris  they  are  black.  This  is  scarcely  sufficient  ground 
upon  which  to  establish  a  species. 

(2)  Halisidota    cinctipes   Grote,    Plate  XIV,   Fig.    13,    6 . 
(The  Gartered  Halisidota.) 

Syn.  davisi  Henry  Edwards. 

This  species,,  which  is  southern  in  its  habitat,  and  larger 
than  its  close  northern  ally,  tessellaris,  has  the  markings  on 
the  fore  wings  much  more  distinct  than  is  the  case  in  the  latter 

137 


Arctiidae 

species.  The  tarsi  are  annulated  with  black  bands,  marked 
with  small  gray  points.  The  insect  occurs  in  the  Gulf  States 
and  in  South  and  Central  America. 

(3)  Halisidota   maculata  Harris,   Plate  XVI,   Fig.    n,    $. 
(The  Spotted  Halisidota.) 

Syn.  fulvoflava  Walker;  guttifera  Herrich-Schaeffer. 

This  species,  which  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the 
Atlantic  coast  region,  ranges  westward  to  California.  Several 
forms  from  the  western  territory  have  been  discriminated  by 
writers,  and  varietal  names  have  been  given  to  them.  They  are 
mere  color  forms. 

(4)  Halisidota  longa  Grote,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  16,   ?  .     (The 
Long-streaked  Halisidota.) 

This  species,  which  may  easily  be  determined  by  the  help 
of  the  figure  we  have  given,  occurs  in  Florida.  The  specimen 
delineated  by  the  writer  was  taken  by  him  at  light  in  Jackson- 
ville in  the  month  of  February. 

(5)  Halisidota  caryae  Harris,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  10,  $  .     (The 
Hickory  Halisidota.) 

Syn.  annulifascia  Walker;  porpbyria  Herrich-Schaeffer. 

This  well-marked  and  easily  identified  species  is  common 
in  the  northern  Atlantic  coast  region,  and  ranges  westward 
into  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

(6)  Halisidota  argentata    Packard,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  8,    $. 
Fig.  9,  ?  .     (The  Silver-spotted  Halisidota.) 

This  pretty  species  is  found  in  Colorado,  and  thence  west- 
ward and  northward  to  the  Pacific  coast.  A  number  of  sub- 
species have  been  named  in  this  connection,  but  it  is  doubtful 
whether  the  sexes  of  the  insects  on  meeting  each  other  would 
recognize  any  specific  differences  themselves. 

Genus  HEMIHYALEA  Hampson 
Two  species  of  this  genus  occur  within  the  limits  of  the 

United   States.     Edwardsi   is   distinguished   from   labecula  most 

easily  by  the  fact  that  the  inner  margin  of  the  secondaries  in 

the  former  is  crimson,  while  in  the  latter  it  is  not. 

(i)  Hemihyalea  edwardsi  Packard,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  6,    ?. 

(Edwards'  Glassy-wing.) 

Syn.  translucida  Walker;  quercus  Boisduval. 

This  is  a  Californian  species. 
,38 


Arctiidse 

(2)  Hemihyalea  labecula  Grote,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  7,  $  . 
(The  Freckled  Glassy-wing.) 

This  insect  is  not  uncommon  in  Colorado.  It  occurs  in 
early  summer  about  Manitou,  and  among  the  mountains 
generally. 

Genus  OPHARUS  Walker 

An  extensive  neotropical  genus,  represented  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States  by  but  one  species. 

(i)  Opharus  astur  Cramer,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  5,  3.  (The 
Astur  Moth.) 

Syn.  albicans,  Walker;  maculicollis  Walker;  pustulata  Packard. 

The  insect  is  common  in  Mexico  and  South  America,  and 
occasionally  occurs  in  Arizona. 

Genus  CALIDOTA  Dyar 

A  neotropical  genus  containing  a  dozen  species  or  more,  two 
of  which  are  found  within  our  limits.  We  figure  one  of  these; 
the  other,  C.  muricolor  Dyar,  has  the  wings  mouse-gray, 
semihyaline,  the  secondaries  paler  than  the  primaries.  The  head 
is  gray  in  front,  yellowish  above;  the  thorax  is  gray,  the 
collar  edged  inwardly  with  ochreous;  the  abdomen  is  reddish 
buff,  with  a  series  of  black  dorsal  spots  and  broad  lateral  bands 
of  the  same  color.  The  pectus  and  coxae  are  ochreous,  the 
legs  gray.  The  type  of  the  species  came  from  Arizona. 

(i)  Calidota  strigosa  Walker,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  24,  $. 
(The  Streaked  Calidota.) 

Syn.  cubensts  Grote;  laqueata  Henry  Edwards. 

This  insect  occurs  in  Florida,  and  is  abundant  in  the 
Antilles.  Its  life-history  has  been  described  by  Dyar  in  the, 
Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  for  1900, 
p.  268.  The  food-plant  is  Guettarda  elliptica. 

Genus  EUPSEUDOSOMA  Grote 

Three  species  are  attributed  by  Hampson  to  this  genus, 
one  of  which,  the  type  of  the  genus,  we  figure.  It  is  the  only 
species  of  the  genus  occurring  within  our  territory. 

(i)  Eupseudosoma  involutum  Sepp,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  i,  <2  . 
(The  Snowy  Eupseudosoma.) 

Syn.  nivea  Herrich-Schxffer;^onWMw  Grote;  immaculata  Graef. 

>39 


Agaristidae 

The  life-history  of  this  species  has  been  given  by  Dyar,  i. 
c.,  p.  258.  The  food-plants  are  Eugenia  buxifolia,  Eugenia  pro- 
cera,  and  Psidium  pyrifera.  The  insect  has  a  wide  range  in 
tropical  America,  occurring  from  Florida  to  southern  Brazil. 

Genus  BERTHOLDIA  Schaus 

A  small  neotropical  genus  represented  in  our  fauna  by  one 
species. 

(i)  Bertholdia  trigona  Grote,  Plate  XIV,  Fig.  2,  $. 
(Grote's  Bertholdia.) 

The  moth  flies  in  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  and  north- 
ern Mexico. 


FAMILY  AGARISTID/E 

"Ye  lovers  of  marvel  and  fairy  lore, 
Say  not  that  the  days  of  enchantment  are  o'er, 
That  the  well-springs  of  Fancy  and  Fable  fail. 

There  are  streamlets  yet  where  the  river-sprite 

With  his  Harlequin  changes  bewilders  the  sight; 

There  are  castles  yet  of  ivory  and  gold, 

Hung  with  floral  fabrics  by  sunshine  unroll'd, 

Within  whose  luxurious  recesses  recline 

Fays  of  exquisite  form,  quaffing  exquisite  wine; 

Some  in  gossamer  veiled  of  ethereal  dyes, 

Which  have  only  their  match  in  the  rainbow'd  skies; 

Some  in  richest  and  softest  of  velvets  arrayed, 

Or  in  mail  that  does  shame  to  the  armourer's  trade. 

These  are  haunting  us  ever  for  ill,  or  for  good, 

Through  earth  and  through  air,  field,  forest,  and  flood: 

To  transport  our  thoughts,  as  by  magic  spell, 

From  the  sordid  objects  whereon  they  dwell, 

To  a  land  of  the  Marvellous  dimly  displayed, 

Where  the  light-winged  Fancy,  by  wonder  stayed, 

Still  delighteth  to  hover,  and  joyously  say: 

'Oh!  my  darling  elves,  ye're  not  chased  away, 

There's  a  region  still  where  ye  have  a  place — 

The  mysterious  world  of  the  Insect  race.'" 

ACHETA  DOMESTICA.     Episodes  of  Insect  Life. 

The  Agaristidas  compose   a   family   of  moderate   size.     The 
moths  are  day-flying  in  their  habit,  and  in  the  tropics  both 

140 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVII 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Haploa  militaris  Harris,    $. 

2.  Haploa  colona  Hubner,    9  • 

3.  Haploa  vestalis  Packard,  <5\ 

4.  Haploa  militaris  Harris,    c?. 

5.  Haploa  consita  Walker,  tf . 

6.  Haploa  confusa  Lyman,   cJ1. 

7.  Haploa  clymene  Brown,   J1. 

8.  Utetheisa  ornatrix  Linnaeus,  <5\ 

9.  Haploa  dyari  Merrick,  cT,  Merrick  Collection. 

10.  Haploa  militaris  Harris,  <j\  Merrick  Collection, 

11.  Copidryas  gloveri  Grote  &  Robinson,  tf. 

12.  Fenaria  sevorsa  Grote,    9  . 

13.  Androloma  maccullochi  Kirby,  cJ1. 

14.  Alypia  ridingsi  Grote,    (J1. 

15.  Alypia  mariposa  Grote  &  Robinson,    9. 

1 6.  Alypia  langtoni  Couper,   tf . 

17.  Alypia  langtoni  Couper,    9. 

1 8.  Alypia  wittfeldi  Henry  Edwards,   tj1. 

19.  Alypia  wittfeldi  Henry  Edwards,    9  . 

20.  Alypia  octomaculata  Fabricius,   tf. 

21.  Alypia  octomaculata  Fabricius,   9  • 

22.  Alypiodes  bimaculata  Herrich-Schaeffer,  cT.        V 

23.  Euthisanotia  grata  Fabricius,   tf . 

24.  Euthisanotia  unio  Hubner,   <J*. 

25.  Bailey  a  ophthalmica  Guen6e,    9  . 

26.  Baileya  doubledayi  Guene'e,  (J1. 

27.  Baileya  australis  Grote,    J1. 

28.  Aleptina  inca,  Dyar  tf . 

29.  Charadra  decora  Morrison,    c?. 

30.  Panthea  portlandia  Grote,  <?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

31.  Panthea  furcilla  Packard,   d\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

32.  Feralia  jocosa  Guen6e,  tf. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


- 

•:v'*''-. '•-•-•,..  ,.  .-,  •' 

"  3  v   •••is«' 


31 


Agaristidae 

of  the  Old  World  and  the  New  reckon  in  their  number  some 
of  the  most  resplendently  colored  insects  found  upon  the  globe. 
They  are  regarded  as  being  an  offshoot  of  the  Noctuidae. 

The  following  description  of  the  characteristics  of  the  family 
is  adapted  from  Hampson  with  reference  to  the  forms  found  within 
our  faunal  limits: 

'Proboscis  fully  developed;  palpi  upturned  and  well  devel- 
oped, the  third  joint  usually  naked  and  porrect;  frons  with  a 
rounded,  conical,  or  corneous  process;  antennae  cylindrical, 
almost  simple,  with  slight  bristles  at  the  joints,  not  ciliated, 
and  more  or  less  distinctly  dilated  toward  the  extremity. 
Ocelli  present;  eyes  sometimes  hairy;  tibial  spurs  well  devel- 
oped, the  tibiae  rarely  spined;  the  male  claspers  often  very 
large;  wings  large  and  strongly  formed.  Fore  wing  with  vein 
i a  separate  from  ib;  ic  absent;  5  from  or  from  close  to  angle 
of  cell;  the  areole  present  in  nearly  all  the  genera.  Hind  wing 
with  vein  \a  present;  ic  absent;  5  obsolescent  from  angle  of 
discocellulars;  6,  7  from  upper  angle  or  shortly  stalked;  8  free 
at  base,  then  bent  downward  to  anastomose  with  the  cell  at  a 
point  only.  All  the  species  have  silvery  blue  scales  on  the  fore 
wings. 

The  larvae  are  noctuiform  and  have  all  the  prolegs  present. 
The  pupa  is  naked/ 

Genus  COPIDRYAS  Grote 

Two  species  belonging  to  this  genus  occur  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States.  We  give  illustrations  of  both  of  them. 

(i)  Copidryas  gloveri  Grote  &  Robin- 
son, Plate  XVII,  Fig.  n,  $.  (Glover's 
Purslane-moth.) 

The  life-history  of  this  rather  pretty 
moth  has  been  well  worked  out  by 
Professor  C.  V.  Riley  and  from  his  article 
published  in  "Insect  Life."  Vol.  I,  p.  104, 
we  have  taken  the  cuts  which  are  here-  FIG.  78-— Egg  of  Co- 

•  .,         •  ~p,          ,         .  r       .  pidryas    gloven    greatly 

with    given.     The    drawings    of    the    egg,  enlarged. 

pupa,  and  cocoon  were  made  by  Mr.  C. 
L.  Marlatt.     The  excellent  account  given  by  Professor  Riley  is 
drawn  upon  for  the  following  quotations:  "The  eggs  are  laid 

141 


FIG.    79. — Pupa  and  cocoon  cell 
of  Copidryas  gloveri. 


Agaristidae 

on  the  under  side  of  the  purslane  leaf,  either  singly  or  in  clusters 
of  from  two  to  five.  The  larva  hatches  in  two  or  three  days,  and 
is  at  first  light  green  or  yellowish 
green  with  darker  shading  across 
the  middle  of  the  body.  In  eight 
or  nine  days  it  attains  full  growth 
after  having  passed  through  four 
molts.  The  full  grown  larva  is 
light  gray  or  dull  white  with  black 
dashes  on  the  sides  of  each  seg- 
ment, and  with  the  shadings  of 
salmon  pink." 

"The  full-grown  larvae  enter 
the  ground  for  pupation,  excavat- 
ing a  tubular  burrow  in  the  sur- 
face soil,  gumming  the  lining 
and  closing  the  opening  with  a 

thin  layer  of  particles  of  soil.     .     .     .     The  insect  remains  in 
this  state  in  the  neighborhood  of  twelve  days." 

In  the  accompanying  figures  we  show  the  egg,  the  pupa, 
and  the  adult  larva  and  moth.  The  insect  is  very  abundant 
at  certain  times  in  Nebraska, 
Kansas,  and  the  southwestern 
States  generally,  and  ranges  into 
northern  Mexico.  It  appears 
to  feed  exclusively  upon  purs- 
lane, and  as  this  plant  is  of  no 
particular  economic  value,  but 
is  justly  accounted  as  a  trouble- 
some weed,  we  may  wish  bless- 
ings upon  Copidryas  gloveri. 

(2)  Copidryas  cosyra 
Druce,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  19,  d. 
(The  Cosyra  Moth.) 

This     pretty     insect,     which       FlG    So.— Copidryas  gloveri.      a. 
belongs   to   the   same   genus   as       moth;  b.   larva.     (After   Riley.) 

the  preceding,  though  assigned 

by  the  author  of  the  species  to  the  genus  Euibisanotia,  is  found 

in  Arizona  and  in  Mexico.     Its  habits  are  undoubtedly  very  much 


142 


Agaristidae 

the  same  as  those  of  Glover's  Purslane  Moth,  though  up  to  the 
present  time  no  one  has  described  them. 

Genus  TUERTA  Walker 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus,  which  is  better  represented  in 
Africa  than  in  America,  is  found  within  our  borders. 

(i)  Tue,rta  sabulosa  Boisduval.  (The 
Sand-dune  Moth.) 

Syn.  noctuiformis  Moeschler. 

The  moth  has  the  primaries  grayish-brown 
marked  with  white  at  the  insertion  of  the 
wings.  The  secondaries  are  bright  orange- 
yellow,  with  a  wide  black  marginal  border, 

,  .       ,  r~,      ,     ,  .  r    ,       FIG.  81 — Tuerta  sa- 

as  represented  in  the  cut.     The  habitat  of  the      huiosa   &       i 

insect  is  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

Genus  ALYPIA   Hiibner 

This  genus  is  well  represented  within  our   territory.     The 
,'bllowing  synopsis  of  the  species  is  adapted  from  Hampson: 

I.  (Androloma.)   Fore  wing  of  male  with  a  dilation  of  costa  and 

a  groove  of  ribbed  membrane  below  it  from  base  ex- 
tending beyond  middle , mac-cullochi 

II.  Fore  wing  of  male  with  a  postmedial  dilation  of  costa  and 

groove  of  ribbed  membrane  below  it ;  wing  elongated. 

a.  Fore  wing  with  the  markings  yellow disparata 

b.  Fore  wing  with  the  markings  white brannani 

III.  (Alypia.}   Fore  wing  of  male  without  dilation  of  costal  area 

or  grove. 

A.  Fore  and  mid  tibiae,  orange;  hind  wings  marked  with 

white. 

a.  Discal  spot  of  fore  wing  longitudinal octomaculata 

b.  Discal  spot  of  fore  wing  transverse wittfeldi 

Hind  wings  marked  with  yellow. 

c.  Hind  wing  with  subbasal  yellow  spot dipsaci 

d      Hind  wing  without  subbasal  yellow  spot langtoni 

B.  Mid  tibiae  only  orange. 

a.  Wings  with  the  spots  not  traversed  by  black  veins  .  .mariposa 

b.  Wings  with  the  spots  traversed  by  black  veins     .  .  .  .ridingsi 

(i)  Alypia   mac-cullochi   Kirby,    Plate  XVII,    Fig.    13,    &. 
(MacCulloch's  Forester. ) 

Syn.  lorquini  Grote  &  Robinson;  similis  Stretch;  edwardsi  Boisduval. 

The    habitat    of  this    species    is    Canada  and    the    Rocky 
Mountains  northward  to  Alaska. 


FIG.  8 


— Alypia  disparata,  $ 
(After  Hampson.) 


Agaristidae 

(2)  Alypia    disparata    Henry     Edwards.     (The    Mexican 
Forester.) 

Syn.  gracilenta  Graef ;  desperata  Kirby. 

The  structural  features 
of  this  species  are  shown 
in  the  accompanying  cut, 
for  the  use  of  which  we 
tare  indebted  to  the  kind- 
ness of  Sir  George  F. 
Hampson.  The  insect 
occurs  in  southern  Texas, 
Arizona,  and  Mexico.  The 

writer  has  a  large  series  collected  for  him  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Jalapa,  where  it  is  apparently  more  common  than  farther  north. 

(3)  Alypia  octomaculata  Fabricius,    Plate  XVII,   Figs.    16, 
20,  S,  Fig.  21,   ?.     (The  Eight-spotted  Forester.) 

Syn.    bimaculata     Gmelin;    quadriguttalts    Hubner;    matuta    Henry 
Edwards. 

This  very  common  insect,  which  sometimes  proves  a 
veritable  plague  by  the  depredations  which  it  commits  upon 
the  foliage  of  the  Ampelopsis, 
which  is  extensively  grown  in 
our  cities  as  a  decorative  vine, 
is  found  everywhere  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  States,  and 
ranges  westward  beyond  the 
Mississippi.  One  good  thing 
which  can  be  set  down  to  the 
English  sparrow  is  the  work, 
which  he  has  been  observed  by 
the  writer  to  do  in  devouring 
the  larvae  of  this  moth  from  the 
vines  with  which  his  home  is 
covered. 

(4)  Alypia  wittfeldi  Henry 

Edwards,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  18,  $  ,  Fig.  19,  ?  .    (Wittfeld's  Forester.) 

Sir  George   F.   Hampson   sinks  this  species  as  a  synonym 

of  A.  octomaculata,  but  the  writer  cannot  agree  with  him  in 

this.     The  form  of  the  spots  on  the  primaries,  the  white  at  the 

144 


Os 

FIG.    83. — Alypia    octomaculata. 

a.   larva;  b.  enlarged   somite, 

showing  markings ;  c.  moth. 

(After  Riley.) 


Agaristidae 

base  of  the  abdomen,  and  the  white  annulus  near  its  extremity, 
are  at  all  events  marks  quite  as  characteristic  as  those  by  which 
some  other  species  in  the  genus  are  separated.  Its  habitat  is 
southern  Florida. 

(5)  Alypia    langtoni    Couper,    Plate    XVII,    Fig.     17,     ?. 
(Langton's  Forester.) 

Syn.  sacramenti  Grote  &  Robinson;  hudsonica  Henry  Edwards. 

This  species  ranges  from  Canada  westward  through  British 
Columbia  into  California  in  the  south  and  Alaska  in  the  north. 

(6)  Alypia  mariposa  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig. 
15.     (The  Californian  Forester.) 

This,  undoubtedly  the  handsomest  species  of  the  genus,  is 
confined  to  the  Pacific  coast. 

(7)  Alypia  ridingsi  Grote,    Plate  XVII,   Fig.    13,    6,    Fig. 
14,  ?.     (Ridings'  Forester.) 

A  common  species  in  the  Rocky  Mountain  region  at  high 
elevations,  and  ranging  northward  to  Sitka  and  the  valley  of 
the  Yukon. 

Genus    ALYPIODES    Grote 

Two  species  of  this  genus  are  Mexican,  the  third  is  found 
in  our  fauna,  though  also  occurring  south  of  our  boundary. 

(i)  Alypiodes    bimaculata    Herrich-Schasffer,    Plate    XVII, 
Fig.     22.       (The    Two- 
spotted  Forester.) 

Syn.  trimaculata  Bois- 
duval. 

The  figure  in  the 
plate  represents  the  typi- 
cal form,  the  figure  in 

the    CUt    Shows    the    ab-  FiG.*4.-*ypiodesbimacuU*a.  <?. 

erration    named  (After  Hampson.) 

crescens   by  Walker,    in 

which  the  hind  wing  has  a  yellow  spot  about   the   middle  of 

the  wing.     The  insect  is  fairly  common  in  southern  California, 

New  Mexico,  and  Arizona. 

"The  entomologist  need  not  relax  his  endeavors  day  or  night.  Mothing 
is  night  employment." — A.  S.  PACKARD. 


145 


SUGARING  FOR  MOTHS 

The  day  has  been  hot  and  sultry.  The  sun  has  set  behind 
great  banks  of  clouds  which  are  piling  up  on  the  northwestern 
horizon.  Now  that  the  light  is  beginning  to  fade,  the  great 
masses  of  cumulus,  which  are  slowly  gathering  and  rising  higher 
toward  the  zenith,  are  lit  up  by  pale  flashes  of  sheet-lightning. 
As  yet  the  storm  is  too  far  off  to  permit  us  to  hear  the  boom  of 
the  thunder,  but  about  ten  or  eleven  o'clock  to-night  we  shall 
probably  experience  all  the  splendor  of  a  dashing  thunder- 
shower. 

Along  the  fringe  of  woodland  which  skirts  the  back  pastures 
is  a  path  which  we  long  have  known.  Here  stand  long  ranks 
of  'ancient  beeches;  sugar  maples,  which  in  fall  are  glorious  in 
robes  of  yellow  and  scarlet;  ash  trees,  the  tall  gray  trunks  of 
which  carry  skyward  huge  masses  of  light  pinnated  foliage; 
walnuts  and  butternuts,  oaks,  and  tulip-poplars.  On  either  side 
of  the  path  in  luxuriant  profusion  are  saplings,  sprung  from  the 
monarchs  of  the  forest,  young  elm  trees  planted  by  the  winds, 
broad-leaved  papaws,  round-topped  hawthorns,  viburnums, 
spreading  dogwoods,  and  here  and  there  in  moist  places  clumps 
of  willows.  Where  the  path  runs  down  by  the  creek,  sycamores 
spread  their  gaunt  white  branches  toward  the  sky,  and  drink 
moisture  from  the  shallow  reaches  of  the  stream,  in  which  duck- 
weed, arrow-weed,  and  sweet  pond-lilies  bloom. 

The  woodland  is  the  haunt  of  many  a  joyous  thing,  which 
frequents  the  glades  and  hovers  over  the  flowers.  To-night  the 
lightning  in  the  air,  the  suggestion  of  a  coming  storm  which 
lurks  in  the  atmosphere,  will  send  a  thrill  through  all  the  swarms, 
which  have  been  hidden  through  the  day  on  moss-grown  trunks, 
or  among  the  leaves,  and  they  will  rise,  as  the  dusk  gathers,  in 
troops  about  the  pathway.  It  is  just  the  night  upon  which  to 
take  a  collecting  trip,  resorting  to  the  well-known  method  of 
"sugaring." 

Here  we  have  a  bucket  and  a  clean  whitewash  brush.     We 

146 


Sugaring  for  Moths 

have  put  into  the  bucket  four  pounds  of  cheap  sugar.  Now  we 
will  pour  in  a  bottle  of  stale  beer  and  a  little  rum.  We  have 
stirred  the  mixture  well.  In  our  pockets  are  our  cyanide  jars. 
Here  are  the  dark  lanterns.  Before  the  darkness  falls,  while  yet 
there  is  light  enough  to  see  our  way  along  the  path,  we  will  pass 
from  tree  to  tree  and  apply  the  brush  charged  with  the  sweet 
semi-intoxicating  mixture  to  the  trunks  of  the  trees. 

The  task  is  accomplished!  Forty  trees  and  ten  stumps  have 
been  baptized  with  sugar-sweetened  beer.  Let  us  wash  our 
sticky  fingers  in  the  brook  and  dry  them  with  our  handkerchiefs. 
Let  us  sit  down  on  the  grass  beneath  this  tree  and  puff  a  good 
Havana.  It  is  growing  darker.  The  bats  are  circling  overhead. 
A  screech-owl  is  uttering  a  plaintive  lament,  perhaps  mourning 
the  absence  of  the  moon,  which  to-night  will  not  appear.  The 
frogs  are  croaking  in  the  pond.  The  fireflies  soar  upward  and 
flash  in  sparkling  multitudes  where  the  grass  grows  rank  near 
the  water. 

Now  let  us  light  our  lamps  and  put  a  drop  or  two  of  chloro- 
form into  our  cyanide  jars,  just  enough  to  slightly  dampen  the 
paper  which  holds  the  lumps  of  cyanide  in  place.  We  will 
retrace  our  steps  along  the  path  and  visit  each  moistened  spot 
upon  the  tree-trunks. 

Here  is  the  last  tree  which  we  sugared.  There  in  the  light 
of  the  lantern  we  see  the  shining  drops  of  our  mixture  clinging 
to  the  mosses  and  slowly  trickling  downward  toward  the 
ground.  Turn  the  light  of  the  lantern  full  upon  the  spot, 
advancing  cautiously,  so  as  not  to  break  the  dry  twigs  under 
foot  or  rustle  the  leaves.  Ha !  Thus  far  nothing  but  the  black 
ants  which  tenant  the  hollows  of  the  gnarled  old  tree  appear 
to  have  recognized  the  offering  which  we  have  made.  But 
they  are  regaling  themselves  in  swarms  about  the  spot.  Look 
at  them !  Scores  of  them,  hundreds  of  them  are  congregat- 
ing about  the  place,  and  seem  to  be  drinking  with  as  mucn  en- 
joyment as  a  company  of  Germans  on  a  picnic  in  the  wilds  of 
Hoboken. 

Let  us  stealthily  approach  the  next  tree.  It  is  a  beech. 
What  is  there?  Oho!  my  beauty!  Just  above  the  moistened 
patch  upon  the  bark  is  a  great  Catocala.  The  gray  upper  wings 
are  spread,  revealing  the  lower  wings  gloriously  banded  with 

147 


Sugaring  for  Moths 

black  and  crimson.  In  the  yellow  light  of  the  lantern  the  wings 
appear  even  more  brilliant  than  they  do  in  sunlight.  How  the 
eyes  glow  like  spots  of  fire!  The  moth  is  wary.  He  has  just 
alighted;  he  has  not  yet  drunk  deep.  Move  cautiously!  Keep 
the  light  of  the  lantern  steadily  upon  him.  Uncover  your 
poisoning  jar.  Approach.  Hold  the  jar  just  a  little  under  the 
moth,  for  he  will  drop  downward  on  the  first  rush  to  get  away. 
Clap  the  jar  over  him!  There!  you  have  done  it!  You  have 
him  securely.  He  flutters  for  a  moment,  but  the  chloroform  acts 
quickly  and  the  flutterings  cease.  Put  that  jar  into  one  pocket 
and  take  out  another.  Now  let  us  go  to  the  next  tree.  It  is  an 
old  walnut.  The  trunk  is  rough,  seamed,  and  full  of  knotted 
excrescences.  See  what  a  company  has  gathered!  There  are  a 
dozen  moths,  large  and  small,  busily  at  work  tippling.  Begin 
with  those  which  are  nearest  to  the  ground.  When  I  was  young 
my  grandfather  taught  me  that  in  shooting  wild  turkeys  resting 
in  a  tree,  it  is  always  best  to  shoot  the  lowest  fowl  first,  and 
then  the  next.  If  you  shoot  the  gobbler  which  perches  highest, 
as  he  comes  tumbling  down  through  the  flock,  he  will  startle 
them  all,  and  they  will  fly  away  together;  but  if  you  take  those 
which  are  roosting  well  down  among  the  branches,  those  above 
will  simply  raise  their  heads  and  stare  about  for  a  moment  to  find 
out  the  source  of  their  peril,  and  you  can  bag  three  or  four  before 
the  rest  make  up  their  minds  to  fly.  I  follow  the  same  plan  with 
my  moths,  unless,  perchance,  the  topmost  moth  is  some 
unusual  rarity,  worth  all  that  suck  the  sweets  below  him. 

Bravo!  You  have  learned  the  lesson  well.  You  succeeded 
admirably  in  bottling  those  Taraches  which  were  sucking  the 
moisture  at  the  lower  edge  of  the  sweetened  patch.  There 
above  them  is  a  fine  specimen  of  Strenoloma  lunilinea.  Aha! 
You  have  him.  Now  take  that  Catocala.  It  is  amasia,  a  charm- 
ing little  species.  Above  him  is  a  specimen  of  cara,  one  of  the 
largest  and  most  superb  of  the  genus.  Well  done!  You  have 
him,  too.  Now  wait  a  moment!  Have  your  captives  ceased 
their  struggles  in  your  jar?  Yes;  they  seem  to  be  thoroughly 
stunned.  Transfer  them  to  the  other  jar  for  the  cyanide  to  do  its 
work.  Look  at  your  lantern.  Is  the  wick  trimmed?  Come 
on  then. 

Let  us  go  to  the  next  tree.     This  is  an  ash.     The  moist  spot 

148 


Sugaring  for  Moths 

shows  faintly  upon  the  silvery-gray  bark  of  the  tree.  Look 
sharply !  Here  below  are  a  few  Geometers  daintily  sipping  the 
sweets.  There  is  a  little  Eustixis  pupula,  with  its  silvery-white 
wings  dotted  with  points  of  black.  There  is  a  specimen  of 
Harrisimemna,  the  one  with  the  coppery-brown  spots  on 
the  fore  wings.  A  good  catch! 

Stop!  Hold  still!  Ha!  I  thought  he  would  alight.  That  is 
Catocala  coccinata — a  fine  moth — not  overly  common,  and 
the  specimen  is  perfect. 

Well,  let  us  try  another  tree.  Here  they  are  holding  a 
general  assembly.  Look!  See  them  fairly  swarming  about  the 
spot.  A  dozen  have  found  good  places;  twc  or  three  are 
fluttering  about  trying  to  alight.  The  ants  have  found  the  place 
as  well  as  the  moths.  They  are  squabbling  with  each  other. 
The  moths  do  not  like  the  ants.  I  do  not  blame  them.  I  would 
not  care  to  sit  down  at  a  banquet  and  have  ants  crawling  all 
over  the  repast.  There  is  a  specimen  of  Catocala  relicta,  the 
hind  wings  white,  banded  with  black.  How  beautiful  simple 
colors  are  when  set  in  sharp  contrast  and  arranged  in  graceful 
lines!  There  is  a  specimen  of  Catocala  neogama,  which  was 
originally  described  by  Abbot  from  Georgia.  It  is  not  un- 
common. There  is  a  good  Mamestra,  and  there  Pvrophila 
pyramidoides.  The  latter  is  a  common  species;  we  shall  find 
scores  of  them  before  we  get  through.  Do  not  bother  with 
those  specimens  of  Agrotis  Ypsilon',  there  are  choicer  things  to 
be  had.  It  is  a  waste  of  time  to  take  them  to-night.  Let  them 
drink  themselves  drunk,  when  the  flying  squirrels  will  come  and 
catch  them.  Do  you  see  that  flying  squirrel  there  peeping 
around  the  trunk  of  the  tree  ?  Flying  squirrels  eat  insects.  I 
have  seen  them  do  it  at  night,  and  they  have  robbed  me  of  many 
a  fine  specimen. 

Off  now  to  the  next  tree! 

And  so  we  go  from  tree  to  tree.  The  lightning  in  the  west 
grows  more  vivid.  Hark!  I  hear  the  thunder.  It  is  half-past 
nine.  The  storm  will  be  here  by  ten.  The  leaves  are  beginning 
to  rustle  in  the  tree-tops.  The  first  pulse  of  the  tornado  is 
beginning  to  be  felt.  Now  the  wind  is  rising.  Boom!  Boom! 
The  storm  is  drawing  nearer.  We  are  on  our  second  round 
and  are  coming  up  the  path  near  the  pasture-gate.  Our 

149 


Sugaring  for  Moths 

collecting  jars  are  full.  We  have  taken  more  than  a  hundred 
specimens  representing  thirty  species.  Not  a  bad  night's  work. 
Hurry  up!  Here  are  the  draw-bars.  Are  you  through?  Put 
out  the  light  in  your  lantern.  Come  quickly  after  me.  I  know 
the  path.  Here  is  the  back  garden  gate.  It  is  beginning  to 
rain.  We  shall  have  to  run  if  we  wish  to  avoid  a  wetting. 
Ah!  here  are  the  steps  of  the  veranda.  Come  up! 

My!  what  a  flash  and  a  crash  that  was!  Look  back  and 
see  how  the  big  trees  are  bowing  their  heads  as  the  wind 
reaches  them,  and  the  lightning  silhouettes  them  against  the 
gray  veil  of  the  rain.  We  may  be  glad  we  are  out  of  the 
storm,  with  a  good  roof  overhead.  To-morrow  morning  the 
sun  will  rise  bright  and  clear,  and  we  shall  have  work 
enough  to  fill  all  the  morning  hours  in  setting  the  captures  we 
have  made.  Good-night! 


"it  is  interesting  to  contemplate  a  tangled  bank,  clothed  with  many 
plants  of  many  kinds,  with  birds  singing  on  the  bushes,  with  various  insects 
flitting  about,  and  with  worms  crawling  through  the  damp  earth,  and  to 
reflect  that  these  elaborately  constructed  forms,  so  different  from  each 
other,  and  dependent  upon  each  other  in  so  complex  a  manner,  have  all 
been  produced  by  laws  acting  around  us.  These  laws,  taken  in  the  largest 
sense,  being  Growth  with  Reproduction;  Inheritance,  which  is  almost 
implied  by  reproduction;  Variability,  from  the  indirect  and  direct  action 
of  the  conditions  of  life,  and  from  use  and  disuse;  a  Ratio  of  Increase  so 
high  as  to  lead  to  a  Struggle  for  Life,  and  as  a  consequence  to  Natural 
Selection,  entailing  Divergence  of  Character  and  the  Extinction  of  less 
improved  forms.  Thus,  from  the  war  of  Nature,  from  famine  and  death, 
the  most  exalted  object  which  we  are  capable  of  conceiving,  namely,  the 
production  of  the  higher  animals,  directly  follows.  There  is  a  grandeur 
in  this  view  of  life,  with  its  several  powers,  having  been  originally 
breathed  by  the  Creator  into  a  few  forms  or  into  one,  and  that,  whilst 
this  planet  has  gone  cycling  on  according  to  the  fixed  law  of  gravity,  from 
so  simple  a  beginning  endless  forms  most  beautiful  and  most  wonderful 
have  been  and  are  being  evolved." — DARWIN. 


I50 


FAMILY  NOCTUID^E 

"  Shall  mortal  man  be  more  just  than  God  ? 
Shall  a  man  be  more  pure  than  his  Maker  ? 
Behold  He  put  no  trust  in  His  servants; 
And  His  angels  He  charged  with  folly: 
How  much  less  in  them  that  dwell  in  houses  of  clay, 
Whose  foundation  is  in  the  dust, 
Which  are  crushed  before  the  moth  ?  " 

JOB,  Chapter  IV,  17-19. 

The  Noctuidcz  are  a  huge  complex  of  genera  and  species, 
the  genera  being  reckoned  by  hundreds,  and  the  species  by 
thousands.  Within  the  faunal  limits  intended  to  be  covered  by 
this  book  there  are  already  known  to  occur  in  the  neighborhood 
of  three  hundred  and  seventy-five  genera,  and  many  more  than 
two  thousand  species  which  are  referable  to  this  family.  In  the 
arrangement  of  the  genera  and  the  species  the  author  has  in  the 
main  followed  Dyar's  Catalogue,  which  is  based  upon  that  of 
Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  published  in  1893  as  "Bulletin  44  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum." 

The  moths  are  nocturnal  in  their  habits.  The  neuration  is 
very  constant,  and  is  described  as  follows  by  Hampson  ("Moths 
of  India,  "Vol.  II,  p.  160): 

"  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a  slight  and  not  anastomosing  with 
ibj  \c  absent;  2  from  middle  of  cell;  3,  4,  5  from  close  to  lower 
angle;  6  from  upper  angle;  8  given  off  from  7  and  anastomosing 
with  9,  which  is  given  off  from  10  to  form  an  areole;  11  from 
cell;  12  long.  Hind  wing  with  \a  and  b  present;  \c  absent; 
2  from  middle  of  cell;  3  and  4  from  lower  angle;  5  from  near 
lower  angle  or  middle  of  discocellulars,  rarely  absent,  but  more 
or  less  aborted  in  the  Acontiince  and  Trifince.  Frenulum  always, 
proboscis  almost  always,  present." 

The  larvae  are  generally  naked,  or  at  most  pubescent.  In 
some  of  the  subfamilies  the  larvae  are  semiloopers,  some  of  the 
prolegs  being  absent.  Pupation  generally  takes  place  under 


Noctuidc 

ground  without  a  cocoon,  the  earth  being  fashioned  in  some 
cases  into  a  cemented  cell  about  the  pupa. 

Genus  PANTHEA  Hubner 

(i)  Panthea  furcilla  Packard,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  31,  $. 
(The  Eastern  Panthea.) 

Closely  allied  to  the  following  species,  from  which  it  may  be 
distinguished  by  the  absence  of  the  reniform  spot  at  the  end  of 
the  cell. 

(2)  Panthea  portlandia  Grote,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  30,  $  .  (The 
Western  Panthea.) 

Transverse  markings  less  diffuse  than  in  the  preceding 
species,  and  reniform  spot  always  present. 

P.  furcilla  occurs  on  the  northern  Atlantic,  and  P.  portlandia 
on  the  northern  Pacific  coast. 

(For  the  other  two  species  consult  Proceedings  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Vol.  XXI, 
p.  13.) 

Genus  DEMAS  Stephens 

(i)  Demas  propinquilinea  Grote,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  3,  ?. 
(The  Close-banded  Demas.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  on  various  deciduous  trees,  making  a 
case  for  itself  by  drawing  two  leaves  together  with  strands  of 
silk.  It  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(For  the  other  two  species  of  genus  see  Proceedings  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Vol. 
XXI,  p.  22.) 

Genus  CHARADRA  Walker 

(1)  Charadra  deridens  Guenee,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  4,    ?. 
(The  Laugher.) 

Syn.  circulifer  Walker;  contigua  Walker. 

A  rather  rare  moth,  the  habitat  of  which  is  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  the  larva  of  which  makes  a  case  for  itself,  very  much  as 
done  by  the  preceding  species. 

(2)  Charadra  illudens  Walker,   Plate  XVIII,   Fig.   5,    $. 
Fig.  2,  ?  .     (The  Sport.) 

Syn.  pyttion  Druce. 

A  Mexican  species,  which  I  admit  to  the  fauna  of  our  territory 
on  the  authority  of  George  Franck  of  Brooklyn.,  who  reports  its 
occurrence  in  Florida. 

152 


Noctuidse 

(3)  Charadra  decora  Morrison,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  29,  $ . 
(The  Dandy.) 

Syn.  felina  Druce. 

This  is  likewise  a  Mexican  species,  which  is  said  to  occur 
in  Arizona,  but  the  fact  of  its  being  found  there  requires 
verification. 

One  other  species  of  the  genus,  C.  dispulsa  Morrison,  occurs 
in  the  Southern  States. 

Genus    RAPHIA   Hu'bner 

(i)  Raphia  frater  Grote,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  3,  ?.  (The 
Brother.) 

Syn.  personata  Walker;  flexuosa  Walker. 

There  are  three  species  belonging  to  this  genus  in  our 
fauna.  They  are  closely  alike  in  appearance.  The  species  we 
figure  occurs  in  the  Eastern  States.  R.  abrupta  Grote  is  also 
an  eastern  species,  while  R.  coloradensis  is  found  in  the  West. 

Genus   APATELA   Hubner 

This  is  a  large  genus,  well  represented  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  The  latest 
Catalogue  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the  United  States  credits  our 
fauna  with  seventy-five  species.  The  genus  has  been  mono- 
graphed by  Smith  &  Dyar.  (See  Proceedings  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum, 
Vol.  XXI,  pp.  1-104.)  Within  the  compass  of  these  pages  we 
cannot  do  more  than  give  a  representation  of  a  number  of  the 
forms,  which  have  been  described,  leaving  the  student  to 
further  researches  in  the  readily  accessible  literature  of  the 
subject. 

(1)  Apatela   americana    Harris,    Plate    XVIII,  Fig.    12,    9 . 
(The  American  Dagger-moth.) 

Syn.  acericola  Guen6e;  obscura  Henry  Edwards;  aceris  Abbot  & 
Smith  (non  Linnaeus). 

This  is  one  of  the  largest  species  of  the  genus. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  deciduous  trees  of  many  genera, 
and  the  insect  occurs  from  New  England  to  Utah  and  south 
to  the  Gulf  States. 

(2)  Apatela   dactylina    Grote,    Plate    XVIII,    Fig.    17,    $ . 
(The  Fingered  Dagger-moth). 

Easily  distinguished  from  the  preceding  species,  which  it 


FIG.  85. — Apatela  populi,  ? 
(After  Riley.) 


Noctuidae 

resembles  in  the  markings  of  the  fore  wings,  by  its  smaller 
size  and  the  white  hind  wings.  It  ranges  from  Canada  to 
Virginia  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  caterpillar 
lives  upon  alder,  willow,  and  birch. 

(3)  Apatela  populi  Riley,  Plate  XVIII,   Fig.    14,    $       (The 
Cottonwood  Dagger-moth.) 

The  moth,  of  which  we  reproduce  the  figures  of  the  larva  and 
imago  given  by  Professor  Riley,  who  first  described  the  species, 

ranges  from  Canada  to  the 
western  parts  of  the  Carolinas, 
thence  across  the  continent  to 
the  Pacific  coast,  avoiding  the 
warmer  regions  of  the  Gulf 
States  and  southern  California. 
The  imago  is  discriminated  from 
Apatela  lepusculina  Guenee  by 
the  broader  wings,  especially  of 
the  female,  by  the  paler  ground- 
color of  the  primaries,  and  by  the  absence  of  the  orbicular 
spot,  which  is  very  rarely  as  conspicuous  as  it  appears  in 
the  figure  given  by  Riley,  and  still  further  by  the  very  short 
basal  dash  on  the 
fore  wings,  which 
in  A.  lepusculina  is 
long,  reaching  out- 
wardly as  a  sharply 
defined  black  line 
one-third  of  the 
length  of  the  cell. 
The  larva  is  also  quite 
different  in  impor- 
tant particulars  from 
that  of  the  species, 
which  has  been 
named,  but  with 
which  this  species  is 
often  confounded  in 
collections.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  foliage  of  different 
species  of  the  genus  Populus,  and  is  particularly  common  in  the 


FIG.  86. — Apatela  populi,  larva. 
(After  Riley.) 


'54 


Noctuidae 

States  of  the  Mississippi  Basin  upon  the  Cotlonwood  (Populus 
monilifera  and  Populus  heterophylla.) 

(4)  Apatela   innotata   Guenee,    Plate   XVIII,    Fig.    I},    $. 
(The  Unmarked  Dagger-moth.) 

Svn.  graft  Grote. 

The  figure  given  in  the  plate  represents  a  form  intermediate 
between  those  depicted  by  Smith  &  Dyar.  (See  Proceedings 
U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Vol.  XXI,  Plate  II,  Figs.  17,  18).  The  ground 
color  is  a  dirty  yellowish-white.  The  species  occurs  in  Canada 
and  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

(5)  Apatela  morula  Grote,   Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  8,    6.     (The 
Darkish  Dagger-moth. ) 

Syn   ulmi  Harris. 

This  insect  occurs  from  Canada  southward  and  westward  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  elm,  apple, 
and  linden. 

(6)  Apatela   interrupta   Guenee,    Plate    XIX,    Fig.    5,    9. 
(The  Interrupted  Dagger-moth.)  f  ' 

Syn.  occidentalis  Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  the  Rosacece,  and  also  upon  the  elm 
and  the  birch.  The  insect  has  a  wide  range  from  the  Atlantic 
seaboard  to  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  from  Canada  to  the 
northern  portions  of  the  Gulf  States. 

(7)  Apatela  lobeliae  Guenee,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  9,   $  .     (The 
Lobelia  Dagger-moth.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  oak,  in  spite  of  the  fact  that  the 
author  of  the  species  attributed  it  to  the  Lobelia,  which  would 
no  doubt  poison  it  if  administered.  It  ranges  from  Canada  to 
Florida  and  Texas,  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(8)  Apatela   furcifera   Guenee,    Plate   XVIII,    Fig.   10,    $ . 
(The  Forked  Dagger-moth.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  the 
preceding.  The  larva  feeds  upon  various  species  of  wild-cherry. 

(9)  Apatela  hasta  Guenee,  Plate   XIX,  Fig.  6,    ?.      (The 
Dart  Dagger-moth.) 

Syn.  telum  Guenee. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and 
Canada.  It  is  smaller  and  darker  than  the  preceding  species,  to 

tfl 


Noctuidae 

which  it  is  closely  allied.  The  figure  in  the  plate  is  hardly  dark 
enough. 

(10)  Apatela  quadrata  Grote.  Plate  XVI II.  Fig.  15,  $. 
(The  Quadrate  Dagger.) 

This  species  occurs  on  the  Pacific  coast  and  ranges  eastward 
as  far  as  Alberta  in  the  north  and  Kansas  in  the  south.  The 
author  does  not  recall  a  description  of  the  larva. 

(n)  Apatela  superans  Guenee,  Plate  XVI II,  Fig.  26,  ?. 
(The  Chieftain  Dagger.) 

This  is  a  well-marked  species,  which  cannot  easily  be  mis- 
taken. It  occurs  in  Canada,  southward  to  the  Carolinas,  and 
westward  through  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  The  larva  feeds 
on  the  same  plants  as  its  allies,  which  have  been  mentioned  above. 
(12)  Apatela  lithospila  Grote,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  24,  $. 
(The  Streaked  Dagger.) 

Ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  The  larva  feeds 
upon  oak,  hickory,  and  chestnut. 

(13)  Apatela    connecta  Grote,    Plate  XVIII,   Fig.    19,    $. 
(The  Connected  Dagger.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Caro- 
linas and  westward  to  the  Mississippi.  The  larva  feeds  on  wil- 
lows. 

(14)  Apatela  fragilis  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  i,    $.     (The 
Fragile  Dagger-moth.) 

Syn.  spectans  Walker. 

This  delicate  little  species  has  by  some  authors  been  referred 
to  the  genus  Microccdia,  but  is  a  true  Apatela,  It  ranges  from 
Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi.  The 
caterpillar  feeds  on  birch  and  various  plants  belonging  to  the 
Rosacece. 

(15)  Apatela    vinnula    Grote,    Plate    XVIII,    Fig.    25,    ?. 
(The  Delightful  Dagger.) 

This  pretty  and  easily  recognizable  species  feeds  in  the  larval 
stage  upon  the  elm  and  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the 
border  of  the  Great  Plains.  It  comes  very  freely  to  sugar. 

(16)  Apatela  grisea  Walker,   Plate   XVI 1 1 1,   Fig.    n,    ?. 
(The  Gray  Dagger-moth.) 

Syn.  pudorata  Morrison. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  on  apple,  birch,  willow,  elm,  and  arrow 
156 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XVIII 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Diphthera  fallax  Herrich-Schseffer,    $. 

2.  Charadra  illudens  Walker,    9  . 

3.  Raphia  frater  Grote,    $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Charadra  deridens  Guenee,    9  . 

5.  Charadra  illudens  Walker,   cJ1. 

6.  Arsilonche  albovenosa  Goeze,   (J1. 

7.  Merolonche  lupini  Grote,  c?, 

Merrick  Collection. 

8.  Apatela  morula  Grote,  (?. 

9.  Apatela  lobelia  Guenee,    cJ1. 

10.  Apatela  furcifera  Guenee,   cJ1. 

11.  Apatela  grisea  Walker,    $  . 

12.  Apatela  americana  Harris,    9- 

13.  Apatela  innotata  Guenee,  tf . 

14.  Apatela  lepusculina  Guen6e,   (J1. 

15.  Apatela   quadrata   Grote,    9  . 

1 6.  Apatel-a  radcliffei  Harvey,  o1. 

17.  Apatela  dactylina  Grote,   c?. 

1 8.  Apatela  oblinita  Abbot  &  Smith,    9  • 

19.  Apatela  connecta  Grote,  tf. 

20.  Apatela  noctivaga  Grote,    9- 

21.  Apatela  impressa  Walker,  tf, 

22.  Apatela  impleta.  Walker,    9. 

23.  Apatela  brumosa  Guen6e,   c?. 

24.  Apatela  xyliniformis  Guenee,   (J1,  • 

Merrick  Collection. 

25.  Apatela  vinnula  Grote,    9  • 

26.  Apatela  super ans  Guenee,    9« 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATS  XVIII. 


*  't  • 


>*/£?. 


•«S$ 

•>fc>J 


WU 


26 


Noctuidae 

wood  (Euonymus).     The  insect  is  found  from  Canada  to  Georgia 
and  westward  to  Missouri  and  Minnesota. 

(17)  Apatela    albarufa   Grote,    Plate   XVIII,    Fig.    16,    $. 
(The  Reddish-white  Dagger.) 

A  somewhat  variable  species  characterized  by  a  very  faint 
reddish  cast  upon  the  primaries.  It  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to 
New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

(18)  Apatela   brumosa    Guenee,   Plate  XVIII,   Fig.   23,   $. 
(The  Frosty  Dagger-moth.) 

Syn.  inclara  Smith. 

Very  closely  allied  to  A.  impressa  Walker,  but  easily  dis- 
tinguished from  that  species  by  the  lighter  hind  wings.  The 
larva  feeds  upon  willow,  birch,  and  alder. 

(19)  Apatela  noctivaga  Grote,    Plate   XVIII,   Fig.    20,    ?. 
(The  Burglar  Dagger.) 

The  larva  feeds  upon  poplar  and  various  herbaceous  plants. 
The  insect  is  found  over  almost  the  entire  United  States  and 
southern  Canada. 

(20)  Apatela  impressa  Walker,    Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  21,    $. 
(The  Printed  Dagger.) 

The  larva  feeds  upon  willow,  plum,  hazel,  currant,  and 
blackberry.  It  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(21)  Apatela  impleta   Walker,    Plate   XVIII,    Fig.   22,    ?. 
(The  Yellow-haired  Dagger.) 

Syn.  luteicoma  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  Canada  to  Florida  and 
westward  far  into  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  The  larva 
feeds  on  a  great  variety  of  deciduous  trees  and  shrubs. 

(22)  Apatela   oblinita  Abbot    &  Smith,   Plate  XVIII,  Fig. 
1 8,    $  .     (The  Smeared  Dagger.) 

Syn.  salicis  Harris. 

This  is  probably  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus.  It 
occurs  from  eastern  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains.  The  larva  feeds  on  a  great  variety  of  shrubs 
and  herbaceous  plants.  It  never  is  found  upon  trees.  It  is  very 
fond  of  the  various  species  of  smart-weed  (Polygonum},  and  in  the 

»57 


Noctuidae 

fall  of  the  year  it  is  very  abundant  in  places  where  this  plant  grows. 

It  does  some  damage  to  cotton-plants  in  the  South,  but  by  hand 

picking  it  can  easily 
be  kept  under.  The 
cocoon,  which  is  com- 
posed of  yellowish 
silk,  is  long  and  oval. 
There  are  two  broods 
in  the  Middle  States. 
The  hibernating  in- 
sects emerge  from 
their  cocoons  in  May, 
and  lay  their  eggs. 
The  caterpillars  de- 
velop and  the  second 
brood  of  moths  ap- 
pears upon  the  wing 

FIG.   Sj.—Apatela  oblinata.      a.    Larva;     6.       in    July.      They     Ovi- 

Cocoon;  c.  Moth.    (After  Riley.)  posit  and  the   cater- 

pillars of  this  gene- 
ration, having  made  their  cocoons,  pass  the  winter  in  the 
pupal  state. 

Genus  APHARETRA  Grote 

This  is  a  small  genus,  the  species  of  which  have  been 
separated  from  Apatela,  in  which  they  have  been  formerly 
placed.  We  give  figures  of  both  species  known  to  occur  within 
our  territory.  They  have  been  drawn  from  the  types,  and  will 
suffice  for  the  identification  of  the  perfect  insects.  Nothing  is  as 
yet  known  as  to  their  larval  stages. 

(i)  Apharetra  dentata  Grote.     (The  Toothed  Apharetra.) 
This  insect  occurs  in  Canada  and  the  northern  portions  of 


FIG.  88. — Apharetra  dentata,  £ 
New  York  and  New  England.     It  is,  however,  for  some  reason 
as  yet  very  rare    in    collections.     The   annexed    cut    has    been 

158 


Noctuidas 

drawn  for  me  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight  from  the  type  which  is 
contained  in  the  British  Museum. 

(2)  Apharetra  pyralis  Smith.     (Smith's 
Apharetra.) 

The   specimen    represented    in    Fig.    89   is 
the    type    contained    in    the    United    States 
National    Museum,    a    drawing   of    which    I 
was  kindly  permitted  to  make.     The  species     IGJ 
is    considerably    darker    than   the  preceding. 
It  is  thus  far  only  known  from  the  Territory  of  Alberta  in  British 
America. 

Genus  ARSILONCHE  Lederer 

Two  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  represented  in  our 
fauna.  Arsilonche  color ada  was  described  by  Smith  in  the  Pro- 
ceedings of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  Vol.  XXII, 
p.  414,  in  1900.  The  other  species,  which  is  well  known,  we 
figure. 

(i)  Arsilonche  albovenosa  Goeze,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  6,  $. 
(The  White-veined  Dagger.) 

The  abdomen  in  our  figure  is  dark,  the  specimen  being  greased. 
It  should  be  light,  like  the  thorax.  The  insect  occurs  quite  com- 
monly in  Canada  and  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States, 
and  also  in  Europe  and  northern  Asia. 

Genus  MEROLONCHE  Grote 

For  a  full  account  of  the  three  species  contained  in  this  genus 
the  student  is  referred  to  the  Proceedings  of  the  United  States 
National  Museum,  Vol.  XXI,  p.  179. 

(i)  Merolonche  lupini  Grote,  Plate  XVIII,  Fig.  7,  $. 
(The  Lupine  Dagger.) 

Like  all  the  species  of  this  genus  the  Lupine  Dagger  is  an 
inhabitant  of  the  Pacific  States.  Good  specimens  are  rare  in 
collections. 

Genus  HARRISIMEMNA  Grote 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus  is  thus  far  known, 
(i)  Harrisimemna  trisignata  Walker,   Plate  XIX,  Fig.  4, 
?  .     (Harris's  Three-spot.) 

159 


Noctuidae 

The  moth  ranges  from  Canada  to  Texas,  and  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Great  Plains.  The  larva  feeds  on  the  winterberry 
and  the  lilac. 

Genus  MICROCCELIA  Guenee 

This  genus  is  like  the  preceding  represented  in  our  territory 
by  but  one  species. 

(i)  Microccelia  diphtheroides  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  9,  $  ; 
form  obliterata  Grote,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  10,  6  .  (The  Marbled 
Microccelia.) 

The  form  obliterata  in  which  the  marblings  are  wanting  is 
common.  The  species  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion  of  the 
United  States. 

Genus  JASPIDIA  Hubner 

This  is   a   moderately  large  genus  embracing  five  species, 

which  occur  in  our  fauna.  We  figure  two  of  them. 

(1)  Jaspidia  lepidula  Grote,   Plate  XIX,  Fig.  7,    $.     (The 
Marbled-green  Jaspidia. ) 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion,  ranging 
from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Jaspidia    teratophora    Herrich-Schaeffer,     Plate    XIX, 
Fig.  8,  $,     (The  White-spotted  Jaspidia.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  practically  the  same  as  that 
of  the  preceding. 

Genus  DIPHTHERA  Hu'bner 

There  is  but  one  species  of  this  genus  in  our  fauna. 

(i)  Diphthera  fallax  Herrich-Schzeffer,  Plate  .  XVIII, 
Fig.  i,  $  .  (The  Green  Marvel.) 

This  beautiful  little  moth  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Appala- 
chian, or  Atlantic,  Subregion  of  the  Continent. 

Genus  POLYGRAMMATE  Hubner 

This  genus  like  the  preceding  is  represented  in  our  territory 
by  but  a  single  species. 

(i)  Polygrammate  hebraicum  Hubner,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  II, 
$ .  (The  Hebrew.) 

Syn.  hebrcea  Guenee. 

160 


Noctuidae 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  sour  gum-tree  (Nyssa  sylva- 
tica).  The  larval  stages  have  been  described  by  Dyar.  (See 
Proceedings  U.  S.  Nat.  Museum,  Vol.  XXI,  p.  9.)  The  insect  is 
not  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania  and  has  much  the  same  range 
as  the  preceding  three  or  four  species. 

Genus  CERMA  Hubner 

Three  species  of  this  genus  are  credited  to.  our  fauna.  The 
one  of  which  we  give  a  cut  has  been  by  some  authors  con- 
founded with  Poly gr animate  hebraicum. 

(i)  Cerma  cora  Hubner.    (The  Cora  Moth.) 

Syn.  festa  Gucnee. 

The  ground-color  of  this  pretty  little  moth  is 
white  shading  into  vinaceous  gray,  upon  which 
the  darker  markings  stand  forth  conspicuously. 
It  is  quite  rare,  and  so  far  as  is  known  is  con- 
fined to  the  Atlantic  Subregion  of  the  continent.  The  figure 
was  drawn  by  the  author  from  a  specimen  in  the  possession  of 
the  Brooklyn  Institute,  belonging  to  the  Neumoegen  Collection. 

Genus  CYATHISSA  Grote 

(i)  Cyathissa  percara  Morrison,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  12,  $ . 
(The  Darling  Cyathissa.) 

This  pretty  little  species  is  found  in  the  Gulf  States  and  has 
been  reported  as  ranging  northward  as  far  as  Colorado.  A 
second  species  of  the  genus  has  during  the  past  year  been 
described  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  from  southern  California,  under 
the  name  pallida. 

Genus  CHYTONIX  Grote 

(i)  Chytonix  palliatricula  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  13,  $  ; 
Fig.  14,  6  .  var.  (The  Cloaked  Marvel.) 

Syn.  iaspis  Guenee. 

A  common  species  in  the  Northern  Atlantic  States.  It  may 
be  found  in  June  and  July  in  Pennsylvania  seated  upon  the  bark 
of  oak-trees  in  the  forest.  It  comes  freely  to  sugar  and  to  light. 

161 


Noctuida 

Genus  COPIBRYOPHILA  Smith 

Of  the  sole  species,  named  angelica,  belonging  to  this  genus, 
which  was  erected  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith 
in  the  year  1900  (see  "Proceedings  U. 
S.  Nat.  Mus.,"  Vol.  XXII,  p.  416),  we 
give  a  cut  made  from  a  drawing  of  the 
FIG.      91. — Copibryophila      type,  which  is  contained  in  the  National 
angelica,  <?.  i-  Museum  at  Washington. 

Genus  ALEPTINA  Dyar 

This  genus  has  been  erected  by  Dyar  to  accommodate  the 
species  named  inca  by  him  in  the  "Canadian  Entomologist," 
Vol.  XXXIV,  p.  104.  The  male  is  figured  on  Plate  XVII,  Fig. 
28.  The  insect  is  found  in  Arizona  and  Texas. 

Genus  BAILEYA  Grote 

A  small  genus,  the  species  in  which  have  been  commonly 
referred  hitherto  to  the  genus  Leptina,  but  erroneously. 

(1)  Baileya  ophthalmica  Guenee,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  25,  ?. 
Not   an   uncommon   species   in   the  Appalachian   Subregion. 

It  comes  freely  to  sugar,  and  is  rather  abundant  in  the  forests  of 
southern  Indiana. 

(2)  Baileya  australis  Grote,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  27,  $  . 

This  is  smaller  than  the  preceding  species,  and  generally 
lighter  in  color,  with  a  very  pronounced  blackish  apical  shade 
on  the  fore  wings.  It  occurs  in  the  Gulf  States  from  Florida  to 
Texas. 

(3)  Baileya  doubledayi  Guenee,  Plate  XVII.  Fig.  26,  $  . 
Of   the   same   size   as   ophthalmica,    but   differently   marked. 

From  australis  it  may  readily  be  distinguished  by  its  larger  size, 
and  by  the  different  marking  of  the  apex  of  the  fore  wings. 

Genus  HADENELLA  Grote 

(1)  Hadenella  pergentilis  Grote,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  24,  ?  . 
This  inconspicuous,  but  neatly  marked  little  insect,  belongs 

to  the  region  of  the  Pacific  coast,  and  ranges  eastward  as  far  as 
Colorado. 

(2)  Hadenella  subjuncta  Smith,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  25,  S  . 

162 


NeetuidJB 

The  identification  of  this  insect  with  minuscula  Morrison, 
made  by  Dr.  Dyar,  is  open  to  question.  The  range  of  this 
species  is  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  mountains  of  Colorado,  north 
of  the  Gulf  States. 

Genus  ACOPA   Harvey 

(l)  Acopa  carina  Harvey,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  16,  <$  . 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Texas.  Three  other  species 
belonging  to  the  region  of  the  Southwestern  States  have  been 
referred  to  this  genus. 

Genus   CATABENA   Walker 
(i)  Catabena  lineolata  Walker,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  15,  $ . 

Syn.  miscellus  Grote. 

This  is  a  common  little  moth  which  ranges  from  the  Atlantic 
States  to  California.  It  is  freely  attracted  to  light.  The  larva 
feeds  on  Verbena. 

Genus   CRAMBODES    Guenee 

(i)  Crambodes  talidiformis  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

Syn.  conjugens  Walker. 

A  common  species  in  the  Appalachian  Subregion,  ranging 
westward  as  far  as  Colorado.  Like  the  preceding  species  the 
larval  form  feeds  on  Verbena. 

Genus   PLATYSENTA   Grote 

(1)  Platysenta  videns  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  21,   9. 

Syn.  indigens  Walker;  meskei  Speyer;  atriciliata  Grote. 

This  species  has  the  same  range  as  the  preceding.  It  is 
common  at  sugar. 

(2)  Platysenta  albipuncta  Smith,   Plate  XIX,  Fig.  23,    6  . 
This  moth  was  originally  described  from  Colorado,  but  it 

occurs    all    through  the  Southwestern   States.     The  specimen 
figured  came  from  Texas. 

Genus  BALSA  Walker 
(i)  Balsa  malana  Fitch,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  18,  6. 

Syn.  obliquifera  Walker. 

I63 


Noctuidw 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States  and  is 
freely  attracted  to  light. 

Genus  PLATYPERIGEA  Smith 

This  genus  has  been  erected  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith  for  the 
reception  of  three  species,   two   of  which   we  figure  in  the 
annexed  cuts,  which  have   been  made 
*°r    me   fr°m    the    types    through    the 

courtesy    of 

Dr.   H.  G.  Dyar, 
of    Washington. 

FIG.  02. — Plalypengea        ...      ,.    ,  . 

pLacuta,  I  f  All  of  the  species 

have    been     re- 
corded from  Colorado.     They  also  occur 
in  Wyoming,  and  I  have  specimens  col- 
lected for  me  in  the  Freeze-out  Mountains  in  that  State.     They 
probably  have  an  extensive  range  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus  ANORTHODES  Smith 

(i)  Anorthodes  prima  Smith,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  19,   $  . 

This  inconspicuous  insect  is  quite  common  in  central  Ohio, 
and  its  range  extends  thence  southward  into  the  Southern 
States.  It  occurs  in  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  the  Carolinas,  and 
Georgia. 

Genus  CARADRINA  Ochsenheimer 

This  is  a  genus  of  moderate  extent,  represented  both  in  the 
Old  World  and  the  New.  We  have  chosen  a  few  species, 
familiarity  with  which  will  enable  the  student  to  recognize 
others. 

(1)  Caradrina  meralis  Morrison,    Plate   XIX,    Fig.  22,   $  . 
(The  Mooned  Rustic.) 

Syn.  bilunata  Grote. 

The  moth  is  distributed  from  the  Atlantic  seaboard  to  the 
interior  of  New  Mexico.  It  is  common  in  Texas. 

(2)  Caradrina  multifera  Walker,   Plate  XIX,    Fig.  29,    ¥ . 
(The  Speckled  Rustic.) 

Syn.  fidicularia  Morrison. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 
164 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XIX 

(Except  when   otherwise  indicated,   the    specimens 
in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


are  contained 


1.  Apatela  fragilis  Guenee,   cJ1. 

2.  Ciris  wilsoni  Grote,    c?. 

3.  Demas     pro  pinquilinea     Grote. 

9,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Harrisimemna     trisignata 

Walker,  .$  . 

5.  Apatela  interrupta  Guenee,  9- 

6.  Apatela  hasta  Guenee,    9  . 

7.  Jaspidea  lepidula  Grote,  tf . 

8.  Jaspidea    teratophora    Herrich- 

Schreffer,   <?. 

9.  Microccelia      diphtheroides 

Guenee,    cJ1. 
10.  Microccelia    diphtheroides    var. 

obliterata,  Grote,  (?• 
n.  Polygram  mate    hebraicum 

Hiibner,    J1. 

12.  Cyathissa  per  car  a  Morrison,  c?, 

U.   S.   N.   M. 

13.  Chytonix   palliatricula  Guen6e, 

d1-    _ 

14.  Chytonix   palliatricula   Guen6e, 

var.,  <?. 

15.  Catabena  lineolata  Walker,  <3\ 

16.  Acopa   carina  Harvey,    tf ,  U. 

S.   N.   M. 

17.  Crambodes  talidiformis  Guen6e, 

d1- 

1 8.  £o/sa  malana  Fitch,   c?. 


19.  Anorthodes  prima  Smith,  <?. 

20.  Orthodes  vecors  Guenee,    c?1. 

21.  Platysenta  videns  Guende,  9. 

2  2 .  Caradrina  meralis  Morrison ,  &  . 

23.  Platysenta  albipuncta  Smith,  <?  . 

24.  Hadenella  pergentilis  Grote,  ?  . 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

25.  Hadenella  subjuncta  Smith,  $  . 

26.  Caradrina  extimia  Walker,  cJ1. 
2  7 .   Caradrina  punctivena  Smith ,  tf . 

28.  Caradrina  spilomela  Walker,  <?. 

29.  Caradrina  multifera  Walker,  9. 

30.  Perigea  xanthioides  Guen6e,  tf . 

31.  Perigea  vecors  Guenee,    9- 

32.  Oligia  festivoides  Guenee,   J1. 

33.  Oligia  grata  Hiibner,   J1. 

34.  Oligia  fuscimacula  Grote,  tf. 

35.  Hillia  algens  Grote,  c?. 

36.  Hadena  passer  Guen6e,   c?. 

37.  Hadena  burgessi  Morrison,  of1. 

38.  Hadena  lateritia  Hiibner,  (5*. 

39.  Hadena  dubitans  Walker,    9  • 

40.  Hadena  ducta  Grote,    9  . 

41.  Mamestra   juncimacula   Smith, 

42.  Hadena  nigrior  Smith,  9  • 

43.  Hadena  verbascoides  Guene'e,  9  • 

44.  Hadena  devastatrix  Brace,  cJ1. 

45.  Hadena  arctica  Boisduval,  cJ1. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XIX 


*<fig$t 


COPYHIGMTED   BY   W 


Noctuidae 

(3)  Caradrina  spilomela  Walker,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  28,    6. 
(The  Convivial  Rustic.) 

Syn.  conviva  Harvey. 

This  is  a  neotropical  species  found  all  over  the  hotter  parts 
of  North  and  South  America,  and  ranging  northward  into 
Arizona  and  Texas. 

(4)  Caradrina    extimia    Walker,    Plate  XIX,   Fig.   26,    I . 
(The  Civil  Rustic.) 

Syn.  civica  Grote. 

The  moth  occurs  in  Colorado  and  thence  westward  to  the 
Pacific. 

(5)  Caradrina  punctivena  Smith,    Plate  XIX,    Fig.  27,   $  . 
(The  Brown-streaked  Rustic.) 

The  identity  of  this  insect  with  C.  rufostriga  Packard  has 
been  suggested  as  probable.  Its  habitat  is  Colorado,  among  the 
mountains,  and  Labrador.  It  no  doubt  occurs  at  intermediate 
points  at  suitable  elevations.  It  is  evidently  a  strictly  boreal 
form. 

Geaus  PERIGEA  Guenee 

This  is  a  rather  extensive  genus,  well  represented  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  New  World,  and  also  occurring  in  the 
Eastern  Hemisphere.  Twenty-four  species  are  credited  to  our 
fauna  in  the  latest  catalogue.  We  figure  two  of  the  commoner 
species,  which  have  a  wide  range. 

(1)  Perigea  xanthioides  Guenee,    Plate  XIX,    Fig.   30,   $  . 
(The  Red  Groundling.) 

This  is  not  a  scarce  species  in  the  Appalachian  Subregion. 
It  is  particularly  abundant  in  southern  Indiana  and  Kentucky, 
where  I  have  obtained  it  in  large  numbers. 

(2)  Perigea  vecors  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  31,    ?.     (The 
Dusky  Groundling.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  very  much  the  same  as  that 
of  the  preceding. 

Genus  OLIGIA  Hu'bner 

Nine  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  credited  to  our  terri- 
tory, of  which  number  three  are  selected  for  illustration. 

(i)  Oligia  festivoides  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  32,  6. 
(The  Festive  Midget.) 

Syn.  varia  Walker. 

I65 


Noctuidae 

This  is  not  an  uncommon  species  in   the   Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Oligia  fuscimacula  Grote,  Plate  XIX  Fig.  34,  $  .     (The 
Brown-spotted  Midget.) 

A  common  species  in  the  Gulf  States. 

(3)  Oligia   grata   Hilbner,    Plate   XIX,    Fig.    33,    <$ .     (The 
Grateful  Midget.) 

Syn.  rasilis  Morrison. 

This  species  is  quite  widely  distributed  through  the  Atlantic 
States. 

Genus    HILLIA    Grote 

There  are  three  species  in  this  genus.  They  are  found  in  the 
-more  temperate  regions  of  our  territory,  being  confined  to  the 
Northern  States  or  to  high  elevations  among  the  mountains  of 
the  West. 

(i)  Hillia  algens  Grote,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  35,  $  . 

This  obscurely  colored  moth  is  found  in  Maine,  northern 
New  York,  southern  Canada,  and  among  the  mountains  of 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Montana. 

Genus    HADENA   Schrank 

This  is  a  very  large  genus  which  is  represented  in  both  the 
Old  World  and  New.  More  than  one  hundred  species  are  credited 
to  our  fauna.  Of  these  we  have  selected  a  number  for  purposes  of 
illustration,  knowing  that  familiarity  with  these  will  enable  the 
young  collector  presently  to  recognize  other  species,  which  he 
will  then  be  able  to  determine  with  the  help  of  accessible 
literature. 

(1)  Hadena  bridghami  Grote  &  Robinson,   Plate  XX,  Fig. 
2,  $  .     (Bridgham's  Hadena.) 

A  bright  little  species,  the  reddish  color  of  the  medial  area  of 
the  fore  wings  being  quite  distinctive.  It  is  found  in  the 
Appalachian  Subregion. 

(2)  Hadena  transfrons  Neumoegen,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  7,    ?  . 
(Neumcegen's  Hadena.) 

Closely  allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  with  darker 
primaries,  and  dark  hind  wings.  Habitat  Alberta  and  British 
Columbia. 

166 


Noctuid. 

(j)  Hadena  violacea  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  12,  ?  .  (The 
Violet  Hadena.) 

This  species,  which  ranges  over  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  from  Colorado  to  California,  may  be  distinguished 
from  the  preceding  two  species  by  its  somewhat  larger  size,  and 
by  the  fact  that  the  secondaries  are  immaculately  white. 

(4)  Hadena  claudens  Walker,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  6,  $  .     (The 
Dark-winged  Hadena.) 

Syn.  hilli  Grote. 

This  species  is  apparently  confined  to  the  northern  portion  of 
the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(5)  Hadena  modica  Guenee,   Plate  XX,  Fig.  14,  $.     (The 
Black-banded  Hadena.) 

Syn.  subcedens  Walker. 

Ranges  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

(6)  Hadena  characta  Grote,   Plate  XX,   Fig.  },  $  .      (The 
Double-banded  Hadena.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  in  the  southwestern  portion  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  Arizona. 

(7)  Hadena  mactata  Guenee,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  8,  $.     (The 
Dark-spotted  Hadena.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  over  the  Appalachian 
Subregion  and  westward  to  the  eastern  ranges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(8)  Hadena  turbulenta  Hubner,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  16,  $  .     (The 
Turbulent  Hadena.) 

Syn.  arcuata  Walker. 

This  little  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(9)  Hadena  versuta  Smith,    Plate  XX,    Fig.  4,  $ .     (The 
Albertan  Hadena.) 

So  far  as  is  now  known  this  species  is  found  in  the  Territory 
of  Alberta,  but  it  probably  has  a  wide  range  on  the  eastern  slopes 
of  the  northern  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(10)  Hadena   miseloides   Guenee,    Plate   XX,    Fig.    15,  ?. 
(The  White-spotted  Hadena.) 

This  is  not  a  scarce  species  in  the  Atlantic  States.  It  may 
easily  be  recognized  by  its  greenish  fore  wings,  generally  marked 
near  the  middle  by  a  large  white  spot. 

167 


Noctuidse 

(n)  Hadena  chlorostigma  Harvey,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  13.  $  . 
(The  Green-spotted  Hadena.) 

This  species  is  variable  in  color,  some  specimens  having 
green  spots  on  the  disk  of  the  fore  wings,  others  being,  as  repre- 
sented in  the  plate,  almost  entirely  brown.  It  is  a  common 
species  in  the  central  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  ranging 
thence  southward.  The  example  figured  was  taken  at  Columbus, 
Ohio. 

(12)  Hadena  fractilinea  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  10,  $  .  (The 
Broken-lined  Hadena.) 

Not  a  scarce  species  in  the  Appalachian  Subregion. 

(  1 3)  Hadena  basilinea  Fabricius,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  9,  $  .  (The 
Base-streaked  Hadena.) 

Syn.  cerivana  Smith. 

This  species,  which  is  also  found  in  Europe,  occurs  in  Alberta, 
and  the  northwestern  portions  of  British  North  America. 

(14)  Hadena  passer  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  36,  $.     (The 
Passerine  Hadena.) 

Syn.  incallida  Walker;  loculata  Morrison;  viralis  Grote;  conspicua 
Morrison. 

Not  a  very  common  species,  ranging  from  southern  Canada 
and  the  northern  Atlantic  States  westward  in  the  same  latitudes 
to  the  Pacific,  and  southward  into  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

(15)  Hadena   burgessi   Morrison,    Plate   XIX,   Fig.    37,    $. 
(Burgess's  Hadena.) 

Syn.  discors  Grote. 

The  habitat  of  this  well-marked  species  is  the  Atlantic  Sub- 
region  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  as  far  west  as  the  Great 
Plains. 

(16)  Hadena  vultuosa  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  n,  $.     (The 
Airy  Hadena.) 

Not  a  very  common  species,  confined  to  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(17)  Hadena  lateritia  Hubner,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  38,  $  .     (The 
Red-winged  Hadena.) 

Syn.  molochina  Hubner;  obliviosa  Walker. 

Found  throughout  temperate  North  America  and  Europe. 

(18)  Hadena  dubitans  Walker,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  39,  $  .     (The 
Halting  Hadena.) 

Syn.  Insignata  Walker;  sputatrix  Grote. 

1 68 


Noctuidae 

Much  darker  than  the  preceding  species,  which  it  somewhat 
resembles.  It  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Atlantic 
Subregion. 

(19)  Hadena   ducta   Grote,    Plate   XIX,   Fig.  40,  ?.     (The 
Speckled  Gray  Hadena.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 
mentioned. 

(20)  Hadena   devastatrix  Brace,    Plate   XIX,    Fig.    44,   $ . 
(The  Destroying  Hadena.) 

Syn.  ordinaria  Walker;  contenta  Walker;  marshallana  Westwood. 

Universally  distributed  throughout  the  United  States  and 
southern  Canada. 

(21)  Hadena   arctica  Boisduval,    Plate  XIX,    Fig.   45,   $. 
The  Northern  Hadena.) 

Syn.  amputatrix  Fitch. 

A  large  and  handsome  species,  easily  recognizable.  It  ranges 
from  Canada  and  New  England  into  the  Carolinas  and  westward 
to  Colorado. 

(22)  Hadena  occidens  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  20,  $  .     (The 
Great  Western  Hadena.) 

The  species  is  distributed  from  Colorado  to  California. 

(23)  Hadena  verbascoides  Guenee,   Plate  XIX,  Fig.  43,  ?  . 
(The  Mullein  Hadena.) 

A  peculiarly  marked  species,  which  cannot  easily  be  mistaken 
for  anything  else.  It  occurs  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

(24)  Hadena  nigrior  Smith,    Plate  XIX,  Fig.  42,  ?  .     (The 
Darker  Hadena.) 

Allied  to  the  preceding  species,  but  with  the  light  color  of  the 
costal  area  confined  to  the  basal  portion  of  the  wing.  Found  in 
New  England  r.nd  Canada. 

(25)  Hadena  lignicolor  Guenee,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  5,  $  .     (The 
Wood-colored  Hadena.) 

A  well-marked  species,  in  color  recalling  H.  vultuosa,  but 
larger.  It  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

(26)  Hadena  semilunata  Grote,    Plate  XXII,    Fig.  41,    $. 
(The  Half-moon  Hadena.) 

Not  uncommon  in  Colorado  and  ranging  thence  westward  to 
the  Pacific. 

169 


Noctuidae 

(27)  Hadena  vinela  Smith,  MS.,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  19,  $  .  (The 
Dark  Ashen  Hadena.) 

This  species  has  been  long  distributed  in  collections  as  Fishea 
enthea,  which  it  is  not.  I  apply  to  the  figure  the  manuscript 
name,  which  has  been  given  me  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith.  It  is 
found  in  New  England  and  southern  Canada. 

Genus  CALOPHASIA  Stephens 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  credited  to  our  fauna  is 
C.  strigata  Smith,  represented. in  Plate  XX,  Fig.  17,  by  a  female 
specimen,  loaned  to  me  by  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
It  occurs  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

Genus    EPIDEMAS    Smith 

This  genus  was  erected  by  Professor  J.  B.  Smith  for  the 
reception  of  the  species  figured  in  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  2,  from  a 
female  specimen  in  the  National  Collection,  and  named  by  him 
cinerea.  It  occurs  in  Colorado. 

Genus    MACRONOCTUA    Grote 

(i)  Macronoctua  onusta  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  18,  ?  . 
There  is  only  one  species  of  this  genus,  which  occurs  in  the 
southern  Atlantic  States. 

Genus    FISHEA    Grote 

A  small  genus.     There  are  only  two  species  known. 
(l)  Fishea  yosemitae  Grote,    Plate   XX,   Fig.    I,  $  .     (The 
Yosemite  Fishea.) 

This  species,  which  is  gen- 
erally referred  to  the  genus 
Aporophila  Guenee,  is  placed 
here  on  the  authority  of  Prof. 
J.  B.  Smith.  In  addition 
to  the  figure  given  in  the  plate 
FIG.  94.— Fishea  yosemitae,  ?  •  T-  we  have  inserted  a  cut  drawn 

from  the  type.     By  the  help  of 

these  the  student  will  no  doubt  be  able  to  identify  the  species. 
The  insect  is  found  in  California. 

170 


Noctuidse 
Genus    POLIA    Hubner 

A  moderately  large  genus,  which  includes  about  twenty 
species  in  our  fauna.  Of  these  we  have  selected  two  for 
illustration. 

(1)  Polia  theodori  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  21,  t .    (Theodore's 
Polia.) 

The  home  of  this  species  is  the  southwestern  portion  of  the 
region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(2)  Polia  diversilineata  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  22,  $ .     (The 
Varied-banded  Polia.) 

Syn.  illepida  Grote. 

Like  the  preceding  species  this  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Genus   DRYOBOTA   Lederer 

(i)  Dryobota  illocata  Walker,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  24,  9.  (The 
Wandering  Dryobota.) 

Syn.  stigmata  Grote. 

A  native  of  the  Atlantic  Subregion  wandering  as  far  west  as 
Colorado. 

Genus    HYPPA    Duponchel 

The  genus  is  found  in  both  hemispheres.  Four  species  are 
credited  to  North  America. 

(i)  Hyppa  xylinoides  Guenee,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  23,  $  .  (The 
Common  Hyppa.) 

Syn.  contraria  Walker;  ancocisconcnsis  Morrison. 

A  very  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion.  It  is  freely 
attracted  to  light  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

Genus    FERALIA   Grote 

A  small  genus  containing  four  species  in  our  territory.  The 
insects  are  generally  found  in  groves  of  pine. 

(i)  Feralia  jocosa  Guenee,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  32,  $.  (The 
Joker.) 

Found  in  suitable  localities  throughout  the  northern  Atlantic 
States. 

171 


Noctuidae 

Genus  MOMOPHANA  Grote 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  known  is  a  very  rare  insect  so 
far  as  has  been  ascertained.     The  cut  we 
give  was  drawn  from  a  unique  specimen 
in     the    Neumoegen     Collection    at     the 
Brooklyn  Institute.     The  type  is  at  Cornell 
University.     All  the  specimens  which  have 
FIG.    ^.—Momo^iuaM       been  taken  have  occurred  in  New  York 
comstocki  Grote.  £.         and  Canada. 

Genus  VALERIA  Germar 

This  genus  occurs  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The  only 
species  in  our  fauna  is  Valeria  opina  Grote,  the  male  of  which 
is  figured  in  Plate  XX,  Fig.  25.  It  is  found  in  California. 

Genus  EUPLEXIA  Stephens 

But  one  species  of  this  genus,  which  is  also  found  in  Europe, 
occurs  in  North  America.  English  entomologists  call  the  moth 
"The  Small  Angle  Shades."  The  scientific  name  is  Euplexia 
lucipara  Li.inreus,  and  it  is  depicted  on  Plate  XX,  Fig.  26.  It 
occurs  all  over  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

Genus  TRACHEA  HUbner 

This  genus  is  also  found  in  both  hemispheres.  Only  one 
species  is  found  in  America,  and  is  confined  to  the  Atlantic  Sub- 
region.  It  is  known  as  Trachea  delicata  Grote,  and  the  male 
is  shown  on  Plate  XX,  Fig.  27. 

Genus  DIPTERYGIA  Stephens 

The  genus  Dipterygia  is  represented  in  the  New  World  by 
the  species  named  scabriuscula  by  Linnaeus,  which  also  occurs 
in  Europe.  There  are  several  Asiatic  species.  It  is  shown  on 
Plate  XX,  Fig.  28.  It  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  westward  to  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus  ACTINOTIA  Hiibner 

This  small  genus  is  represented  in  the  United  States  and 
Canada  by  the  insect  to  which  Guenee  applied  the  specific  name 

172 


Noctuidae 

ramosula,  and  which  is  delineated  on  Plate  XX,  Fig.  29.  It  is 
very  common  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus    PYROPHILA    Hubner 

This  genus  is  better  represented  in  Europe  and  Asia  than  in 
America. 

(1)  Pyrophila  glabella   Morrison,    Plate   XX,    Fig.  32,    6. 
(The  Gray  Pyrophila.) 

Not  nearly  as  common  as  the  next  species,  but  widely  distrib- 
uted throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

(2)  Pyrophila  pyramidoides  Guenee,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  30,  <$  . 
(The  American  Copper  Underwing.) 

This  insect,  which  is  one  of  the  commonest  moths  in  the 
Atlantic  Subregion,  and  ranges  westward  as  far  as  Colorado, 
conceals  itself  under  the  loose  bark  of  trees  during  the  daytime, 
and  comes  forth  at  night.  It  sometimes  fairly  swarms  at  sugar, 
and  becomes  a  veritable 
pest  to  the  collector, 
who  desires  rarer  things. 
The  caterpillar  does  a 
good  deal  of  damage  to 

vegetation.     I   have   re-  _  ""  „     ^..  . ,  . , 

FIG.  96. — Larva  of  Pyrophila  pyramidoides. 
cently  been  annoyed  by  (After  ^ley) 

the  ravages  inflicted  by 

the  larvae  in  the  spring  of  the  year  upon  the  foliage  of  imported 
rhododendrons,  for  which  they  seem  to  have  a  partiality  in  my 
garden.  They  feed  freely  on  a  great  variety  of  shrubs  and  her- 
baceous plants. 

(3)  Pyrophila  tragopoginis  Linnaeus,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  31,  $  . 
(The  Mouse-colored  Pyrophila.) 

Syn.  repressus  Grote. 

A  circumpolar  species  ranging  throughout  the  temperate  zone. 

Genus  HELIOTROPHA  Lederer 

The  genus  is  represented  in  the  Atlantic  States  by  a  species, 
of  which  a  light  and  a  dark  form  occur.  The  typical,  or  light 
form,  was  named  reniformis  by  Grote,  and  is  depicted  on  Plate 
XX,  Fig.  33,  while  the  dark  form,  named  atra  by  the  same  author, 
is  shown  on  the  same  plate  by  Figure  34. 

'73 


Noctuid* 


Genus    PRODENIA  Guenee 


A  small  but  widely  distributed  genus  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
globe.  Illustrations  of  two  of  the  three  species  found  in  our 
fauna  are  given. 

(1)  Prodenia  commelinae  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XX,  Fig. 

36,?. 

This  species,  which  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion,  is 
common  in  the  southern  portion  of  its  range. 

(2)  Prodenia  ornithogalli  Guenee,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  35,   &  . 
Not  as  common  as  the  preceding  species,  but  ranging  over 

the  entire  United  States. 

Genus    LAPHYGMA    Guenee 

A  small  but  widely  distributed  genus,  represented  in  our 
fauna  by  but  one  species. 

(i)  Laphygma  frugiperda  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XX,  Fig. 
37,  $  .  (The  Fall  Army  Worm.) 

Syn.  macro,  Guen6e ;  signifera  Walker ;  plagiataWalker ;  autumnalis  Riley. 

This  destructive  insect,  which  is  found  all  over  the  Atlantic 
States,  the  Mississippi  Valley,  and  thence  southward  through 


f 


FIG.  97. — Laphygma  frugiperda.  FIG.  98. — Laphygma  frugiperda. 

a.  full  grown  larva;  6.  head,  mag-  a.  typical  form  of  moth ;  b.  c.  vari- 

nified;  c  segment  of  body,  viewed  ..          t \t+~-  p;i^r  ^ 

from  above;  d.  viewed  from  side,  eties>     (After  *u*7-> 
enlarged.     (After  Riley.) 

Central  and  South  America,  feeds  in  its  larval  state  upon  a  great 
variety  of  succulent  plants,  showing,  however,  a  decided  prefer- 

174 


Noctuidae 

ence  for  the  cereals.  It  does  considerable  damage  to  garden 
crops,  and  attacks  cotton.  It  is  said  to  inflict  damage  upon 
winter  wheat,  blue-grass,  and  timothy.  The  moth  is  variable  in 
its  markings.  The  typical  form  is  represented  on  Plate  XX,  and 
by  the  upper  figure  in  the  annexed  cut.  It  has  frequently  been 
mistaken  by  observers  for  the  true  Army  Worm  (Leucania  uni- 
puncta).  Because  its  ravages  are  generally  committed  in  the  fall 
of  the  year  it  was  named  The  Fall  Army  Worm  by  the  late 
Prof.  C.  V.  Riley.  A  very  excellent  account  of  the  insect  is  given 
by  this  distinguished  authority  in  the  "Eighth  Annual  Report" 
of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri,  p.  48,  et  seq.,  which  the 
student  will  do  well  to  consult.  It  is  from  this  article  that 
the  two  accompanying  figures  have  been  taken. 

Genus    LUSSA    Grote 

(i)  Lussa  nigroguttata  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  38,  $  . 
This   little  moth  is  found  in  Florida.     Not  much  is  as  yet 
known  in  regard  to  its  life-history. 

Genus    MAGUSA  Walker 

(i)   Magusa  dissidens  Felder,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  2,   $  . 
Syn.  divaricata  Grote;  angustipennis  Mceschler;  divida  Moeschler. 

The  sole  species  of  the  genus  found  within  our  territory, 
ranging  from  the  southern  Atlantic  States  into  South  America. 

Genus    PSEUDANARTA    Henry   Edwards 
We  figure  three  of  the  five  species  attributed  to  this  genus 
and  reported  to  occur  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

1 i )  Pseudanarta  flava  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  39,   $  .     (The 
Yellow  Pseudanarta.) 

Syn.  crocea  Henry  Edwards. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  Colorado  and  Arizona  to  the 
southern  portions  of  British  Columbia. 

(2)  Pseudanarta  singula  Grote,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  40,  $  .    (The 
Single  Pseudanarta.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  southwestern  United  States. 

(3)  Pseudanarta  falcata  Neumcegen,  Plate  XX,  Fig.  41,   $. 
(The  Falcate  Pseudanarta.) 

The  species  occurs  in  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

175 


Noctuida 

Genus  HOMOHADENA  Grote 

A  considerable  genus,  one  species  of  which  we  represent. 

(i)  Homohadena  badistriga  Grote,   Plate  XXI,   Fig.    i,    $. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus,  which  occurs  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  States.  Most  of  them  are  western  and 
southern.  The  range  of  badistriga  is  from  the  Atlantic  to 
Colorado. 

Genus  ONCOCNEMIS  Lederer 

An  extensive  genus,  in  which  are  included  over  forty  species, 
most  of  which  are  found  in  the  western  and  southwestern 
States.  We  have  selected  for  representation  seven  of  their 
number. 

(1)  Oncocnemis  dayi  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  4,   $  .     (Day's 
Oncocnemis. ) 

Not  an  uncommon  species  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

(2)  Oncocnemis  tenuifascia  Smith,  Plate  XXI,   Fig.  5,   $  . 
(The  Narrow-banded  Oncocnemis.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 
mentioned. 

(3)  Oncocnemis  occata  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  8,   ?  .     (The 
Harrow-moth.) 

This  species  occurs  in  Texas,  Colorado,  and  the  States  lying 
westward  of  these,  as  far  as  the  Pacific. 

(4)  Oncocnemis    chandleri    Grote,   Plate  XXI,   Fig.  7,    ?  . 
(Chandler's  Oncocnemis.) 

Indigenous  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(5)  Oncocnemis  atrifasciata  Morrison,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  J,  $  . 
(The  Black-banded  Oncocnemis.) 

This  fine  species  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of 
the  Atlantic  Subregion.  The  specimen  figured  was  taken  in 
Maine. 

(6)  Oncocnemis   iricolor  Smith,    Plate   XXI,    Fig.    6,    ? . 
(The  Iris-colored  Oncocnemis.) 

So  far  this  species  has  only  been  reported  from  Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

(7)  Oncocnemis  cibalis  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  9,   $  .     (The 
Gray  Oncocnemis.) 

The  only  specimens  so  far  found  have  been  taken  in  Colorado. 

176 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XX 


(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


Fishia  yosemitce  Grote,  c?. 
Hadena    bridghami     Grote     & 

Robinson,  tf . 
Hadena  char acta  Grote,  tf. 
Hadena  versuta  Smith,  cT . 
Hadena  lignicolor  Guen6e,  cJ1. 
Hadena  claudens  Walker,  <5* . 
Hadena  transfrons  Neumcegen, 

9- 

Hadena  mactata  Guen6e,  9  . 
Hadena  basilinea  Fabricius,  c?  • 
Hadena  fractilinea  Grote,  tf. 
Hadena  vultuosa  Grote,  cJ*. 
Hadena  violacea  Grote,  9  • 
Hadenachloro  stigma  Harvey,  c?. 
Hadena  ntodica  Guen6e,  tf. 
Hadena  miseloides  Guen6e,  9  . 
Hadena  turbulenta  Hiibner,  9  • 
Calophasia  strigaia  Smith,    9  » 

U.  S.  N.  M. 
Macronoctua  onusta  Grote,    9  » 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

Hadena  vinela  Smith,  <3* . 
Hadena  occidens   Grote,  cJ1,  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

Polia  theodori  Grote,  c? . 
Polia  diversilineata  Grote,  <J*. 
Hyppa  xylinoides  Guen6e,   9  • 


24.  Dryobota  illocata  Walker,  9  • 

25.  Valeria  opina  Grote,  cJ1,  U.  S. 

N.  M. 

26.  Euplexia  lucipara  Linnaeus,  9  . 

27.  Trachea  delicata  Grote,  &. 

28.  Dipterygia       scabriuscula 

Linnasus,   9  • 

29.  Actinotia  ramosula  Guen6e,  9  • 
3  o .  Pyrophila  pyramidoides  Guen6e , 

ef. 

3 1 .  Pyrophila  tragopoginis  Linneeus , 

d1- 

32.  Pyrophila glabella,  Morrison,  tf. 

33.  Helotropha  reniformis  Grote,  9  • 

34.  Helotropha  reniformis  var.  atra. 

Grote,   9. 

35.  Prodenia    ornithogalli    Guen^e, 

9- 

36.  Prodenia  commelina   Abbot  & 

Smith,   9  . 

37.  Laphygma  frugiperda  Abbot  & 

Smith,  <j\ 

38.  Lussa nigroguttata  Grote,  <^,  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

39.  Pseudanarta  flava  Grote,  c?. 

40.  Pseudanarta  singula  Grote,  tf . 

4 1 .  Pseudanarta  falcata  Neumcegen , 


THE  MOTH  Boo* 


PLATE  XX 


Noctuidae 

Genus  LEPIPOLYS  Guenee 

(i)  Lepipolys  perscripta  Guenee,   Plate  XXI,  Fig.   n,   ?. 
Only  one  species  occurs  in  our  territory,  ranging  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Genus  ADITA  Grote 

(i)  Adita  chionanthi  Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate  XXI,  Fig.  10. 

A  rather  rare  moth,  which  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion, 
but  is  much  commoner  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  It  is  the 
only  representative  of  its  genus. 

Genus  COPIPANOLIS  Grote 

A  small  genus  said  to  contain  four  species,  which  are  not  as 
distinctly  separable  as  might  be  desired. 

(i)  Copipanolis  cubilis  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  12,  ?. 

The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  the  northern  United  States.  It 
appears  upon  the  wing  in  Pennsylvania  early  in  April. 

Genus  EUTOLYPE  Grote 

(i)  Eutolype  bombyciformis  Smith,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  13,  ?. 

The  genus  represented  by  this  species  contains  four  others 
within  our  limits.  They  all  occur  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion, 
except  the  species  named  damalis  by  Grote,  which  is  Californian. 

Genus  PSAPHIDIA  Walker 

Of  the  four  species  of  this  genus  occuring  within  our  territory 
we  give  illustrations  of  two. 

(1)  Psaphidia  grotei  Morrison,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  14,   ?. 

The  home  of  this  species  is  the  northern  Atlantic  States.  It 
occurs  upon  the  wing  very  early  in  the  spring  of  the  year. 

(2)  Psaphidia  resumens  Walker,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  15,    ?. 
Syn.  viridescens  Walker;  muralis  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species. 

Genus  CERAPODA  Smith 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus  is  known.  It  was  named 
Cerapoda  stylata  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  and  is  shown  on  Plate 
XXIII,  Fig.  i.  Its  habitat  is  Colorado. 

177 


Noctuidae 

Genus  FOTA  Grote 

There  are  two  species  of  this  genus,  both  of  which  we  figure. 
They  both  occur  in  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

(1)  Fota  armata  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  16,   $. 

(2)  Fota  minorata  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  17,   $. 

We  do  not  recall  any  description  of  the  habits  of  these  two 
species. 

Genus  PODAGRA  Smith 

This  genus  has  been  quite  recently  erected  by 
Smith  for  the  reception  of  the  species,  a  represen- 
tation of  the  type  of  which,  based  upon  the 
specimen  in  the  United  States  National  Museum, 

FIG.  99.— Poda-    .  „. 

gra  crassipes.       IS  given  in  Fig.  99. 

Genus  RHYNCHAGROTIS  Smith 

Over  twenty  species  have  been  attributed  to  this  genus.  Of 
these  we  figure  six. 

(1)  Rhynchagrotis  gilvipennis  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  18,  ?  . 
(The  Catocaline  Dart-moth.) 

This  pretty  species  is  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  the 
United  States,  in  Canada,  and  British  America..  It  is  scarce  in 
the  eastern  parts  of  its  range  south  of  Maine  and  the  Adirondack 
Woods. 

(2)  Rhynchagrotis  rufipectus  Morrison,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  22, 
?  .     (The  Red-breasted  Dart-moth.) 

The  general  distribution  of  this  species  is  like  the  former,  but 
it  extends  much  farther  southward. 

(3)  Rhynchagrotis  minimalis  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  21,  ?. 
(The  Lesser  Red  Dart-moth.) 

This  species  is  found  in  Maine,  southern  Canada,  and  also  in 
Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Montana. 

(4)  Rhynchagrotis    anchocelioides    Guenee,    Plate    XXI, 
Fig.  19,   ?  . 

Syn.  cupida  Grote;  velata  Walker. 

A  common  species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  Subregion, 
extending  its  habitat  to  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(5)  Rhynchagrotis  placida  Grote,  Plate  XXI,   Fig.  23,  $. 
(The  Placid  Dart-moth.) 

178 


Noctuidae 

A  very  common  species  in  the  northern  United  States,  found 
as  far  westward  as  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(6)  Rhynchagrotis  alternata  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  20,  ?  . 
(The  Greater  Red  Dart-moth.) 

This  species  closely  resembles  in  general  appearance  the 
species  named  minimalis,  but  may  be  distinguished  by  its  larger 
size,  and  the  darker  color  of  the  hind  wings. 

Genus    ADELPHAGROTIS    Smith 

Of  the  five  species  belonging  to  the  genus  we  select  the 
commonest  for  illustration. 

(i)  Adelphagrotis  prasina  Fabricius,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  24,  ?  . 
(The  Green-winged  Dart-moth.) 

This  insect  occurs  all  over  Canada,  the  northern  Atlantic 
States,  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and  British  Columbia.  It  occurs 
also  in  Europe. 

Genus   PLATAGROTIS   Smith 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  confined  to  the  more  temperate 
regions  of  our  territory. 

(i)  Platagrotis  pressa  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  25,  $.  (The 
Dappled  Dart.) 

Occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

Genus    EUERETAGROTIS    Smith 

Three  species  of  the  genus  occur,  all  of  them  within  the 
Atlantic  Subregion. 

(1)  Eueretagrotis  sigmoides  Guenee,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  26,  $  . 
(The  Sigmoid  Dart.) 

From  the  following  species  distinguished  readily  by  its  larger 
size,  and  the  darker  coloration  of  the  fore  wings. 

(2)  Eueretagrotis  perattenta  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  27,  ? . 
(The  Two-spot  Dart.) 

A  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

"  Yon  night  moths  that  hover  where  honey  brims  over." 

JEAN  INGELOW.     Songs  of  Seven. 

179 


Noctuidw 

Genus   ABAGROTIS    Smith 

Only  one  species  is  attributed  to  this  genus.  It  is  represented 
by  the  accompanying  cut,  drawn  from  the 
type  in  the  United  States  National  Museum. 
Abagrotis  erratica  is  thus  far  only  recorded 
from  California.  It  is  rare  in  collections.  The 

FIG  loo—     co^or  °^  the  wm&s  *s  asnen  gray  in  some 
Abagrotis  erratica.     specimens;  in  others  pale  reddish. 

Genus    SEMIOPHORA    Stephens 

(1)  Semiophora   elimata  Guenee,   Plate  XXI,   Fig.    29,   ?. 
Form  janualis  Grote,    Plate  XXI,   Fig.  30,    5  .     (The  Variable 
Dart.) 

Syn.  dilucidula  Morrison;  badicollis  Grote. 

Not  at  all  an  uncommon  species,  ranging  from  Canada  to 
Georgia. 

(2)  Semiophora   opacifrons  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 
(The  Black-fronted  Dart.) 

This  species  is  found  in  the  more  northern  portions  of  the 
Atlantic  Subregion  ranging  into  Quebec. 

(3)  Semiophora  tenebrifera  Walker,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  33,  $  . 
(The  Reddish  Speckled  Dart.) 

Syn.  catharina  Grote;  manifestolabes  Morrison. 

A  well-marked  species,  the  fore  wings  of  which  have  a 
prevalently  reddish  cast.  It  ranges  from  New  Jersey  northward 
into  Canada. 

Genus    PACHNOBIA   Guenee 

The  species  are  mainly  boreal,  being  found  in  the  northern 
portions  of  our  territory,  principally  in  Canada,  and  on  the 
higher  mountain  ranges. 

(1)  Pachnobia  littoralis  Packard,    Plate  XXI,   Fig.  32,   $. 
(The  Reddish  Pachnobia.) 

Syn.  pectinata  Grote;  ferruginoides  Smith. 

The  species  occurs  from  the  mountains  of  Colorado  north- 
ward to  Alberta. 

(2)  Pachnobia  salicarum  Walker,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  31,   3. 
(The  Willow  Pachnobia.). 

Syn.  orilliana  Grote;  claviformis  Morrison. 

180 


Noctuidae 

This  species,  readily  distinguished  from  all  others  by  the  well 
defined  claviform  spot,  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Alberta 
and  northward. 

Genus  METALEPSIS  Grote 

Two  species  of  this  genus  are  credited  to  our  fauna.  Of  the 
type  of  one  of  these,  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  I  am  able 
to  give  an  excellent  figure  taken  from  Sir  George  F.  Hampson's 


FIG.  101. — Metalepsis  cornuta, 


fine  work  upon  the  moths  of  the  world,  which  is  being  published 
by  the  Trustees  of  the  above  named  institution.  The  insect 
occurs  in  California. 


Genus  SETAGROTIS  Smith 

Eight  species,  all  of  them  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  our 
territory  or  at  considerable  elevations  among 
the  mountains  of  the  West,  are  attributed 
to  this  genus.  I  am  able  to  give  a  figure 
of  one  of  these,  which  Dr.  Dyar  kindly  had 
drawn  from  the  type  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum.  It  occurs  among  the 
mountains  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  The  FlG  I02—Setagrotis 
ground  color  of  the  wings  is  pale  luteous.  temfica,  $ .  f. 


Genus  AGROTIS  Ochsenheimer 

(i)  Agrotis  badinodis  Grote,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  37,   $.     (The 
Pale-banded  Dart.) 

Not  an  uncommon  species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States 
and  Canada. 

Iftl 


Noctuidae 

(2)  Agrotis    ypsilon     Rottemburg.     (The    Ypsilon    Dart.) 

Syn.  suff usa  Denis  &  Schiffermuller;  telifera   Harris;  idonea  Cramer. 

This  is  an  exceedingly  common  species,  which  occurs  every- 
where in  Canada  and  the  United 
States.  It  is  also  found  in  Europe. 
Its  larva  is  one  of  the  species, 
which  under  the  name  of  "cut- 
worms," are  known  to  inflict  ex- 
tensive injuries  upon  growing 
plants.  They  burrow  into  the 
loose  soil  during  the  day,  and 
le  yPsilon-  come  forth  at  night  and  do  their 
mischievous  work.  They  are  a 
plague  to  the  market-gardener  in  particular. 

(3)  Agrotis    geniculata    Grote    &    Robinson,    Plate   XXI, 
Fig.  36,.  9  .     (The  Knee-joint  Dart.) 

Not  a  scarce  species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  Subregion. 

Genus  PERIDROMA  Hubner 

This  is  a  moderately  large  genus,  represented  m  the  United 
States  and  Canada  by  about  a  dozen  species.  Half  of  these  we 
illustrate. 

(1)  Peridroma  occulta  Linnaeus,    Plate  XXI,  Fig.  42,    9. 
(The  Great  Gray  Dart.) 

The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  the  northern  portion  of  our 
territory. 

(2)  Peridroma   astricta   Morrison,   Plate  XXI,   Fig.  41,   9. 
(The  Great  Brown  Dart.) 

The  species  is  found  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  Atlantic 
Subregion,  and  also  in  Colorado. 

(3)  Peridroma  nigra  Smith,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  43,    9.     (The 
Great  Black  Dart.) 

Found  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

(4)  Peridroma  saucia   Hubner,    Plate    XXI,    Fig.    40,     ?  ; 
Egg,  Text-figure  No.  2.     (The  Common  Cut-worm.) 

Syn.  inermis  Harris;  ortonii  Packard. 

Almost  universally  distributed  throughout  the  United  States 
and  southern  Canada.  It  also  occurs  in  Europe. 

182 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXI 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  are  contained  in 
collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


the 

1.  Homohadena    badistriga   Grote,      22. 

d,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Magusa  dissidens  Felder,  d-          23- 

3.  Oncocnemis   atrifasciata     24. 

Morrison,    9  • 

4.  Oncocnemis  dayi  Grote,  d-  25- 

5.  Oncocnemis   tenuifascia   Smith,      26. 

d1- 

6.  Oncocnemis  tricolor  Smith,  9-        27. 

7.  Oncocnemis  chandleri  Grote,  9  • 

8.  Oncocnemis  occata  Grote,   9  •  28. 

9.  Oncocnemis  cibalis  Grote,  d- 

10.  Adita     chionanthi     Abbot     &      29. 

Smith,  d,  U.  S.  N.  M.  30. 

11.  Lepipolys  perscripta  Guene'e,  9. 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

12.  Copipanolis   cubilis   Grote,    9  » 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

13.  Eutolype  bombyciformis  Smith, 

9- 

14.  Psaphidia  grotei  Morrison,    9  i 

U.  S.  N.  M.  34. 

15.  Psaphidia  resumens  Walker,  9*  35- 

1 6.  Fota  armata  Grote,  d-  36- 

17.  Fota  minor ata  Grote,  d- 

1 8 .  Rhynchagrotis  gilvipennis  Grote ,  37. 

9.  38. 

19.  Rhynchagrotis  anchocelioides 

Guene'e,  9  •  39- 

20.  Rhynchagrotis   alternata    Grote,      40. 

9.  41- 

21.  Rhynchagrotis     placida     Grote,      42. 

d*»  red  variety.  43. 


Rhynchagrotis     rufipectus 

Morrison,   9  • 

Rhychagrotis  placida  Grote,  d- 
Adelphagrotis  prasina  Fabricius, 

9- 

Platagrotis  pressa  Grote,  d- 
Eueretagrotis  sigmoides  Guen6e, 

d- 
Eueretagrotis  perattenta    Grote, 

9- 
Semiophora    opacifrons    Grote, 

9- 

Semiophora  elimata  Guen6e,  (J1. 
Semiophora  elimata  var.  janua- 

lis  Grote,  d1. 
Pachnobia    salicarum     Walker, 


3i- 
32- 
33.  Semiophora  tenebrifera  Walker, 


Pachnobia    littoralis     Packard, 


Noctua  nor  maniana  Grote,  d1- 
Noctua  bicarnea  Guenee,   9  • 
Agrotis     geniculata     Grote     & 

Robinson,   9  • 

Agrotis  badinodis  Grote,  d1- 
Peridroma  simplaria  Morrison, 

9- 

Peridroma  incivis  Guenee,  d1- 
Peridro  masaucia  Hiibner,  9  • 
Peridroma  astricta  Morrison,  d1- 
Peridroma  occult  a  Linnaeus,  9  • 
Peridroma  nigra  Smith,  d*- 


Tua  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXI 


Noctuidjs 

(5)  Peridroma  incivis  Guenee,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  39,  $  .     (The 
Uncivil  Dart.) 

Syn.  alabamae  Grote. 

Ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

(6)  Peridroma  simplaria  Morrison,   Plate  XXi,  Fig.  38,  ? . 
(The  Pale-winged  Dart.) 

Not  an  uncommon  species  in  Texas  and  Arizona. 

Genus    NOCTUA   Linnaeus 

This  is  a  very  extensive  genus,  to  which  over  forty  species 
found  in  our  territory  are  referred  in  recent  lists. 

(1)  Noctua  normanniana   Grote,    Plate   XXI,    Fig.  34,  $  . 
(Norman's  Dart.) 

Syn.  obtusa  Speyer. 

Found  everywhere  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(2)  Noctua  bicarnea  Guenee,  Plate  XXI,  Fig.  35,  ?  .     (The 
Pink-spotted  Dart.) 

Syn.  plagiata  Walker. 

This  is  likewise  a  common  species  ranging  from  the  Atlantic 
as  far  west  as  Colorado. 

(3)  Noctua  c-nigrum  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  I,  ?.     (The 
Black-letter  Dart.) 

Universally  distributed  through   the  Appalachian  Subregion 
and  also  occurring  in  Europe. 

(4)  Noctua  jucunda  Walker,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  5,  ? .      (The 
Smaller  Pinkish  Dart.) 

Syn.  perconftua  Grote. 

Very  commonly  found  in  the  northern  United  States. 

(5)  Noctua  oblata  Morrison,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.  3,  $  .     (The 
Rosy  Dart.) 

Syn.  hilliana  Harvey. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  North.     It  is  common  in 
Alberta. 

(6)  Noctua  fennica  Tauscher,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  4,  $  .     (The 
Finland  Dart.) 

Syn..  intractata  Walker. 

A  circumpolar  species  found  throughout  northern   Europe, 
Asia,  and  America. 


Noctuidae 

(7)  Noctua  plecta  Linnaeus,    Plate  XXII,   Fig.  6,  $  .     (The 
Flame-shouldered  Dart.) 

Syn.  vicaria  Walker. 

The  distribution  of  this  small  and  well-marked  species  is  some- 
what like  that  of  the  preceding,  but  it  extends  farther  to  the  south. 

(8)  Noctua  collar-is  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  7,  $  . 
(The  Collared  Dart.) 

Occurs  in  the  northern  parts  of  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(9)  Noctua  juncta   Grote,    Plate  XXII,   Fig,    12,  $.     (The 
Scribbled  Dart.) 

Syn.  patefacta  Smith. 

The  species  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Alberta. 

(10)  Noctua  haruspica  Grote,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  9,  ?.     (The 
Soothsayer  Dart.) 

Syn.  grandis  Speyer. 

Widely  distributed  through  the  northern  portions  of  our 
territory. 

(11)  Noctua   clandestina    Harris,    Plate    XXII,    Fig.    14,  ?. 
(The  Clandestine  Dart.) 

Syn.  unicolor  Walker;  nigriceps  Walker. 

A  common  species  ranging  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  and  readily  separated  from  the  preceding  species  by 
the  narrower  and  darker  fore  wings. 

(12)  Noctua  havilae  Grote,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.    18,  6  .     (The 
Havilah  Dart.) 

A  smaller  species  than  either  of  the  preceding.  It  occurs  from 
Colorado  and  Wyoming  westward  to  California. 

(13)  Noctua   atricincta   Smith,    Plate   XXII,    Fig.    n,    $. 
(The  Black-girdled  Dart.) 

Thus  far  this  species  has  only  been  reported  as  occurring  in 
Alberta. 

(14)  Noctua   substrigata   Smith,    Plate  XXII,    Fig.    10,   6. 
(The  Yellow-streaked  Dart.) 

This  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  found  in  Alberta.  Both 
probably  have  a  wider  range. 

(15)  Noctua  calgary  Smith,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  13,   $.     (The 
Calgary  Dart.) 

The  remarks  made  as  to  the  two  preceding  species  apply  to 
this  also. 

184 


Noctuidas 

(16)  Noctua    lubricans   Guenee,    Plate    XXII,    Fig.   8,    $ . 
(The  Slippery  Dart.) 

Syn.  associans  \Valker;  illapsa  Walker;  beata  Grote. 

A  very  common  species,  universally  distributed  throughout 
the  United  States. 

Genus  PRONOCTUA  Smith 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus,  named  typica  by  Prof. 
J.  B.  Smith,  is  known.  It  is 
found  in  Colorado  and  Wyo- 
ming. Through  the  kindness 
of  Dr.  Dyar  a  drawing  of  the 
type  was  made  for  me  at  the 
United  States  National  Museum 
and  it  is  reproduced  in  the  an- 
nexed CUt  (Fig.  104).  FIG.  104. — Pronoctua  typica. 

Genus  CHORIZAGROTIS  Smith 

Eight  species  are  attributed  to  this  genus  by  Dyar  in  his 
recent  Catalogue  of  the  moths  of  the  United  States.  We  figure 
three  of  them. 

(1)  Chorizagrotis  introferens  Grote,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  15,  ?  . 
(The  Interfering  Dart.) 

This  insect  is  not  scarce  in  Texas  and  Colorado,  and  thence, 
ranges  westward  to  California. 

(2)  Chorizagrotis  inconcinna  Harvey,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  22,  $  . 
(The  Inelegant  Dart.) 

An  obscurely  colored  species  occuring  in  the  southwestern 
States. 

(3)  Chorizagrotis  balanitis  Grote,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  17,   $  . 
(The  Acorn  Dart.) 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  Colorado  to  British  Columbia. 

Genus  RHIZAGROTIS  Smith 

About  a  dozen  species  have  been  assigned  to  this  genus  by 
recent  writers.  We  figure  one  of  them,  to  which  Prof. 
J.  B.  Smith  has  applied  the  name  proclivis.  It  is  represented 
by  a  female  specimen  on  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  16.  The  insect  occurs 
in  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

185 


Noctuidae 


Genus  FELTIA  Walker 


FIG.  105.  — Feltia  subgothic  a . 
rai 


ever,  in  the  West  than  in 
range    over  the   northern 


This  is  a  considerable  genus,  represented  by  species  in  the 
northern  portions  of  both  hemispheres. 

(1)  Feltia  subgothica  Haworth.     (The  Subgothic  Dart.) 

Of  this  common  species,  which  is  found  in  the  northern 
portions  of  the  United  States  and  also  in  Canada,  and  which 

likewise  occurs  in  Europe, 
we  give  a  figure  on  Plate 
XXII.  We  also  have  re- 
produced a  cut  of  the 
species  taken  from  Prof. 
C.  V.  Ri  ley's  First 
Missouri  Report.  The 
larva  is  one  of  the  com- 
monest cut-worms,  found 

Moth  with  wings  expanded;  moth  with       more     abundantly,      how- 
wings  closed. 

the  East.    The  species  has  a  wide 

portions  of  the  United  States  and  through  southern  Canada. 

(2)  Feltia  herilis   Grote,    Plate  XXII,    Fig.    20,   $.      (The 
Master's  Dart.) 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(3)  Feltia  gladiaria  Morrison,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  19,  9  .     (The 
Swordsman  Dart.) 

Syn.  morrisoniana  Riley. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
previous. 

(4)  Feltia  venerabilis  Walker,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  26,  $  .     (The 
Venerable  Dart. ) 

Widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 

(5)  Feltia  vancouverensis  Grote,   Plate  XXII,   Fig.  42,  9. 
(The  Vancouver  Dart.) 

Syn.  hortulana  Morrison;  semiclarata  Grote;  agilis  Grote. 

I  have  given  the  above  name  to  the  specimen  figured  on  the 
Plate  as  cited  upon  the  authority  of  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  who  has 
kindly  examined  the  figure.  The  specimen  came  from  Labrador. 

(6)  Feltia  volubilis  Harvey,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  23,  9 .     (The 
Voluble  Dart.) 

Syn.  stigmosa  Morrison. 

1 86 


Noctuid« 

Found  throughout  our  entire  territory. 

(7)  Feltia  annexa  Treitschke,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  28,  $  .     (The 
Added  Dart.) 

Syn.  decernens  Walker. 

Found  throughout  the  southern  Atlantic  and  Gulf  States  and 
ranging  into  South  America. 

(8)  Feltia  malefida  Guenee,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  32,  ?  .     (The 
Rascal  Dart.) 

This  species  has  the  same  range  as  that  of  the  last  mentioned 
form. 

Genus   POROSAGROTIS    Smith 

Eleven  species  are  assigned  by  Dr.  Dyar  in  his  Catalogue  to 
this  genus.  As  representatives  of  these  we  have  chosen  five  for 
Hlustration. 

1 i )  Porosagrotis  vetusta  Walker,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  25,  $  . 
(The  Old  Man  Dart.) 

Syn.  muraenula  Grote  &  Robinson. 

This  pale-colored  species  extends  in  its  range  from  the  Atlantic 
to  Colorado. 

(2)  Porosagrotis  fusca  Boisduval,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.  31,  ?. 
(The  Fuscous  Dart.) 

Syn.  septentrionalis  Mceschler;  patula  Walker. 

The  specimen  figured  was  taken  at  Nain,  Labrador.  The 
insect  is  said  also  to  occur  in  the  Rocky  Mountains.  • 

(3)  Porosagrotis  tripars  Walker,   Plate  XXII,   Fig.  24,  $  ; 
Fig-  37.  ?  •     (Tne  Tripart  Dart.) 

Syn.  worthingtoni  Grote. 

The  specimens  figured  came  from  Colorado. 

(4)  Porosagrotis  rileyana  Morrison,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  33,  $ . 
(Riley's  Dart.) 

This  species  is  spread  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(5)  Porosagrotis  daedalus  Smith,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.  29,  &. 
(The  Daedalus  Dart.) 

The  insect  is  peculiar  to  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus    EUXOA    Hubner 

This  great  genus,  including  nearly  two  hundred  species, 
which  are  found  in  the  region,  with  which  this  book  deals,  has 

187 


Noctuidae 

in  recent  years  been  ranged  under  the  name  Carneades  after  the 
teaching  of  Grote,  but  as  Carneades,  which  was  erected  by 
Bates,  includes  a  different  concept,  this  name  was  abandoned 
by  Dr.  Dyar,  and  the  name  Paragrotis  Pratt  was  substituted  for 
it.  This  name,  however,  must  yield  to  the  older  name  proposed 
by  Hiibner,  and  which  we  have  adopted  at  the  suggestion  of 
Prof.  J.  B.  Smith. 

(1)  Euxoa  quadridentata  Grote  &  Robinson,   Plate  XXII, 
Fig.  30,  $  .     (The  Four-toothed  Dart. ) 

This  insect  is  distributed  from  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

(2)  Euxoa  brevipennis  Smith,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  27,  9  .     (The 
Short-winged  Dart.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding. 

(3)  Euxoa  olivalis  Grote,    Plate  XXII,   Fig.   34,   $  .     (The 
Olive  Dart.) 

The  species  occurs  in  Colprado  and  Utah. 

(4)  Euxoa  flavidens  Smith,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  38,   6"  .     (The 
Yellow- toothed  Dart.) 

This  moth  is  spread  through  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  from  Colorado  to  northern  Mexico.  The  specimen 
figured  came  from  the  Sierra  Madre  of  Chihuahua.  It  has 
been  compared  with  the  type  in  the  National  Museum  at 
Washington. 

(5)  Euxoa  perpolita  Morrison,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  36,  6  .    (The 
Polished  Dart.) 

It  ranges  from  the  States  of  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Atlantic  Subregion  to  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

(6)  Euxoa   velleripennis   Grote,    Plate   XXII,    Fig.   35,   $ . 
(The  Fleece-winged  Dart.) 

It  has  the  same  range  as  the  preceding  species.  It  may  at 
once  be  distinguished  from  it  by  its  slighter  build,  and  by  the 
whiter  hind  wings. 

(7)  Euxoa  detersa  Walker,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.  39,   $  .     (The 
Rubbed  Dart.) 

Syn.  pityochrous  Grote;  personata  Morrison. 

A  pale  and  inconspicuously  colored  insect,  which  has  the 
same  distribution  as  the  two  preceding  species. 

(8)  Euxoa  messoria  Harris,   Plate  XXII,  Fig.  40,   $  .     (The 
Reaper  Dart.) 

1 88 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXII 


(Except  when  otherwise  indicated  the  specimens  figured  are  con 
tained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Noctua  c-nigrum  Linnaeus,  9 

2.  Noctua  phyllophora  Grote,    9 
Noctua  oblata  Morrison,  (J1. 
Noctua  fennica  Tauscher,  cT. 


Noctua  jucunda  Walker,   9  • 


3- 

4- 
5- 

6.  Noctua  plecta  Linnaeus,  cJ1. 

7 .  Noctua   collaris    Grote  & 

Robinson,  (J1. 

8.  Noctua  lubricans  Guenee,   tf . 

9.  Noctua  haruspica  Grote,   9  • 
10.  Noctua  substrigata  Smith,  c?- 
ti.  Noctua  atricincta  Smith,  c?- 

12.  Noctua  juncta  Grote,  J1. 

13.  Noctua  calgary  Smith,  tf. 

14.  Noctua  clandestina  Harris,    9  • 

15.  Chorizagrotis  introferens  Grote, 

9. 

1 6.  Rhizagrotis  proclivis  Smith,    9  • 

17.  Chorizagrotis    balanitis     Grote, 

<?. 

1 8.  Noctua  havila  Grote,  J1. 

19.  •  Feltia  gladiaria  Morrison,    9  • 

20.  Feltia  herilis  Grote,  cf1. 

21.  Feltia  subgothica.  Haworth,  (J1. 


22.  Chorizagrotis     inconcinna 

Harvey,   9  . 

23.  Feltia  volubilis  Harvey,   9  . 

24.  Porosagrotis  tripars  Grote,  $. 

25.  Porosagrotis  vetusta  Walker,  (?. 

26.  Feltia  venerabilis  Walker,  c?  • 

27.  Euxoa  brevipennis  Smith,   9  • 

28.  Feltia  annexa  Treitschke,   9  • 

29.  Porosagrotis  d&dalus  Smith,  <J* 

30.  Euxoa   quadridentata   Grote    & 

Robinson,  c?. 

31.  Porosagrotis    fusca    Boisduval, 

32.  Feltia  malefida  Guen6e,    9  • 

33.  Porosagrotis  rileyana  Morrison. 

9- 

34.  Euxoa  olivalis  Grote,  c?. 

35.  Euxoa  velleripennis  Grote,  c?. 

36.  Euxoa  per polita  Morrison,  oT. 

37.  Porosagrotis  tripars  Walker,  tf 

38.  Euxoa  -ftavidens  Smith,  $. 

39.  Euxoa  detersa  Walker,  <$. 

40.  Euxoa  messoria  Harris,  cJ1. 

41.  Hadena  semiiunata  Grote,  cT- 


42.  Feltia  vancouverensis  Morrison,  9  • 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXII 


Sfc^1 


COPYRIGHTED  BY  W.  J.   HOLUN 


.     Noctuidae 

Syn.  spissa  Guene"e;  cochram  Riley;  repentis  Grote  &  Robinson;  dis- 
pliciens  Walker,  etc. 

This  wretched  little  creature,  the  larva  of  which  is  one  of  our 
most  destructive  cut-worms,  was  described  seven  times  by 
Walker  under  different  names.  The  more  inconspicuous,  or  the 
smaller  an  insect,  the  more  names  it  bears.  The  littlest  bugs 
have  the  biggest  names.  It  is  thus  also,  sometimes,  with  men. 

(9)  Euxoa  lutulenta  Smith,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  13,   <$ .     (The 
Muddy  Dart.) 

An  inconspicuous  species,  which  ranges  from  Alberta  in  the 
north  to  Colorado  in  the  south,  and  thence  westward  to 
California. 

(10)  Euxoa  dissona  Moeschler,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  5,   $  .   (The 
Dissonant  Dart.) 

This  moth  is  found  in  Labrador. 

(n)  Euxoa  titubatis  Smith,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  6;  $.  (The 
Tippling  Dart.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  coincident  with  that  of  the 
preceding. 

(12)  Euxoa  insulsa  Walker,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  3,   ?.     (The 
Silly  Dart.) 

Syn.  insignata  Walker;  expulsa  Walker;  declarata  Walker;  decolor 
Morrison;  campestris  Grote;  verticalis  Grote. 

This  is  another  poor  creature,  which  unconsciously  has 
suffered  much  at  the  hands  of  the  species-makers.  It  is  found 
all  over  the  United  States. 

(13)  Euxoa  albipennis  Grote,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  7,   $  .     (The 
White-winged  Dart.) 

Syn.  nigripennis  Grote. 

A  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion  ranging  across 
the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  into  Colorado. 

(14)  Euxoa  tessellata  Harris,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  4,   $  .     (The 
Tessellate  Dart.) 

Syn.  mam,  Fitch;  atropurpurea  Grote. 

Universally  distributed  throughout  our  region. 

(15)  Euxoa  basalis  Grote,   Plate  XXIII,   Fig.  8,  $.     (The 
Basal  Dart.) 

This  species  is  found  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and 
probably  has  a  still  wider  range. 

189 


Noctuidae 

(16)  Euxoa  ochrogaster  Guenee,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  10,  $  . 
(The  Yellow-bellied  Dart.) 

Syn.  illata  Walker;   cinereomaculata  Morrison;  gularis  Grote;    turris 
Grote. 

This  moth  is  found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and  thence 
westward  to  the  foothills  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(17)  Euxoa  furtivus  Smith,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  n,   $.     (The 
Furtive  Dart.) 

The  habitat  of  this    species   is  the  region  of  the   Rocky 
Mountains. 

(18)  Euxoa  obeliscoides  Guenee,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.   12,   $  . 
(The  Obelisk  Dart.) 

Syn.  sexatilis  Grote. 

Distributed  over  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and  across  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  to  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

(19)  Euxoa  redimicula  Morrison,   Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  9,  $. 
(The  Fillet  Dart.) 

The  insect  has  exactly  the  same  range  as  the  last  mentioned 
species. 

Genus  EUCOPTOCNEMIS   Grote 

There  is  but  one  species   of  the  genus  recognized  in  our 
fauna.     To  this  Guenee  gave  the  name 
fimbriaris.     It   was    afterward    named 
obvia  by  Walker.      Its  habitat  is  New 
England.     It  is  a  scarce  species  in  col- 
lections.    The  figure  we  give  was  taken 
FIG.  lot.-Eucoptocnemis  from  a  specimen  in  the  United  States 
fimbriaris.  National  Museum. 

Genus    RICHIA   Grote 

A  small  genus  of  obscurely  colored  moths.     They  are  found 
in  the  southwestern  States. 

(1)  Richia  aratrix  Harvey,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  14,  3.     (The 
Plough-girl. ) 

The  species  is  found  in  Colorado  and  Texas. 

(2)  Richia  parentalis  Grote,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  15,  $.     (The 
Parental  Dart.) 

190 


Noctuidae 

This  is  a  New  Mexican  species.  It  also  occurs  in  Texas,  and 
in  the  mountains  of  northern  Mexico. 

Genus  ANYTUS  Grote          . 

Only  a  few  species  have  been  recognized  as  belonging  to  this 
genus.  Of  the  five  which  have  been  named,  we  figure  two. 

(1)  Anytus  privatus  Walker,  Plate  XXI II,  Fig.  16,  $  .     (The 
Sculptured  Anytus.) 

Syn.  sculplus  Grote. 

A  native  of  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(2)  Anytus  obscurus  Smith,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  17,  <$  .     (The 
Obscure  Anytus.) 

Thus  far  this  insect  has  only  been  reported  from  Alberta. 

Genus  UFEUS  Grote 

A  small  genus  of  rather  large,  plainly  colored  moths,  having 
a  robust  habitus,  which  permits  them  to  be  easily  distinguished 
from  others. 

(1)  Ufeus  plicatus  Grote,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.   19,  (The 
Pleated  Ufeus. ) 

Syn.  barometricus  Goossens. 

Distributed  over  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and  westward 
as  far  as  California.  The  insect  is  not,  however,  very  common. 

(2)  Ufeus  satyricus  Grote,   Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  20,  $  .     (The 
Satyr.) 

This  moth  ranges  over  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  but,  like 
the  other  species  of  the  genus,  does  not  appear  to  be  anywhere 
very  common. 

Genus   AGROTIPHILA   Grote 

There  are  seven  species  attributed  to  this  genus  by  recent 
authors.  We  can  only  figure  one  of  them. 

(i)  Agrotiphila  incognita  Smith,   Plate  XXIII,  Fig.    18,  &. 

The  species  occurs  in  Alberta  and  westward  to  British 
Columbia. 

Genus    MAMESTRA   Ochsenheimer 

A  very  large  genus,  represented  in  both  hemispheres  by  a 
large  number  of  species.  The  caterpillars  of  some  species  are 

191 


Noctuidae 

quite  destructive  to  cultivated  plants.  Of  the  one  hundred  and 
ten  or  more  species  occurring  in  our  territory  we  have  selected 
thirty  for  purpose  of  illustration.  This  number  of  species, 
if  correctly  ascertained  by  the  student,  ought  to  enable  him  to 
form  some  idea  of  the  general  character  of  the  complex  of  insects, 
with  which  we  are  now  dealing. 

(1)  Mamestra  imbrifera  Guenee,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  32,  ?. 
(The  Cloudy  Mamestra.) 

A  native  of  the  northern  Atlantic  States.     It  is  not  rare  in 
New  England. 

(2)  Mamestra  purpurissata  Grote,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  26,  $  . 
(The  Empurpled  Mamestra.) 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  Maine  and  Quebec.     It 
occurs  less  commonly  south  of  these  localities. 

(3)  Mamestra  juncimacula  Smith,   Plate  XIX.  Fig.  41,  $. 
(The  Fused-spot  Mamestra.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Colorado. 

(4)  Mamestra  meditata   Grote,    Plate  XXIII,    Fig.    21,   $. 
(The  Studied  Mamestra.) 

Quite  a  common  species  in  the  Appalachian  Subregion. 

(5)  Mamestra    lustralis   Grote,    Plate   XXIII,    Fig.    22,    $  . 
(The  Lustral  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  suffusa  Smith. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  through  the  Atlantic  States  south 
and  west  to  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

(6)  Mamestra  detracta  Walker,    Plate  XXIII,    Fig.   24,  $  . 
(The  Disparaged  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  claviplena  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last  men- 
tioned species. 

(7)  Mamestra  farnhami   Grote,    Plate  XXIII,    Fig.   23,  ?  . 
(Farnham's  Mamestra.) 

A  native  of  the  eastern  portions  of  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(8)  Mamestra  liquida  Grote,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  36,  $  .     (The 
Liquid  Mamestra.) 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  in  the  northwestern  part  of  out 
territory  as  far  as  British  Columbia. 

193 


Noctuidae 

(9)  Mamestra    radix   Walker,     Plate    XXIII,    Fig.    25,    $  . 
(Dimmock's  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  dimmocki  Grote;  desperata  Smith. 

Distributed  from  Maine  and  Quebec  across  the  northern  parts 
of  the  United  States  and  the  southern  portions  of  the  British 
possessions  to  the  Pacific. 

(10)  Mamestra   nevadae  Grote,    Plate   XX11I,    Fig.    33,  ?. 
(The  Nevadan  Mamestra.) 

Found  in  Nevada  and  California. 

(n)  Mamestra  subjuncta  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXIII, 
Fig.  27,  $  .  (The  Harnessed  Mamestra.) 

Not  at  all  an  uncommon  species  in  the  Appalachian  Subregion, 
ranging  across  the  Mississippi  Valley  to  the  foothills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains. 

(12)  Mamestra  grandis  Boisduval,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  41,  $. 
(The  Grand  Mamestra. ) 

Syn.  libera  Walker. 

(13)  Mamestra  trifolii  Rottemburg,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  29,  $  . 
(The  Clover  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  chenopodii  Fabricius;  albifusa  Walker;  glaucovaria  Walker; 
major  Speyer. 

Found  throughout  Europe,  northern  Asia,  and  the  United 
States  and  Canada.  The  caterpillar  does  at  times  considerable 
damage  to  crops. 

(14)  Mamestra  rosea  Harvey,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  30,  ?  .     (The 
Rosy  Mamestra.) 

Distributed  generally  through  the  northern  portions  of  the 
United  States  and  the  southern  portions  of  Canada  and  British 
Columbia. 

(15)  Mamestra  congermana  Morrison,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  31, 
?  .     (The  Cousin  German.) 

This  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  eastern  portions 
of  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(16)  Mamestra  picta  Harris,   Plate  I,   Fig.   n,  larva;  Plate 
XXIII,  Fig.  34,  $  .     (The  Painted  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  exusta  Guen6e;  coniraria  Walker. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  of  the  genus.  The 
caterpillar  is  a  conspicuous  object,  and  in  the  fall  of  the  year  is 

193 


FIG. 


107. — Mamestra    picta.       a. 
(After  Riley.) 


larva;    b.    moth. 


Noctuidae 

generally  very  noticeable,  feeding  upon  various  herbaceous  plants 
It  is  a  promiscuous  feeder,  and  to  enumerate  all  the  vege- 
tables w  h  i  c  h  it 
attacks  would  al- 
most be  to  provide 
a  list  of  the  plants  of 
the  United  States. 
They  manifest, 
however,  a  decided 
preference,  when 
accessible,  for  the 
cruciferous  plants, 
and  do  much  dam- 
age in  fields  of 
cabbages  and  beets. 
There  are  two 
broods  in  the 
Middle  States.  The 
species  does  not 
occur  on  the  Pacific  coast,  so  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer.  Its 
range  is  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  eastern  foothills  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(17)  Mamestra  lubens  Grote,  Plate  XX 1 1 1,  Fig.  28,  $  .     (The 
Darling  Mamestra.) 

A  denizen  of  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

(18)  Mamestra  latex  Guenee,  Plate  XXI 1 1,  Fig.  40,  ?  .     (The 
Fluid  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  demissa  Walker. 

This  insect  has  the  same  range  as  the  preceding  species. 

(19)  Mamestra  adjuncta  Boisduval,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  38,  ?  . 
(The  Hitched  Mamestra.) 

This  species  occurs  from  southern  Canada  to  the  Carolinas 
and  westward  to  Missouri  and  Minnesota. 

(20)  Mamestra  rugosa  Morrison,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  3,    $. 
(The  Rugose  Mamestra.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Maine  and  Nova  Scotia. 

(21)  Mamestra  lilacina  Harvey,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  39,    $. 
(The  Lilacine  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  illabefacta  Morrison. 


194 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIII 


(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Cerapoda  stylata  Smith,   c? ,  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

2.  Epidemas    cinerea    Smith,     9  . 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

3.  Euxoa  insulsa  Walker,    9  . 

4.  Euxoa  tessellata  Harris,  c?. 

5.  Euxoa  dissona  Moeschler,  9  • 

6.  Euxoa  titubatis  Smith,    <J* . 

7.  Euxoa  albipennis  Grote,  (J1. 

8.  Euxoa  basalis  Grote,    cJ1. 

g.  Euxoa  jedimicula  Morrsion,  $ . 

10.  Euxoa  ochrogaster  Guene'e,  J1. 

11.  Euxoa  furtivus  Smith,  <5\ 

12.  Euxoa  obeliscoides  Guene'e,    9  . 

13.  Euxoa  lutulenta  Smith,  <j\ 

14.  Richia  aratrix  Harvey,   (J1. 

15.  Richia  parentalis  Grote,   c?. 

1 6.  Anytus  privatus  Walker,  <5\ 

17.  Anytus  obscurus  Smith,    c?. 

1 8.  Agrotiphila  incognita  Smith,  tf . 

19.  Ufeus  plicatus  Grote,    c?. 

20.  Ufeus  satyricus  Grote,    <j\ 

21.  Mamestra  meditata  Grote,    9  • 

22.  Mamestra  lustralis  Grote,   9  • 


specimens  figured  are  contained  in 

23.  Mamestra   jarnhami  Grote,    9  • 

24.  Mamestra  detracta  Walker,  o\ 

25.  Mamestra  radix  Walker,  <5*. 

26.  Mamestra    purpurissata   Grote, 

£?• 

27.  Mamestra    subjuncta    Grote   & 

Robinson,   d1. 

28.  Mamestra  lubens  Grote,   <^. 

29.  Mamestra  trifolii  Rottemburg, 

&'. 

30.  Mamestra  rosea  Harvey,   9  • 

3 1 .  Mamestra  congermana  Morrison , 

9- 

32.  Mamestra  imbrifera  Guene'e,  9- 

33.  Mamestra  nevadce  Grote,   9  • 

34.  Mamestra  picta  Harris,   c?1. 

35.  Mamestra  renigera  Stephens,  9  • 

36.  Mamestra  liquida  Grote,    9  • 

37.  Mamestra  olivacea  Morrison,  c?. 

38.  Mamestra  adjuncta    Boisduval, 

9- 

39.  Mamestra  lilacina  Harvey,  <5*. 

40.  Mamestra  latex  Guen6e,    9  • 

4 1 .  Mamestra  grandis  Boisduval ,  $ . 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


ELATE  XXIII 


Noctuidae 

This  moth  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Colorado  and 
New  Mexico. 

(22)  Mamestra  renigera  Stephens,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  35,  $  . 
(The  Kidney-spotted  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  herbimacula  Guene'e;  infecta  Walker. 

This  prettily  marked  little  moth  is  found  from  New  England 
and  Ontario  to  Colorado.  It  occurs  also  in  Europe. 

(25)  Mamestra  olivacea  Morrison,  Plate  XXIII,  Fig.  37,  $  . 
(The  Olivaceous  Mamestra.) 

For  the  very  extensive  synonymy  of  this  insect  the  reader  is 
referred  to  Dr.  Dyar's  "Catalogue  of  the  Moths  of  the  United 
States."  It  is  too  lengthy  to  impose  upon  these  pages.  The 
moth  ranges  over  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States  and 
southern  Canada. 

(24)  Mamestra  laudabilis  Guenee,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  i,   ?. 
(The  Laudable  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  indicans  Walker;  strigicollis  Wallengren. 

This  species  extends  its  range  from  New  Jersey  through  the 
southern  States  to  Texas  and  southern  California  and  northern 
Mexico. 

(25)  Mamestra  lorea  Guenee,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  2,  $  .     (The 
Bridled  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  ligata  Walker;  dodgei  Grote. 

An  obscurely  colored  species,  which  ranges  from  the  Atlantic 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(26)  Mamestra  erecta  Walker,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  4,  $  .    (The 
Erect  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  constipata  Walker;  innexa  Grote. 

This  little  moth  occurs  in  Texas,  Arizona,  and  northern 
Mexico. 

(27)  Mamestra  anguina  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  5,  ?  .    (The 
Snaky  Mamestra.) 

The  insect  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  our  territory, 
and  among  the  higher  mountains  of  the  States  of  Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

(28)  Mamestra  vicina  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  6,   ?  .     (The 
Allied  Mamestra.) 

Syn.  teligera  Morrison;  acutipennis  Grote. 

Ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
195 


Noctuidae 

(29)  Mamestra  neoterica  Smith,    Plate  XXIV,   Fig.  7,   $. 
(The  Modern  Mamestra.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  Manitoba  to  Alberta,  so  far 
as  is  at  present  known. 

(30)  Mamestra   negussa   Smith,    Plate   XXIV,    Fig.  8,    ?. 
(The  Brown-winged  Mamestra.) 

The  species  was  originally  described  from  Alberta.  It  occurs 
also  in  northern  Montana. 

Genus  ADMETOVIS  Grote 

(i)  Admetovis  oxymorus  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  9,   $  . 
This  insect  which  is  one  of  two  species,  which  are  attributed 
to  the  genus,  is  found  from  Colorado  to  California. 

Genus  BARATHEA  Hiibner 

(i)  Barathra  occidentata  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  10,   ?  . 

This  is  a  New  Mexican  species.  Another  species  of  the 
genus,  named  curialis  by  Smith,  has  been  described  by  him  as 
coming  from  Maine  and  New  Hampshire. 

Genus   NEURONIA   Hubner 

(i)  Neuroma  americana  Smith,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  12,  $. 
(The  American  Neuronia.) 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  represented  in  our  terri- 
tory. It  occurs  in  Montana  and  Alberta. 

Genus    DARGIDA   Walker 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  found  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States  was  named  procinctus  by  Grote.  It  is  represented 
by  the  figure  of  the  male  insect  on  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  n.  It  is 
found  from  Colorado  to  California  and  Oregon. 

Genus   MORRISONIA    Grote 

Six  species  are  attributed  to  this  genus.  We  figure  two  of 
them. 

(i)  Morrisonia  sectilis  Guenee,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  13,  $  . 
Syn.  evicta  Grote. 

Form  vomerina  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  14,  ?  . 
196 


Noctuidae 

The  home  of  this  insect  is  the  Northern  Atlantic  States.     It 
occurs  in  both  forms  in  western  Pennsylvania  and  Indiana. 
(2)  Morrisonia  confusa  Hubner,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  15,  $  . 

Syn.  infructuosa  Walker;  multifaria  Walker. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

Genus   XYLOMIGES   Guenee 

In  our  fauna  are  found  fifteen  species  which  have  been 
assigned  to  this  genus.  From  their  number  we  have  chosen 
seven  to  put  before  the  students  of  this  book. 

(1)  Xylomiges  simplex  Walker,   Plate  XXIV,  Fig.   17,  $. 
(The  Simple  Woodling.) 

Syn.  crucialis  Harvey. 

A  well  marked  and  easily  recognizable  species,  recalling  the 
genus  Apatela,  so  far  as  the  pattern  of  the  maculation  is  con- 
cerned. It  is  spread  from  Colorado  westward  to  California. 

(2)  Xylomiges  dolosa  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  20,  $  .     (The 
Grieving  Woodling.) 

Distributed  over  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and  westward 
to  Colorado. 

(3)  Xylomiges  perlubens  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.   19,   $  . 
(The  Brown  Woodling.) 

Syn.  subapicalis  Smith. 

This  species  belongs  to  the  fauna  of  the  Pacific  coast,  ranging 
eastward  to  Colorado. 

(4)  Xylomiges  pulchella  Smith,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.   21,   <$. 
(The  Beautiful  Woodling.) 

Habitat  British  Columbia. 

(5)  Xylomiges    patalis   Grote,    Plate   XXIV,    Fig.    18,    $ . 
(  Fletcher's  Woodling. ) 

Syn.  fletcheri  Grote. 

Found  in  the  Pacific  States. 

(6)  Xylomiges    cognata  Smith,    Plate  XXIV,    Fig.   22,  &  . 
(The  Oregon  Woodling.) 

Ranges  from  British  Columbia  and  Oregon  eastward  to 
Colorado. 

(7)  Xylomiges  indurata   Smith,   Plate  XXIV,    Fig.  23,   $  . 
(The  Hardened  Woodling.) 

197 


Noctuidae 

Readily  distinguished  from  X.  dolosa  by  the  lighter  color  of 
the  primaries  and  the  pure  white  secondaries,  as  well  as  by  the 
different  maculation.  It  is  found  in  Colorado. 

Genus  SCOTOGRAMMA   Smith 

Of  the  thirteen  species  belonging  to  this  genus  and  occurring 
in  our  fauna  we  depict  thtee. 

(1)  ScotogrammasubmarinaGrote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  24,  $  . 
A  native  of  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  ranging  from 

Arizona  to  Montana. 

(2)  Scotogramma  infuscata  Smith,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  25,  $  . 
The  figure  given  on  the  plate  is  taken  from  a  specimen  in  the 

United    States    National    Museum.      The    insect    is    found    in 
Colorado. 

(3)  Scotogramma   inconcinna   Smith,    Plate    XXIV,    Fig. 
26,  $.. 

This  plainly  colored  species,  like  its  predecessor,  occurs  in 
Colorado. 

Genus   ULOLONCHE   Smith 

A  genus  of  moderate  extent,  all  of  the  species  belonging  to 
which  are  western,  except  the  one  we  figure,  which  occurs  in 
the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(i)  Ulolonche  modesta  Morrison,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  16,   $  . 

The  species  is  not  common. 

Genus    ANARTA    Ochsenheimer 

A  subarctic  genus,  represented  in  both  hemispheres.  The 
insects  occur  either  in  high  northern  latitudes,  or  at  great  eleva- 
tions upon  high  mountains.  There  are  many  species.  We  give 
illustrations  of  five  of  those  found  in  our  fauna. 

(1)  Anarta  cordigera  Thunberg,   Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  28,   $. 
(The  Catocaline  Anarta.) 

Found  in  northern  Canada,  Labrador,  Alaska,  and  thence 
southward  along  the  summits  of  the  higher  ranges  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains  to  Colorado.  It  also  occurs  in  the  north  of  Scotland, 
and  from  Norway  to  Kamschatka. 

(2)  Anarta  melanopa  Thunberg,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  2^,  $. 
(The  Black-mooned  Anarta.) 

Syn.  nigrolunata  Packard. 

I98 


Noctuidx 

A  circumpolar  species  commonly  found  in  both  hemispheres. 

(3)  Anarta  schoenherri  Zetterstedt,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  30,  $ 
(Schoenherr's  Anarta.) 

Syn.  leucocycla  Staudinger. 

Its  habitat  is  Labrador,  Greenland,  Norway,  Lapland,  and 
arctic  Asia. 

(4)  Anarta   richardsoni  Curtis,    Plate  XXIV,    Fig.    29,   ?. 
(Richardson's  Anarta.) 

Ranges  from  Alaska  to  Labrador,  and  has  been  found  on  the 
mountains  of  Norway. 

(5)  Anarta   impingens  Walker,   Plate   XXIV,   Fig.   31,  $  . 
(The  Dull  Brown  Anarta.) 

Syn.  nivaria  Grote;  curia  Morrison;  per  pur  a  Morrison. 

Found  on  the  mountains  of  Colorado. 

Genus   TRICHOCLEA   Grote 

A  small  genus  confined  in  its  range  to  the  mountain  regions 
of  the  West. 

(i)  Trichoclea  antica  Smith,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  32,  $  . 

The  specimen  figured  is  one  kindly  loaned  me  from  the 
national  collection,  and  determined  by  the  author  of  the  species. 

Genus    TRICHOPOLIA   Grote 

Of  this  small  genus  we  are  able  to 
give  a  figure  of  the  type  of  the  species 
named  serrata  by  Professor  Smith.     The     FI(J       & 
moth  occurs  in  Texas.  serrat 

Genus   EUPOLIA   Smith 

Only  one  species  has  thus  far  been  referred 
to  this  genus.  It  was  named  licentiosa  by 
Prof.  J.  B.  Smith.  The  annexed  cut  gives 
a  figure  of  the  type,  which  is  preserved  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum.  Its  home 

FIG.  iQQ.—Eupoha 
licentiosa.    $  .  f        IS  Utah. 

Genus    NEPHELODES    Guenee 

(i)  Nephelodes  minians  Guenee,   Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  33,   $. 

Syn.  expansa  Walker;  sobria  Walker;  violans  Guen6e ;  subdolens  Walker 

199 


Noctuidae 


A  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
the  fall  of  the  year  in  western  Pennsylvania. 


It  is  abundant  in 


Genus    HELIOPHILA   Hiibner 

A  large  genus  well  represented  in  both  the  eastern  and  the 
western  hemispheres.  Thirty-six  species  are  credited  to  our 
fauna.  Of  these  we  give  figures  of  eight,  selecting  the 
commoner  and  a  few  of  the  rarer  forms. 

(i)  Heliophila  unipuncta  Haworth,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  40,  $  . 
(The  Army  Worm.) 

Syn.  extranea  Guen6e. 

This  species,  the  larva  of  which  is  known  as  the  "Northern 
Army  Worm,"  or  simply  as  the  "Army  Worm,"  is  found  from 
the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
from  Canada  to  Texas  and  southward  at 
suitable  elevations  upon  the  higher  plateaus 
of  northern  Mexico.  It  appears  occasionally 
in  vast  numbers,  and  is  regarded  by  the 
farmer  and  the  horticulturist  as  one  of  those 
pests  against  the  ravages  of  which  they 
must  direct  a  great  deal  of  energy.  The 
first  appearance  of  these  insects  in  great 
numbers  is  recorded  as  having  occurred  in 
New  Hampshire  and  Massachusetts  in  the 
year  1743.  In  the  year  1770  they  devastated 
the  fertile  fields  of  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut. They  devoured  the  grasses  and 
cereals,  but  neglected  the  pumpkins  and 
potatoes.  The  chronicler  of  this  invasion 
says:  "Had  it  not  been  for  pumpkins,  which  were  exceedingly 
abundant,  and  potatoes,  the  people  would  have  greatly  suffered 
for  food.  As  it  was,  great  privation  was  felt 
on  account  of  the  loss  of  grass  and  grain."  Suc- 
cessive attacks  of  the  insect  have  been  made 
since  then  upon  the  crops  in  various  parts  of  the 
country.  The  year  1861  is  memorable  as  having 
been  marked  by  their  ravages,  which  were 
particularly  noticeable  in  the  State  of  Missouri  and  in  southern 
Illinois.  An  excellent  account  of  this  invasion  has  been  published 


FIG.  no. — Larva  of 
H.   unipuncta. 
(After  Riley.) 


3.     in.  — Pupa 
H.    unipuncta. 
(After  Riley.) 


200 


Noctuidae 

by  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  in  his  "Second  Annual  Report"  as  State 
Entomologist  of  Missouri.  It  appears  from  the  investigations  of 
those  who  are  familiar  with  the  habits  of  the  insect  that  they 
appear  in  greatest  numbers  in  years  which  are  characterized  by 
being  wet  and  cool,  following 
years  in  which  there  has  been 
drought.  Such  conditions  seem 
to  be  favorable  to  the  develop- 
ment of  the  insects  in  great 
swarms.  Their  appearance  in  the 
fields  is  often  at  first  not  observed; 
but  when,  having  attained  con- 

.  ,       ,,  ..    -  ic         •      FIG.  112. — Moth  of  H.  umpuncta. 

siderable  size,  the  supply  of  gram  (After  Riley } 

and  grasses  gives  out,  and  they 

begin  to  migrate  in  vast  bodies  in  search  of  provender,  they  at 

once  attract  attention. 

The  best  remedy  for  these  pests  is  to  burn  over  grass  lands 
in  the  winter,  to  keep  the  fence-rows  clear  of  grass  and  weeds, 
and  to  plough  under  the  land  in  the  spring  or  the  fall.  Untilled 
grass  lands  on  which  crops  are  not  properly  rotated  become 
centres  of  infection. 

(2)  Heliophila    pseudargyria    Guenee,    Plate   XXIV,    Fig. 
47,  ?  .     (The  False  Wainscot. ) 

A  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  freely  attracted  to 
sugar. 

(3)  Heliophila   subpunctata    Harvey,    Plate     XXIV,     Fig. 
35,  ?  .     (The  Dark-winged  Wainscot.) 

Syn.  complicate  Strecker. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  New  Mexico  and  Texas 
to  Arizona. 

(4)  Heliophila   minorata    Smith,    Plate    XXIV,    Fig.  41,  $. 
(The  Lesser  Wainscot.) 

This  species  is  found  in  California  and  Oregon. 

(5)  Heliophila  albilinea   Hubner,   Plate    XXIV,  Fig.  34,   $. 
(The  White-lined  Wainscot.) 

Syn.  harveyi  Grote. 

The  insect  is  widely  distributed,  ranging  from  Nova 
Scotia  to  New  Mexico  and  Texas,  but  apparently  avoiding 
the  Great  Plains  and  the  regions  lying  west  of  them. 

201 


Noctuidaa 

It  is  a  very  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States, 
and  at  times  does  considerable 
injury  to  the  crops.  It  has  never, 
however,  equaled  in  destructiveness 
the  first  species  of  the  genus,  to  which 
we  have  given  our  attention  on  the 
preceding  pages.  It  is  said  to  be 
particularly  attracted  to  the  wheat 
when  the  grain  is  in  the  milk  and 
the  heads  are  just  maturing.  The 
damage  done  at  this  time  is,  in  the 
Middle  States,  where  winter 
wheat  is  commonly  grown,  due  to 
the  first  generation  of  the  insects. 
There  are  in  fact  two  broods,  one 
appearing  on  the  wing  in  spring  or 
early  summer,  the  second  in  the  late 
summer.  The  latter  brood,  which 
generally  is  more  numerous  than  the 
first,  produces  the  caterpillars,  the 
pupae  of  which  yield  the  moths, 
which,  coming  out  in  the  spring  of 
the  year,  lay  their  eggs  in  the  wheat- 
fields.  It  is  said  that  the  habit  of 

FIG     113 — Heliophila    atbi-  .  .  .          .      .  .     .      , 

linea  a.  Larvae;  b.  Mass  attacking  wheat  in  its  period  of  matu- 
of  eggs  laid  on  the  stem  ration  has  lately  been  acquired  by  this 
fromhabove%.Egg viewed  insect,  and  is  an  illustration  of  the 
from  the  side;  (eggs  great-  way  in  which  species,  long  regarded 
Riley.)gnified)"  (Af  *  ^  innocuous,  develop  with  apparent 
suddenness  destructive  tendencies. 

(6)  Heliophila  heterodoxa,  Smith,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  36,  $  . 
(The  Heterodox  Wainscot.) 

The    insect    ranges   from    British    Columbia    and    northern 
California  as  far  east  as  Minnesota. 

(7)  Heliophila  multilinea  Walker,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  39,  $ . 
(The  Many-lined  Wainscot.) 

Syn.  lapidaria  Grote. 

Not  a  scarce  species  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

202 


Noctuidae 

(8)  Heliophila  commoides  Guenee,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  42,  $  . 
(  The  Comma  Wainscot.) 

The  insect  occurs  from  the  Atlantic  westward  as  far  as 
Colorado.  It  is  not  very  common. 

Genus    NELEUCANIA    Smith 

This  is  a  small  genus  composed  of  species,  which  are,  so  far 
as  is  known,  exclusively  Western. 

(i)  Neleucania  bicolorata  Grote.  (The  Two-colored 
Neleucania.) 

Of  this  species,  which  occurs  in 
Colorado,  New  Mexico  and  Arizona, 
and  probably  has  a  still  wider  distribu- 
tion, we  are  able  to  give  a  figure  based 
upon  a  specimen  contained  in  the  United  FIG.  114.— Neleucania 
States  National  Museum.  bicolorata.  $  {. 

Genus    ZOSTEROPODA    Grote 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus  is  known  at  present. 

(i)  Zosteropoda  hirtipes  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  46,   $  . 

The  insect  occurs  in  California. 

Genus   ORTHODES    Guenee 

Of  the  ten  species  reputed  to  belong  to  the  genus  and  said  to 
be  found  in  our  territory  four  are  figured. 

(1)  Orthodes   crenulata   Butler,    Plate   XXIV,    Fig.    37,  $  . 
(The  Rustic  Quaker.) 

An  exceedingly  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  rang- 
ing westward  throughout  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Orthodes  cynica  Guenee,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  38,  $  .     (The 
Cynical  Quaker.) 

Syn.  candens  Guenee;  tecta  Walker. 

Quite  as  common  as  the  preceding  species,  and  having  the 
same  range. 

(3)  Orthodes  vecors  Guenee,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  20,  $  .     (The 
Small  Brown  Quaker.) 

Syn.  enervis  Guenee;  nimia  Guene'e;  togata  Walker;  velata  Walker; 
prodeuns  Walker;  griseocincta  Harvey;  nitens  Grote. 

203 


Noctuidse 

This  is  another  small  creature,  which  has  caused  the  species- 
makers  much  exercise.  It  is  found  very  generally  throughout 
the  Atlantic  States. 

(4)  Orthodes  puerilis  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  45,  $  .  (The 
Boyish  Quaker.) 

This  insect  is  found  in  northern  California. 

Genus    HIMELLA   Grote 

(i)  Himella  contrahens  Walker,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  44,  ?  . 
Syn.  thecata  Morrison. 

This  insect  is  found  from  the  northern  Atlantic  States  south- 
ward and  westward  to  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

Genus    CROCIGRAPHA    Grote 

(i)  Crocigrapha  normani  Grote,  Plate  XXIV,  Fig.  43,  $  . 
Not  an   uncommon  insect  in  the  northern  portions  of  the 
Atlantic  Subregion. 

Genus   GRAPHIPHORA  Hiibner 

This  is  an  extensive  genus,  represented  in  both  hemispheres, 
and  containing  thirty-six  species,  which  occur  within  our  ter- 
ritory. We  illustrate  four  of  them. 

(1)  Graphiphora  culea  Guenee,  Plate  XXV    Fig.  I,  ?  . 

Syn.  modified  Morrison. 

This  species  is  quite  common  in  the  Appalachian  or  Atlantic 
Subregion. 

(2)  Graphiphora  oviduca  Guenee,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  2,  $  . 
Syn.  capsella  Grote;  orobia  Harvey. 

The  insect  has  the  same  range  as  the  preceding  species,  and 
is  equally  common. 

(3)  Graphiphora  alia  Guenee,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  3,  9  . 

Syn.  instabilis  Fitch;  insciens  Walker;  hibisci  Guenee;  conftuens 
Morrison. 

Not  a  scarce  species  in  the  Atlantic  Subregion. 

(4)  Graphiphora  garmani  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  5,  $  . 

A  rather  scarce  insect  ranging  from  western  Pennsylvania 
throughout  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  as  far  as  Illinois  and 
Iowa. 

204 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIV 


(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

i.  Mamestra    laudabilis    Guen6e, 


9- 

2.  Mamestra  lorea  Guen£e,  tf . 

3.  Mamestra  rugosa  Morrison,  cT. 

4.  Mamestra  erecta  Walker,  <5*. 

5.  Mamestra  anguina  Grote,   9  . 

6.  Mamestra  vicina  Grote,    9  • 

7.  Mamestra  neoterica  Smith,  cJ1. 

8.  Mamestra  negus sa  Smith,  9  • 

9.  Admetovis  oxymorus  Grote,  d1. 

10.  Barathra  occidentata  Grote,   9  • 

11.  Dargida  procinctus  Grote,   tf. 

12.  Neuronia  americana  Smith,  d1- 

13.  Morrisonia  sectilis  Guen6e,  d1. 

14.  Morrisonia   sectilis   var.   vome- 

rina,  Grote,    9  • 
1*5.  Morrisonia  confusa  Hubner,  tf. 

16.  Ulolonche  mo desta  Morrison,  d1- 

17.  Xylomiges  simplex  Walker,  d*- 

1 8.  Xylomiges  patalis  Grote,    9  • 

19.  Xylomiges  perlubens  Grote,  d1- 

20.  Xylomiges  dolosa  Grote,  d1- 

21.  Xylomiges  pulchella  Smith,  <$• . 

22.  Xylomiges  cognata  Smith,   c?. 

23.  Xylomiges  indurata  Smith,  cT  • 

24.  Scotogramma  submarina  Grote, 

J. 

25.  Scotogramma   infuscata    Smith, 

d1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 


26.  Scotcgramma  inconcinna  Smith, 

rf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

27.  Anarta  melanopa  Thunberg,  J1. 

28.  Anarta  cordigera  Thunberg,  c?. 

29.  Anarta  richardsoni  Curtis,   9  . 

30.  Anarta  schcenherri  Zetterstedt, 

cf- 

31.  Anarta  impingens  Walker,  c?. 

32.  Trichoclea  antica  Smith,  c?,  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

33.  Nephelodes  minians  Guen6e,  c?. 

34.  Heliophilaalbilinea  Hiibner,  cJ1. 

35.  Heliophila  subpunctata  Harvey, 

9. 

36.  Heliophila  heterodoxa  Smith,  c?. 

37.  Orthodes  crenulata  Butler,   c?1. 

38.  Orthodes  cynica  Guenee,  cT. 

39.  Heliophila    multilinea    Walker, 

<?' 

40.  Heliophila  unipuncta  Haworth, 

d1- 

41.  Heliophila  minor ata  Smith,  J1. 

42.  Heliophila   commoides   Guenee, 

d1. 

43.  Crocigrapha  normani  Grote,  c?. 
-4.4.  Himella  contrahens  Walker,  9  • 
45    Orthodes  puerilis  Grote,  c?. 
46.  Zosteropoda  hirtipes  Grote,  <j\ 

U.  S.  N.  M. 


47.  Heliophila  pseudargyria  Guen6e,  9. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


V 


Noctuidae 
Genus    STRETCHIA    Henry  Edwards 

This  is  an  extensive  genus,  to  which  a  number  of  Western 
species  have  been  referred.  It  badly  needs  revision  by  a  critical 
authority.  We  figure  one  of  the  best  known  forms. 

(i)  Stretchia  muricina,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  5,  $  . 

In  addition  to  the  figure  given  on  the 
plate  we  annex  a  cut  made  from  a  drawing 
of  a  specimen  contained  in  the  collection 
of  the  late  Henry  Edwards,  and  now  in 
the  possession  of  the  American  Museum  of  FIG.  115.  _  Stretchia 
Natural  History  in  New  York.  muricina. 

Genus    PERIGONICA    Smith 

This  is  a  small  genus,  which  we  represent  by  a  figure  of 
the  Coloradan  insect  to  which  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith  has 
applied  the  specific  name  fulminans.  The  male  is  depicted 
on  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  6. 

Genus    PERIGRAPHA    Lederer 

The  only  species  of  this  genus 
found  in  our  fauna  has  been  named 
prima  by  Professor  Smith.  It  is 
represented  by  a  drawing  of  the 
type,  which  is  contained  in  the 
pIG  Il6  _  Perigrapha  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
The  insect  is  a  native  of  California. 


Genus   TRICHOLITA   Grote 
(i)  Tricholita  signata  Walker,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  7,   $. 

Syn.  semiaperta  Morrison. 

This  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  found  in  the  eastern 
portion  ot  the  United  States.  There  are  four  other  species, 
but  they  are  western  in  their  habitat. 

Genus    CLEOSIRIS    Boisduval 

This  is  a  small"  genus  found  in  Europe  as  well  as  in 
America.  The  species  which  has  been  chosen  to  represent 
the  genus  was  named  populi  by  Strecker,  who  first  described 
it.  It  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  It 

205 


Noctuidae 

occurs  abundantly  about  the  city  of  Laramie.     It  is  represented 
upon  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  8,  by  a  female  specimen. 

Genus    PLEROMA    Smith 

(i)  Pleroma  obliquata  Smith,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  n,   6". 
The  species  of  this  genus  are  all  found  in  the  western  half  of  our 
territory. 

Genus    LITHOMOIA    Hiibner 

(i)  Lithomoia  germana  Morrison,   Plate  XXV,  Fig.  12,9. 
This  is  not  at  all  an  uncommon  species  in  the  northern  Atlantic 
States. 

Genus    XYLINA    Ochsenheimer 

An  extensive  genus  found  both  in  the  New  World  and 
the  Old.  Thirty-five  species  are  attributed  to  it  as  found  in 
our  fauna.  Of  this  number  ten  are  depicted  in  this  book. 

(1)  Xylina  disposita  Morrison,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  13,  ?.     (The 
Green-gray  Pinion.) 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Xylina   petulca   Grote,    Plate  XXV,   Fig.    9,  ? .     (The 
Wanton  Pinion.) 

Not  a  common  species,  having  the  same  range  as  the  preceding. 

(3)  Xylina  antennata  Walker.     (The  Ashen  Pinion.) 

Syn.  cinerea  Riley. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic  States.  The  larva  feeds 
upon  the  apple,  poplar,  hickory,  and  other  deciduous  trees.  It 

has  the  habit  of 
boring  into  apples 
and  peaches,  and 
the  galls  which  are 
found  upon  oaks. 
The  caterpillar  is 
green,  marked  with 
a  cream-colored  lat- 
eral stripe,  and 
spots  of  the  same 
color.  It  pupates 
beneath  the  soil  in 
a  loose,  filmy  cocoon  of  silk,  to  which  the  particles  of  earth  are 
adherent.  Pupation  takes  place  at  the  end  of  June,  or  the 

206 


FIG.    117. — Xylina  antennata.     a.    Larva  boring 
into  peach,     b.  Moth. 


Noctuidae 

beginning  of  July,  and  the  moth  emerges  in   September  and 
October. 

(4)  Xylina  laticinerea  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  17,  $  .     (The 
Broad  Ashen  Pinion.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 
mentioned. 

(5)  Xylina   innominata   Smith,    Plate   XXV,    Fig.    10,   3. 
(The  Nameless  Pinion.) 

The  range  of  the  Nameless  Pinion  is  from  the  Atlantic  to 
Colorado. 

(6)  Xylina  unimoda  Lintner,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  16,  $  .     (The 
Dowdy  Pinion.) 

The  species  occurs  in  New  England  and  the  Middle  States. 

(7)  Xylina  tepida   Grote,    Plate  XXV,    Fig.    15,   $.     (The 
Warm  Gray  Pinion.) 

An  eastern  species,  not  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania. 

(8)  Xylina  baileyi  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  19,  ? .     (Bailey's 
Pinion.) 

A  rather  pretty  species,  which  has  thus  far  only  been  reported 
from  northern  New  York. 

(9)  Xylina    thaxteri    Grote,     Plate     XXV,     Fig.     18,     ?  . 
(Thaxter's  Pinion.) 

The  home  of  this  species  is  New  England.  It  was  originally 
described  from  Maine. 

(10)  Xylina  pexata  Grote,   Plate  XXV,   Fig.  20,  ?  .     (The 
Nappy  Pinion.) 

Syn.  washingtoniana  Grote. 

The  species  ranges  from  New  England  to  Washington  and 
Oregon. 

Genus    LITHOLOMIA   Grote 

There  are  only  two  species  reckoned  in  this  genus.  The  one, 
which  we  figure  on  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  22,  by  a  male  specimen, 
ranges  over  the  entire  northern  portion  of  the  United  States  from 
ocean  to  ocean,  but  is  nowhere  very  common.  The  other 
species,  L.  dunbari  Harvey,  is  only  known  from  British  Columbia. 

Genus  CALOCAMPA  Stephens 

The  genus  is  found  in  both  hemispheres.  The  species  have 
a  habitus  which  enables  them  to  be  easily  recognized.  Of  the 

207 


Noctuidae 

six  occurring  within  the  faunal  limits,   with  which  this  book 
deals,  we  illustrate  two. 

(1)  Calocampa   nupera   Lintner,    Plate  XXV,    Fig.  24,   $  . 
(The  American  Swordgrass.) 

A  rather  large  moth,  easily  distinguished  from  the  following 
species  by  the  absence  of  the  dark  markings,  which  are  found  in 
the  disk  of  the  primaries  of  the  latter  insect.  It  occurs  in  the 
Atlantic  Subregion. 

(2)  Calocampa  curvimacula  Morrison,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  23, 
$  .     (The  Dot  and  Dash  Swordgrass.) 

The  species  is  found  throughout  the  northern  portions  of  the 
United  States  and  also  in  Canada. 

Genus  CUCULLIA  Schrank 

This  is  a  considerable  genus,  which  occurs  in  the  temperate 
regions  of  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  Four  of  the 
fourteen  species  attributed  to  our  territory  are  chosen  for  repre- 
sentation. The  larvae  feed  on  Solidago  and  other  Composite. 

(1)  Cucullia    convexipennis    Grote    &  Robinson,    Plate   I, 
Fig.  3,  larva;   Plate  XXV,  Fig.  29,  &.      (The  Brown-bordered 
Cucullia.) 

A  native  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Cucullia  asteroides  Guenee,    Plate   XXV,    Fig.   27,    ? . 
(The  Asteroid.) 

Found  in  the  same  localities  as  the  last  named  species. 

(3)  Cucullia     speyeri     Lintner,     Plate    XXV,    Fig.    26,   5  . 
(Speyer's  Cucullia.) 

Ranges  through  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  the  adjacent 
regions  to  the  west. 

(4)  Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer,    Plate  XXV,    Fig.  30,   $. 
(The  Intermediate  Cucullia.) 

An  Atlantic  species. 

Genus  COPICUCULLIA  Smith 

(i)  Copicucullia  propinqua  Smith,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  28.  ?. 
A  native  of  Colorado  and  Wyoming 

208 


Noctuidae 

Genus    RANCORA    Smith 
(i)  Rancora  solidaginis  Behr,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  25,   ?  . 

Syn.  strigata  Smith. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  northern  California  to  British 
Columbia. 

Genus   LATHOSEA   Grote 

1 i )  Lathosea  pullata  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  32,   i  . 
The  species  occurs  in  Oregon  and  eastward  to  Colorado. 

(2)  Lathosea  ursina  Smith,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  31,   ?  . 

A  native  of  Colorado  and  the  southern  portions  of  Wyoming. 

Genus   ASTEROSCOPUS    Boisduval 

We  are  able  to  give  a  cut  of  the  sole 
species  which  has  been  assigned  from  our 
fauna  to  this  genus.  It  is  based  upon 
the  type  of  the  species  which  was  named 
borealis  by  Smith,  and  which  is  preserved 
in  the  United  States  National  Museum  at  _ 

.....  ~,      .  FIG.  118.— Asteroscopus 

Washington.     The  insect  is  a  male. 


TRAGEDY  OF   THE   NIGHT-MOTH 

Magna  ausus 

'Tis  placid  midnight,  stars  are  keeping 
Their  meek  and  silent  course  in  heaven; 

Save  pale  recluse,  for  knowledge  seeking, 
All  mortal  things  to  sleep  are  given. 

But  see !  a  wandering  Night-moth  enters, 
Allured  by  taper  gleaming  bright ; 

Awhile  keeps  hovering  round,  then  ventures 
On  Goethe's  mystic  page  to  light. 

With  awe  she  views  the  candle  blazing; 

A  universe  of  fire  it  seems 
To  moth-savante  with  rapture  gazing, 

Or  Fount  whence  Life  and  Motion  streams. 

What  passions  in  her  small  heart  whirling, 
Hopes  boundless,  adoration,  dread; 

At  length  her  tiny  pinions  twirling, 

She  darts,  and — puff ! — the  moth  is  dead. 

209 


Tragedy  of  the  Night-Moth 

The  sullen  flame,  for  her  scarce  sparkling, 

Gives  but  one  hiss,  one  fitful  glare; 
Now  bright  and  busy,  now  all  darkling, 

She  snaps  and  fades  to  empty  air. 

Her  bright  gray  form  that  spread  so  slimly, 
Some  fan  she  seemed  of  pygmy  Queen ; 

Her  silky  cloak  that  lay  so  trimly, 
Her  wee,  wee  eyes  that  looked  so  keen. 

Last  moment  here ,  now  gone  forever, 

To  nought  are  passed  with  fiery  pain; 
And  ages  circling  round  shall  never 

Give  to  this  creature  shape  again  ! 

Poor  moth  !  near  weeping  I  lament  thee, 

Thy  glossy  form,  thy  instant  woe; 
'Twas  zeal  for  "things  too  high"  that  sent  thee 

From  cheery  earth  to  shades  below. 

Short  speck  of  boundless  Space  was  needed 
For  home,  for  kingdom,  world  to  thee  ! 

Where  passed  unheeding  as  unheeded 
Thy  little  life  from  sorrow  free. 

But  syren  hopes  from  out  thy  dwelling 
Enticed  thee,  bade  thee  earth  explore — 

Thy  frame,  so  late  with  rapture  swelling, 
Is  swept  from  earth  forevermore  ! 

Poor  moth  !  thy  fate  my  own  resembles. 

Me,  too,  a  restless,  asking  mind 
Hath  sent  on  far  and  weary  rambles, 

To  seek  the  good  I  ne'er  shall  find. 

Like  thee,  with  common  lot  contented, 

With  humble  joys  and  vulgar  fate, 
I  might  have  lived  and  ne'er  lamented, 

Moth  of  a  larger  size,  a  longer  date  ! 

But  Nature's  majesty  unveiling 

What  seemed  her  wildest,  grandest  charms, 

Eternal  Truth  and  Beauty  hailing, 
Like  thee,  I  rushed  into  her  arms. 

What  gained  we,  little  moth  ?    Thy  ashes, 
Thy  one  brief  parting  pang  may  show  : 

And  thoughts  like  these,  for  soul  that  dashes 
From  deep  to  deep,  are — death  more  slow ! 

THOMAS  CARLYLE. 
210 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXV 

(Except   when   otherwise   indicated,   the   specimens   figured  are  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Graphiphora  culea  Guenee,    9  • 

2.  Graphiphora  oviduca  Guenee,  <3*. 

3.  Graphiphora  alia  Guenee,    9  • 

4.  Graphiphora  garmani  Grote,   c? .  Merrick  Col- 

lection. 

5.  Stretchia  muricina  Grote,   cJ1. 

6.  Perigonica  fulminans  Smith,    c?. 

7.  Tricholita  signata,  Walker,  cJ1. 

8.  Cleosiris  populi  Strecker,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M 

9.  Xylina  petulca  Grote,    9  • 

10.  Xylina  innominata  Smith,  J1. 

n.  Pleroma  obliquata  Smith,   cT,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

12.  Lithomoia  germana  Morrison,    9  • 

13.  Xylina  disposita  Morrison,    9  • 

14.  Homoglcza  carbonaria  Harvey,    9  • 

15.  Xylina  tepida  Grote,   c?. 

16.  Xylina  unimoda  Lintner,   <J*. 

17.  Xylina  laticinerea  Grote,   <J*. 

1 8.  Xylina  thaxteri  Grote,    9  • 

19.  Xylina  baileyi  Grote,    9  • 

20.  Xylina  pexata  Grote,    9  • 

21.  Xylina  capax  Grote  &  Robinson. 

22.  Litholomia  nap&a  Morrison,   cJ1. 

23.  Calocampa  curvimacula  Morrison,  J*. 

24.  Calocampa  nupera  Lintner,   cJ1. 

25.  Rancor  a  solidaginis  Behr,    9  • 

26.  Cucullia  speyeri  Lintner,    c?. 

27.  Cucullia  aster  aides  Guen6e,    tf . 

28.  Copicucullia  propinqua  Smith,    9  • 

29.  Cucullia  convexipennis  Grote  &  Robinson,  tf. 

30.  Cucullia  intermedia  Speyer,    9  • 

31.  Lathosea  ursina  Smith,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

32.  Lathosea  pullata  Grote,  cT,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

33.  Nonagria  oblonga  Grote,  (?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

34.  Nonagria  subflava  Grote,   9  • 

35.  Ommatostola  lintneri  Grote,  J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

36.  Sphida  obliqua  Walker,    9  . 


HE  MOTH  Boos 


COPYRIGHTED   BY  W.   J.    HOLLAND. 


Noctuidae 

Genus    BELLURA   Walker 

We  cause  this  genus  to  be  represented  by  a  figure  of  the 
species  named  gortynides  by 
Walker.  Synonyms  are  densa 
Walker,  vulnifica  Grote,  mela- 
nopyga  Grote.  The  insect  is 
peculiar  to  the  Atlantic  States, 
so  far  as  is  known.  The  cut 
was  drawn  from  a  specimen 
in  the  American  Museum  of 
Natural  History  in  New  York.  FIG.  119.— Bellura  gortynides.  ?  .  {. 

Genus    SPHIDA   Grote 

(i)  Sphida  obliqua  Walker,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  36,  2  . 

Syn.  obliquata  Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  range  of  this  moth  is  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi. 
The  specimen  figured  was  taken  by  the  writer  at  light  in 
Minneapolis.  It  feeds  in  the  stems  of  Typha  latifolia. 

Genus    NONAGRIA   Ochsenheimer 

A  rather  small  genus  of  obscurely  colored  moths,  the  larvae 
of  which  burrow  in  the  stems  of  aquatic  plants,  below  the  water- 
line.  The  genus  is  represented  in  both  hemispheres.  Six  species 
belong  to  our  fauna. 

(1)  Nonagria  oblonga  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  33,  $  .     (The 
Large  Nonagria. ) 

Syn.  permagna  Grote. 

This  is  a  Southern  species,  thus  far  only  recorded  as  found  in 
Florida. 

(2)  Nonagria  subflava  Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  34,  ?  .     (The 
Yellowish  Nonagria.) 

The  insect  ranges  from  Maine  to  Illinois,  where  it  is  found  in 
the  vicinity  of  lakes  and  pools  of  water  in  which  rushes  grow. 

Genus   OMMATOSTOLA   Grote 

(i)  Ommatostolalintneri Grote,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  356". 
Thus  far  this  species  has  only  been  recorded  from  New  York 
and  New  Jersey. 

211 


Noctuidae 

Genus  ACHATODES   Guenee 

(i)  Achatodes  zeae  Harris,  Plate  I,  Fig.  12,  larva;  Plate  XXVI, 
Fig.  i,  $. 

This  common  insect,  like  those  of  the  next  three  genera,  is  a 
stem-feeder,  burrowing  in  the  pith  of  its  food-plants.  It  feeds 
in  stems  of  elder  (Sambucus),  and  Indian  corn. 

Genus   GORTYNA  Ochsenheimer 

This  genus  is  represented  in  the  faunae  of  both  hemispheres. 
It  is  quite  extensive. 

(1)  Gortyna  velata  Walker,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  3,   6  .     (The 
Veiled  Gortyna.) 

Syn.  sera  Grote  &  Robinson. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Gortyna  nictitans  Borkhausen,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  2,   $  . 
This  species,  which  is  also  found  in  Europe,  has  an  extensive 

synonymy.  It  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific,  and  shows 
in  different  localities  slight  differences  in  ground-color  and  mark- 
ings, which  have  led  to  the  creation  of  a'  number  of  subspecific 
distinctions  by  writers. 

(3)  Gortyna  immanis  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  4  $  .     (The 

Hop-vineGortyna.) 
The  insect  is 
not  often  found 
south  of  New  York 
and  New  England 
to  any  great  extent, 
though  its  occur- 
rence as  far  south 
as  Maryland  as  a 
rarity  has  been 
noted.  From 
western  New  York 
it  ranges  across  the 
continent  to  the 
Pacific.  As  it 
particularly  infests 


FIG.      1 20. — Gortyna     immanis.       a.     enlarged 
ment   of  larva;   b.   larva;  c.  pupa;  d.   adult 
(After  Howard.) 


seg- 
d* 


the  hop  it  will  not  be  abundant  in  places  where  that  plant  is 
not    grown.     In    the    centre    of    the    hop-growing    region    of 

212 


Noctuidae 

New  York  and  Ontario  it  is  very  abundant  at  times,  and  its 
depredations  have  been  complained  about  by  those  interested  in 
this  industry.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  young  shoots  and  the 
little  larvae  immediately  bore  into  the  stem  near  the  tip.  Here 
they  remain  until  they  are  half  an  inch  long,  when  they  descend 
and  attack  the  plant  at  the  level  of  the  ground.  It  has  been  rec- 
ommended to  pinch  the  tips  which  are  seen  to  be  affected  and 
thus  to  kill  the  young  worms.  Various  applications  to  be  put 
about  the  roots  have  been  advocated,  for  which  the  reader 
may  consult  "  Bulletin  No.  7  (New  Series)  of  the  United  States 
Department  of  Agriculture."  The  hop-vines  should  at  all  events 
not  be  hilled  up  until  the  end  of  July  or  the  beginning  of 
August.  This  prevents  the  larvae  from  having  easy  access  to  the 
stems  at  the  level  of  the  ground. 

(4)  Gortyna  obliqua  Harvey,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  13,  $  .  (The 
Oblique  Gortyna.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Atlantic  States  and  the  Miss- 
issippi Valley. 

Genus  PAPAIPEMA  Smith 

(1)  Papaipema  inquaesita  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXVI, 
Fig.  5,  $  • 

This  species  is,  so  far  as  we  know,  confined  to  the  northern 
Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Papaipema    purpurifascia    Grote    &    Robinson,    Plate 
XXVI,  Fig.  7,  $  . 

The  range  of  this,  as  well  as  of  all  the  species  subsequently  men- 
tioned, is  the  same  as  that  of  the  first  species  named  in  the  genus. 

(3)  Papaipema  Nitela   Guenee,    Plate   XXVI,    Fig.   9,    $  . 
Form  nebris  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  8,  $  . 

The  caterpillar  inflicts  a  good  deal  of  damage  upon  Indian 
corn  by  burrowing  into  the  end  of 
the  ear  when  the  seed  is  in  the 
milk.  Those  who  have  had  to  do 
with  the  preparation  of  roasting 
ears  well  know  the  unsightly  larvae, 
which,  as  they  have  stripped 
the  husk  from  the  cob,  have  revealed  their  presence.  Cooks 
know  more  about  these  things  than  the  farmer.  The  farmer 

213 


Noctuidae 

pulls  his  corn  after  the  seed  is  hard  and  dry,  but  the  "kitchen 
mechanic,"  who  has  to  deal  with  green  vegetables,  often  has  light 
upon  subjects  which  elude  the  observation  of  the  grower. 

(4)  Papaipema   necopina   Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.    12,    ?. 
The  species  occurs  in  the  Middle  States,  and  has  been  more 

frequently  found  in  New  York  than  elsewhere.     . 

(5)  Papaipema  cerussata  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXVI, 
Fig.  10,  ?. 

A   pretty  species,    which  occurs   in  New  England  and  the 
Northern  States  as  far  west  as  Minnesota. 

(6)  Papaipema  cataphracta  Grote,   Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  6,  6  . 
The  species  is  found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  and  is 

not  unusual  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

(7)  Papaipema   marginidens   Guenee,    Plate   XXVI,    Fig. 
II,   $. 

A  rather  scarce  species,  which  has  the  same  range  as  the 
preceding. 

(8)  Papaipema  furcata  Smith,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  14,  ? . 
The  specimen   shown  on  the   plate  was   taken  in  western 

Pennsylvania. 

Genus  OCHRIA  Hubner 

Dr.  Dyar  in  his  recent  list  refers  to  this  genus  the  insect 
which  was  accorded  the  specific  name 
sauzaelitse  by  Grote.  We  give  a 
figure  of  the  moth  taken  from  a 
specimen  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History,  for  the  skilful 
delineation  of  which  we  are  indebted 

FIG.  122. — Ochnasauzaehtce.^.  ,       /•.,/-  /•  »»        \\r-,,- 

T   to  the  facile  fingers  of  Mrs.  William 

Beutenmuller,  one  of  the  most  accomplished  delineators  of  insect 
life  in  America. 

Genus    PYRRHIA    Hubner 

(i)  Pyrrhia  umbra  Hufnagel,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  i$,   ? . 

This    species,    which   occurs  in   Europe,    ranges    in    North 
America  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus    XANTHIA    Hubner 

(i)  Xanthia  flavago  Fabricius,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  16,   $. 
Syn.  togata  Esper;  silago  Hubner. 

314 


Noctuida 

This  is  likewise  a  European  species,  which  has  a  wide  range 
in  the  northern  parts  of  the  United  States. 

Genus  JODIA   Hiibner 

(i)  Jodia  rufago  Hubner,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  17,  $.  (The 
Red- winged  Sallow. ) 

Syn.  honesta  Walker. 

A  European  as  well  as  a  North  American  species. 

Genus  BROTOLOMIA  Lederer 
(i)  Brotolomia  iris  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  19,  ?. 

Not  a  very  common  moth,  which  occurs  from  New  England 
to  Colorado. 

Genus   TRIGONOPHORA   Hubner 

( i )  Trigonophora  periculosa  Guenee,  var.  v-brunneum 
Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  18,  $  . 

This  is  a  very  common  species,  having  the  same  range  as  the 
preceding.  The  form  we  figure  has  the  V  mark  on  the  wings 
heavy  and  dark.  In  the  typical  form  this  mark  is  light  in  color. 

Genus   CONSERVULA   Grote 

(  i )  Conservula  anodonta  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  20,   $  . 
A  rather  scarce  species,  which  is  found  in  the  northern  part 
of  our  territory,  south  of  Canada,  and  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

Genus    EUCIRRCEDIA   Grote 

(i)  Eucirrcedia  pampina  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  21,  $. 

The  moth  comes  out  late  in  the  fall.  I  have  often  found  them 
when  a  warm  day  has  occurred  in  the  autumn,  freshly  emerged, 
and  hanging  from  the  stems  of  bushes  from  which  all  the  leaves 
had  already  fallen.  The  insect  is  common  in  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

Genus   SCOLIOPTERYX   Germar 

(i)  Scoliopteryx  libatrix  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  22,  $ . 
(The  Herald.) 

A  common  insect  found  in  Europe  and  the  entire  temperate 
zone  in  North  America.  The  larva  feeds  on  willows. 

315 


Noctuidac 

Genus  CHCEPHORA  Grote  &  Robinson 

(i)  Choephora  fungorum  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXVI, 
Fig.  23,  ?  . 

Not  a  very  common  moth.  It  is  found  among  the  Alleghanies 
in  western  Pennsylvania,  and  also  occurs  in  other  portions  of  the 
northern  Atlantic  subregion. 

Genus  PSEUDORTHOSIA  Grote 

The  only  species  of  the  genus  was  named 
variabilis  by  Grote.  It  ranges  from  Cali- 
fornia to  Colorado.  We  give  a  figure  of  the 
species  drawn  by  Mrs.  Beutenmuller  from  a 
specimen  contained  in  the  collection  of  the 

FIG.    123.— Pseudor-     ^ate  Henry  Edwards,  and  now  in  the  American 

thosia variability.  \.      Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Genus  PSEUDOGL^A  Grote 
(i)  Pseudoglsea  blanda  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  24,  $  . 

Syn.  tcedata  Grote;  decepta  Grote. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  Pacific  States,  from  which  it 
ranges  eastward  to  Texas  and  Colorado. 

Genus  ANCHOCELIS  Guenee 
(i)  Anchocelis  digitalis  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  25,  $  . 
The  only  species  in  our  fauna  so  far  known  is  found  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  States. 


Genus  SELICANIS  Smith 

Under  this  generic  name  Prof.  J.  B. 
Smith  in  1900  described  a  species  from 
Colorado  to  which  he  gave  the  specific 
name  cinereola.  The  type  of  this  insect, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum,  is  represented  in  the 
accompanying  cut. 


FIG.     124. — Selicams 
cinereola,    cT .    {. 


Genus  TAPINOSTOLA  Lederer 

(i)  Tapinostola  variana  Morrison,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  26,  $  . 
The  figure  we  give  is  taken  from  a  specimen  belonging  to  the 
United  States  National  Museum  and  coming  from  Michigan. 


Noctuidae 
Genus  FAGITANA  Walker 

Two  species,  which  were  formerly  attributed  to  the  genus 
Pseudolimacodes  Grote,  occur  in  the  United  States.  We  figure 
both  of  them. 

(1)  Fagitana  obliqua  Smith,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  27,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  this  species -is  Florida. 

(2)  Fagitana  littera  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 

Syn.  lucidata  Walker;  ntieicostatus  Grote. 

This  is  a  rare  insect,  which  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Genus  COSMIA  Ochsenheimer 

(i)  Cosmia  paleacea  Esper,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  32,  3  .  (The 
Angle-striped  Sallow.) 

Syn.  discolor  Walker;  infumata  Grote. 

This  insect  is  found  all  over  northern  Europe  and  the  United 
States. 

Genus  ORTHOSIA  Ochsenheimer 

The  genus  is  well  represented  both  in  the  New  World  and 
the  Old.  Of  the  fifteen  species  reckoned  as  belonging  to  our 
fauna  two  are  selected  for  illustration. 

(1)  Orthosia  bicolorago  Guenee,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  29,  $  . 
An  eastern  species,  which  is  not  uncommon. 

(2)  Orthosia  helva  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  30,  9  . 

A  very  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States,  ranging  west- 
ward as  far  as  Colorado. 

Genus  PARASTICHTIS  Hiibner 

(i)  Parastichtis  discivaria  Walker,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  31,6. 
Syn.  gcntilis  Grote. 

Found  throughout  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

Genus  SCOPELOSOMA  Curtis 

This  genus  represented  in  Europe  by  a  single  species  is 
represented  in  the  United  States  and  Canada  by  half  a  score  of 
species.  They  appear  upon  the  wing  very  early  in  the  spring, 
when  the  nights  are  still  cool  and  even  frosty.  This  fact  is  the 
reason  why  they  are  for  the  most  part  not  well  represented  in 

217 


Noctuidse 

collections.    A    good    place   to  collect   them  is  in   maple-sugar 
camps,  about  the  sap-buckets. 

(1)  Scopelosoma  moffatiana  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  33, 
$  .  (Moffat's  Sallow.) 

This  as  well  as  all  of  the  other  species  is  found  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

(2)  Scopelosoma  ceromatica  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  34, 
$  .     (The  Anointed  Sallow.) 

Ranges  from  New  Jersey  to  Maine. 

(3)  Scopelosoma  walkeri  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  35,   $  . 
(Walker's  Sallow.) 

The  moth  is  known  to  fly  from  Texas  to  Iowa  and  eastward 
to  Maine  and  Canada.     The  larva  feeds  upon  oaks. 

(4)  Scopelosoma  devia  Grote,   Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  42,    $  . 
(The  Lost  Sallow.) 

It  occurs  in  northern  New  York  and  Canada. 

Genus  ORRHODIA  Hiibner 

The  genus  is  found  both  in   Europe  and 
America.     Prof.  Smith  has  attributed  to  it  a 
species  to  which  he  gave  the  name  of  cali- 
fornica.     The  type  is  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum  and  the  annexed  figure  gives 
FIG.  125. — Orrbodia     a  representation  of  it.     1 1  is  the  only  species  of 
califomica.  the  genus  in  our  fauna. 

Genus  GL.JEA  Hubner 

(1)  Glaea  viatica  Grote,   Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  38,    $.     (The 
Roadside  Sallow.) 

The  species  appears  very  late  in  the  fall  of  the  year.     It  ranges 
from  Texas  in  the  south  to  Massachusetts  in  the  north. 

(2)  Glaea  inulta   Grote,    Plate    XXVI,    Fig.   37,    $  .     (The 
Unsated  Sallow.) 

The  moth  ranges  from  Canada  to  Virginia  and  westward  to 
Illinois  and  Iowa. 

(3)  Glaea  sericea  Morrison,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  36,   3  .     (The 
Silky  Sallow.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the 
preceding. 

218 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVI 


(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Achatoaes  zece,  Harris  cT.U.  S.      21.  Eucirrcedia    pampina    Guen6e, 

N.  M.  9  • 

2.  Gortyna    nictitans   Borkhausen, 

(?. 

3.  Gortyna  velata,  Walker,   tf . 

4.  Gortyna  immanis,  Guenee,  9  • 

5.  Papaipema   inquasita  Grote  & 

Robinson,  c?. 


22.  Scoliopteryx    libatrix    Linnaeus, 

c?- 

23.  Chcephora   fungorum    Grote    & 

Robinson,   9  • 

24.  Pseudoglaa   blanda    Grote,    (J1, 

U.  S.  N.  M. 


6.  Papaipema    cataphracta  Grote,      25.   Anchocelis  digitalis   Grote,    cJ1, 

tf.  U.  S.  N.  M. 

7.  Papaipema  pur puri fascia  Grote      26.   Tapinostola  variana    Morrison, 


&  Robinson,  oT- 
8.  Papaipema   nitela,    var.  nebris,      27. 


c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Fagitana  obliqua  Smith, 


Guenee,  tf . 
g.  Papaipema  nitela    Guenee,   c?. 

10.  Papaipema   cerussata   Grote   & 

Robinson,    9  • 

1 1 .  Papaipema       marginidens 

Guenee,    9  . 

12.  Papaipema  necopina  Grote,  9  • 

13.  Gortyna  obliqua  Harvey,   <jV 

14.  Papaipema  furcata  Smith,  9  • 

15.  Pyrrhia  umbra  Hiifnagel,    9  • 

16.  Xanthia  flavago  Fabricius,  cf- 

17.  Jodia  rufago  Hubner,  cT ,  U.  S. 

N.  M. 

18.  Trigonophora  v-brunneum 

Grote,  c?. 

19.  Brotolomia  iris  Guenee,  9  • 

20.  Conservula  anodonta  Gucn6e,  9  , 

U.  S.  N.  M.  J>. 

42.  Scopelosoma  devia  Grote, 


28.  Fagitana  littera  Guenee,    9  • 

29.  Orthosia  bicolorago  Guen6e,  (J1. 

30.  Ortliosia  helva  Grote,    9  • 

31.  Parastichtis  discivaria  Walker, 

c?- 

32.  Cosmia  paleacea  Esper,   cJ1. 

33.  Scopelosoma  moffatiana   Grote, 


34.  Scopelosoma   ceromatica   Grote, 

9- 

35.  Scopelosoma  walkeri  Grote,  c?. 

36.  Glaza  sericea  Morrison,  J1. 

37.  Glceainulta  Grote,  $  . 

38.  Glaza  viatica  Grote,  $  . 

39.  Homoglcea  hircina  Morrison,  cJ*. 

40.  Epiglcea  decliva  Grote,  <J*. 

41.  Epiglcea   pastillicans    Morrison, 


~HE  MOTH  BOOK 


Noctuidae 
Genus  EPIGL^EA  Grote 

(1)  Epiglaea  pastillicans  Morrison,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  41,  $  . 
(The  Round-loaf  Sallow.) 

The  species  occurs  from  West  Virginia  to  Maine,  and  west- 
ward to  Ohio. 

(2)  Epiglaea  decliva  Grote,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  40,   $  .     (The 
Sloping  Sallow.) 

Syn.  deleta  Grote. 

The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  Virginia,  and  westward  to 
Illinois. 

Genus  HOMOGL^A  Morrison 

(1)  Homoglaea  hircina  Morrison,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  39,    3. 
(The  Goat  Sallow.) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  northern  part  of  our  territory. 
It  ranges  from  Alberta  to  Nova  Scotia,  and  southward  along  the 
Alleghany  Mountains  into  the  Western  part  of  North  Carolina. 

(2)  Homoglaea  carbonaria  Harvey,  Plate  XXV,  Fig.  14,   ?  . 
(The  Smudged  Sallow.) 

The  species  ranges  from  Washington  and  Oregon  eastward 
to  Colorado.  It  has  been  located  in  the  genus  Euharveya,  but 
this  name  is  a  synonym  for  Homoglaa,  according  to  Prof.  J.  B. 
Smith,  and  accordingly  sinks. 

Genus  CALYMNIA  Hiibner 
(i)  Calymnia  orina  Guenee,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  i,  $  . 

Syn.  canescens  Behr. 

This  easily  identified  moth  ranges  over  the  entire  temperate 
portion  of  the  North  American  continent.  The  larva  feeds  upon 
oaks. 

Genus  ZOTHECA  Grote 

(i)  Zotheca  tranquila  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  2,  $  .  (The 
Western  Elder  Moth.) 

Syn.  sambuci  Behr;  viridula  Grote. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  elder  (Sambucus).  The  moth  ranges 
from  northern  California  to  British  Columbia  and  eastward  to 
Wyoming.  The  greener  form  was  named  viridula  by  Grote. 
The  difference  is  hardly  subspecific,  as  the  shade  of  green  on  the 
wings  is  hardly  alike  in  any  two  specimens,  and  the  color  soon 
fades  out. 

219 


Noctuidce 

Genus   IPIMORPHA  Hubner 

(i)  Ipimorpha  pleonectusa  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  3,  & . 
(The  Even-lined  Sallow.) 

Syn.  (zquilinca  Smith. 

The  species  occurs  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus   ATETHMIA   Hubner 

(1)  Atethmia  subusta  Hubner,  Plate  XXV11,  Fig.  4,   $. 

A  very  common  species  ranging  through  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  Gulf  States  through  Central  and  South  America  as  far  as 
Argentina. 

(2)  Atethmia  rectifascia  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  5,  $  . 
Found  from  New  Jersey  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

Genus  TRICHOCOSMIA   Grote 

(i)  Trichocosmia  inornata  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  6,   $. 
The  insect  is  found  in  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

Genus   TRISTYLA   SMITH 

The  genus  was  erected  by  Smith  for  the 
reception  of  a  Californian  species  to  which  he 
gave  the  specific  name  alboplagiata.   Through 
the  kindness  of  the  authorities  of  the  United 
FIG.  1 2 6.— Tristyla  States  National  Museum  I  am  able  to  give  a 
alboplagiata,  $  .    representation  of  the  type  of  this  insect. 

Genus  ANTAPLAGA  Grote 

A  small  genus  composed  exclusively  of  western  species. 
(i)  Antaplaga  dimidiata  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  7,  $. 
Hitherto  only  reported  from  Colorado. 

Genus   GROTELLA   Harvey 

(I)  Grotella  dis  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  8,  $  . 
A  small  moth  found  in  New  Mexico  and  Arizona. 
220 


Noctuidae 

Genus   PIPPONA   Harvey 

The  only  species  hitherto  referred  to  this 
genus  is  found  in  Texas.  We  give  in  the  cut, 
which  is  herewith  presented,  a  figure  of  a  speci- 
men which  is  contained  in  .the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  which  was  care- 
fully drawn  for  this  book  by  Mrs.  Beutenmuller.  FIG. 
It  was  named  bimatris  by  Dr.  Harvey.  na  bimatris,. 

Genus    BESSULA    Grote 

Through  the  kindness  of  the  authorities  of  the  British  Museum 
and  Sir  George  F.  Hampson  I  am  able  to  give  herewith  a  figure 


FIG.  128. — Bessula  luxa. 

of  the  type  of  the  genus  and  species,  which  is  preserved  in  the 
Grote  Collection.    The  moth  occurs  in  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

Genus    OXYCNEMIS    Grote 

This  genus  is  composed  wholly  of  species  which  are  found 
in  the  southwestern  portions  of  our  ter- 
ritory. Of  one  of  these,  found  in 
California,  to  which  Smith  has  applied 
the  specific  name  fusimacula,  we  are 
permitted  to  give  a  figure  taken  from  a 
specimen  preserved  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History.  It  was  drawn  by  Mrs.  Beutenmuller. 


FIG.  129. — Oxycnemis 
fusimacula.      $  .     ^. 


Genus    NYCTEROPH^ETA   Smith 
(i)  Nycterophaeta  luna  Morrison,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  9,   $  . 

Syn.  magdalena  Hulst;  notatella  Grote. 

The  moth  ranges  from  Dakota  and  Montana  southward  to 
southern  Colorado. 


221 


Noctuidae 

Genus    COPABLEPHARON    Harvey 

(1)  Copablepharon  grandis  Strecker,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  10,  $  . 
The  species   ranges   from   northern   California    and   Oregon 

eastward  to  Montana. 

(2)  Copablepharon   longfrpenne   Grote,    Plate   XXVII,   Fig. 
II,   ?• 

From  the  preceding  species  it  may  easily  be  distinguished  by 

its  much  greater  size.    It  has  thus  far  only  been  found  in  Montana. 

-    (3)  Copablepharon  album  Harvey,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  12,  $  . 

The  fore  wings  in  this  species  are  pure  white,  and  not  shaded 
with  yellow,  as  is  the  case  with  the  other  two  species,  which 
have  been  mentioned.  It  occurs  from  Oregon  to  Montana  and 
southward  to  Colorado. 

Genus   THYREION    Smith 

(i)  Thyreion  rosea  Smith,  Plate  XXII,  Fig.  13,   ?. 
This  insect  is  thus  far  only  known  to  occur  in  Colorado. 

Genus    CHLOR1DEA   Westwood 

(i)  Chloridea  virescens  Fabricius,  Plate  XX VII,  Fig.  14,   $  . 
Syn.  rhexice  Abbot  &  Smith;  speclanda  Strecker. 

Found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  from  Canada 
southward  into  Mexico. 

Genus    HELIOCHEILUS    Grote 

(i)  Heliocheilus  paradoxus  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  15,  $. 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  middle  of  the  Mississippi  Valley 

south  and  west.    It  does  not  appear  to  be  common  in  collections. 

Genus   HELIOTHIS    Ochsenheimer 

The  genus  is  represented  in  both  hemispheres  by  a  number 
of  species.  It  used  to  be  made  to  include  a  large  assemblage  of 
insects,  but  latterly  has  been  restricted  by  authors. 

(i)  Heliothis  armiger  Hubner,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  17,  5  . 
(The  Boll-worm.) 

This  insect,  which  is  known  to  English  entomologists  as  the 
''Scarce  Bordered  Straw,"  is  unfortunately  not  scarce  in  the 

222 


FIG.    130. — Boll-worm   feeding  upon   a   tomato. 
(After  Riley.) 


Noctuidae 

United  States,  and  being  of  a  singularly  gluttonous  habit  in  the 

larval  stage,  has  become  the  object  of  execration  to  farmers  and 

horticulturists.    It 

is  a  very  promis- 
cuous feeder,  but 

shows    a    special 

fondness   for 

young  Indian  corn 

in  the  ear  and  for 

cotton  bolls.      On 

account   of   the 

latter    peculiarity 

it  has  received  the 

name     we     have 

applied  above.    It 

attacks   the  fruit 

of  the  tomato  when  still  green,  and  causes  it  to  rot  on  the  vines. 

It  also  feeds  upon  pumpkins,  peas,  beans,  hemp,  and,  it  is  said, 

upon  tobacco. 

An  excellent  ac- 
count of  its  habits 
has  been  given  by 
Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  in 
his  "Third  Annual 
Report"  as  State 
Entomologist  of 
Missouri.  It  is  from 
that  paper  that  we 
have  extracted  the 
figures  which  are 
herewith  given,  and 
which  serve  to  illus- 
trate the  life-history 
of  the  insect.  The 

FIG.  iji.—Heliothis  armiger.  a.  Egg  viewed  from  mc.th  ranw;  all  nvpr 
the  side;  b.  Egg  viewed  from  on  top  (both  eggs  n  1  ranges  a11  over 
magnified);  c.  Larva;  d.  Pupa;  e-f.  Moth.  (After  the  United  States  and 

southern  Canada.   It 

is  most  abundant  in  the  southern  portion  of  our  territory,  where 
there  are  from  three  to  four  broods  annually.     It  is  here  in  the 


22^ 


Noctuidae 

cotton-fields  and  in  the  growing  corn  that  the  greatest  damage 
is  inflicted.  There  appears  to  be  no  way  of  applying  remedies 
in  a  wholesale  manner  to  the  crops  so  as  to  prevent  the  depreda- 
tions of  this  insect.  The  only  resort  is  for  the  grower  to  go 
carefully  over  the  fields,  and  where  he  detects  the  presence  of  the 
insects  in  their  early  stages,  to  pick  them  off  and  destroy  them. 
In  the  case  of  corn  the  presence  of  the  worm  is  shown  by  the 
premature  drying  of  the  silk,  and  in  the  case  of  cotton  by  the 
fallen  flower-buds,  which  lie  withering  on  the  ground. 

(2)  Heliothis  scutosus  Fabricius,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  16,  $  . 
(The  Spotted  Clover-moth.) 

Syn.  nucbalis  Grote. 

This  species,  which  occurs  in  Europe  and  Asia,  is  also  found 
not  infrequently  in  the  western  part  of  our  territory. 

Genus  DERRIMA  Walker 

(i)   Derrima   stellata   Walker,    Plate   XXIX,    Fig.   67,    $. 
(The  Pink  Star-moth.) 

Syn.  henrietta  Grote. 

The  specimen  figured  was  taken  in  Maine. 
We  also  give  a  cut  taken  from  a  specimen  in 
the  American  Museum  of  Natural  History.     It 
is  a  rare  insect,  but  widely  distributed  from 
FIG.  132. — Derrima      New  England  to  the  Mississippi  through  the 
stellata,  rf.    i-         northern  tier  of  states. 

Genus  RHODOPHORA  Guenee 

(1)  Rhodophora  gaurae  Abbott  &  Smith,    Plate    XXVII, 
Fig.  1 8,  $  . 

Syn.  matutina  Hiibner. 

A  very  common  species  in  the  southern  and  southwestern 
portions  of  our  territory.     The  larva  feeds  upon  Gaura  biennis. 

(2)  Rhodophora  florida  Guenee,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  19,  $. 
Ranges  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  as  far  as 

Utah. 

(3)  Rhodophora  citronellus  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXVI  I, 
Fig.  20,  $  . 

This  is  a  common  species  in  Texas  and  Arizona.     It  occurs 
also  in  Colorado. 

224 


Noctuidse 

Genus  RHODOSEA   Grote 

(i)   Rhodosea  julia  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  53,  $. 
The  moth  occurs  in  New  Mexico  and  southward  to  northern 
Mexico.    The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  is  contained  in  the 
United  States  National  Museum. 

Genus  RHODODIPSA  Grote 

(1)  Rhododipsa  volupia  Fitch,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  22,   S. 
Habitat  Colorado  and  Texas. 

(2)  Rhododipsa  miniana  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  23,   $. 
The  insect  occurs  in  New  Mexico. 

(3)  Rhododipsa  masoni  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  24,    ?. 
This  species  has  thus  far  only  been  reported  from  Colorado. 

Genus  TRIOCNEMIS  Grote 

There  is  only  one  species  of  this  genus,  to  which  Grote 
applied  the  specific  name  saporis.  The  male  is  depicted  on 
Plate  XXVI  I,  Fig.  21.  It  ranges  from  Washington  and  California 
eastward  to  Colorado. 

Genus  PSEUDACONTIA  Smith 

This  is  another  genus  represented  thus  far 
by  one  species.  The  insect  received  the  specific 
name  crustaria  at  the  hands  of  Morrison.  The 
figure  we  give  was  taken  from  a  specimen 
contained  in  the  United  States  National  Museum 
at  Washington.  The  insect  ranges  from  Ne-  FIG.  133.— Pseuda- 
braska  to  Colorado  and  Wyoming.  conlia  crustaria. 

Genus  GR^PERIA  Grote 

The  only  species  attributed  thus  far  to  this  genus  is  still  a 
rare  insect  in  collections.  We  give  a  figure 
of  the  type  contained  in  the  collection  of  the 
late  Berthold  Neumcegen,  which  is  preserved 
at  the  Brooklyn  Institute.  The  insect  occurs 
FIG.  134. — Graperia  in  Texas.  The  fore  wings  are  deep  maroon, 
magnifica,  d".  \.  edged  anteriorly  with  pale  creamy  white. 

225 


Noctuidae 


Genus    PORRIMA   Grote 


(i)  Porrima  regia  Strecker,   Plate  XXVII,   Fig.  26,   ?. 
This  is  a  southern  species,  found  in  Texas,  and  also  ranging 
northward  as  far  as  Kansas  and  Colorado. 


Genus   TRICHOSELLUS   Grote 

(i)  Trichosellus  cupes  Grote. 

Syn.  crotchi  Henry  Edwards. 

This  little  moth,  which  is  the  only  one 
belonging  to  the  genus,  is  represented  in  the 
annexed  figure  by  a  drawing  of  the  type, 
which  is  preserved  in  the  American  Museum 
of  Natural  History. 


FIG.  135. — •Tricho- 
sellus cupes,  £  .    -J-. 


Genus    EUPANYCHIS    Grote 

The    only    species    belonging    to    the 
genus  was  originally  named   spinosae   by 
Guenee.     Grote  &  Robinson  subsequently 
called  it  hirtella.     It  occurs  from  Canada 
southward  to  the  Potomac  and  westward 
to  Illinois.     The  figure  we  give  is  from  a         i 
drawing  of  a  specimen  in  the  United  States  FlG.  l36.—Eupanychis 
National  Museum.  spinosce,  $  . 

Genus    CANIDIA    Grote 


FIG.  137. — Canidia  scissa. 

This  is  a  Floridan  species,  a  figure  of  the  type  of  which  has 
been  prepared  for  this  book  under  the  supervision  of  Sir  George 
F.  Hampson. 

Genus    SCHINIA    Hubner 

This  is  a  very  extensive  genus  of  small  and  rather  pretty 
moths,  which  are  particularly  abundant  in  the  grassy  and  semiarid 

226 


Noctuidae 

lands  of  the  southwestern  States.    There  are,  however,  a  number 
of  species,  which  occur  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

(1)  Schinia  chrysellus  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  28,    ?. 
The  fore  wings  are  silvery  white.     The  insect  is  strikingly 

beautiful,  and  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  States  of  Colorado. 
New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

(2)  Schinia  aleucis  Harvey,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  29,   $. 
This  species  is  smaller  than  the  preceding,  which  it  resembles 

in  a  general  way.    The  hind  wings  are  darker.    It  occurs  in  Texas. 

(3)  Schinia  cumatilis  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  30,   <3  . 

A  beautiful  species,  with  silvery-white  wings.  It  may 
at  once  be  distinguished  from  the  two  preceding  species  by  the 
different  arrangement  of  the  bands  upon  the  fore  wings.  It  is 
found  in  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  and  Texas. 

(4)  Schinia  trifascia  Hubner,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  35,  ?  . 
Syn.  lineata  Walker. 

The  moth  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  foothills  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming. 

(5)  Schinia  simplex  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  32,   ?  . 

The  home  of  this  species  is  Colorado.  The  fore  wings  in 
some  specimens  are  much  brighter  green  than  shown  on  the  plate. 

(6)  Schinia  nundina  Drury,  Plate,  XXVII,  Fig.  33,  $  . 
Syn.  nigrirena  Haworth. 

This  is  a  strikingly  marked  species,  which  cannot  easily  be 
mistaken  for  anything  else.  It  ranges  from  New  Jersey  south- 
ward and  westward  to  Illinois  and  Kentucky. 

(7)  Schinia  acutilinea  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  34,   $. 
Syn.  separata  Grote. 

The  moth  is  found  in  Colorado  and  Utah. 

(8)  Schinia  brucei  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  37,  $  . 
The  home  of  the  insect  is  Colorado. 

(9)  Schinia  lynx  Guenee,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  38,  $  . 

Is  taken  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi. 

(10)  Schinia  roseitincta  Harvey,  Plate  XXVI,  Fig.  36,  6  . 
Syn.  exaltata  Henry  Edwards. 

Has  been  found  from  Colorado  to  Texas, 
(n)  Schinia  saturata  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  43,  $. 
Ranges  from   Massachusetts  to   Florida,    and   westward  to 
Texas  and  southern  California. 

227 


Noctuidae 

(12)  Schinia  tertia  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  39,  ?. 
This  species  is  common  in  Texas. 

(13)  Schinia  albafascia  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  45,  ?. 
The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Utah  and  Colorado. 

(14)  Schinia  jaguarina  Guenee,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  41,  $. 
The  species  ranges  from  western  Pennsylvania  to  Nebraska 

and  Colorado  and  southward  to  Texas. 

(15)  Schinia  arcifera  Guenee,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  42,  ?. 

Syn.  spraguei  Grote. 

The  species  occurs  from  New  England  to  New  Mexico  and 
southward. 

(16)  Schinia  packardi  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  }\,  $. 
Syn.  mortua  Grote ;  nobilis  Grote. 

Distributed  from  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

(17)  Schinia  thoreaui  Grote  &    Robinson,    Plate   XXVII, 
Fig.  46,  <$ . 

Ranging  from  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  southward  into  Texas. 

(18)  Schinia  marginata  Haworth,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  44,  6". 

Syn.  rivulosa  Guenee;  diver  gens  Walker;  contracta  Walker;  designator 
Walker. 

Found  from  New  York  to  Iowa  and  thence  southward. 

(19)  Schinia  brevis  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  40,  $  . 
Syn.  atrites  Grote. 

This  species  is   spread   from   Massachusetts   to  Iowa    and 
southward  to  New  Mexico. 

Genus   DASYSPOUD^A   Smith 

(1)  Dasyspoudaea  lucens  Morrison,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  47,  $  . 
A  common   insect  in  Nebraska  and  westward  in  Colorado 

and  Wyoming. 

(2)  Dasyspoudaea  meadi  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  48,  $ . 
Ranges  from  Montana  southward  to  Colorado. 

Genus  PSEUDANTHCECIA   Smith 

(i)  Pseudanthcecia  tumida  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  49,  3. 
This  insect  occurs  from  Colorado  to  the  higher  plateaus  of 
northern  Mexico.    It  is  common  in  Chihuahua. 

228 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVII 

(Except  when   otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con 
tained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


1.  Calymnia  orina  Guenee,   cT. 

2.  Zotheca  tranquilla  Grote,  d1- 

3.  Ipimorpha    pleonectusa     Grote, 

d1-   _ 

4.  Alethmia  subusta    Hiibner,    d1. 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

5.  Atethmia  rectifascia   Grote,   d\ 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

6.  Trichocosmia    inornata     Grote, 

d1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

7.  Antaplaga  dimidiata  Grote,  d1- 

8.  Grotella  dis  Grote,  J1,  U.  S.  N. 

M. 

9.  Nycterophceta  luna  Morrison,  9  • 

10.  Copablepharon  grandis  Strecker, 

d1- 

11.  Copablepharon    longipenne 

Grote,   $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

12.  Copablepharon   album    Harvey, 


13. 


14. 


Thyreion   rosea 

S.  N.  M. 
Chloridea    virescens 


Smith,     $  ,  U. 
Fabricius, 
paradoxus    Grote, 


15.  Heliocheilus 
cf- 

1  6.  Heliothis  scutosus  Fabricius,  d1- 
17."  Heliothis  armiger  Hiibner,  J1. 
1  8.  Rhodophora    gaurcs     Abbot    & 
Smith,  d- 

19.  Rhodophora  florida  Guenee,  d1- 

20.  Rhodophora  citronellus  Grote  & 

Robinson,  d1. 

21.  Triocnemis   sapor-is    Grote,    d1. 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

22.  Rhododipsa  volupia  Fitch,  d1- 

23.  Rhododipsa  miniana  Grote,  d1- 

24.  Rhododipsa  masoni  Smith,  9  . 

25.  Pseudotamilavanella  Grote,   d1. 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

26.  Porrima  regia  Strecker,   9  • 

27.  Porrima  gloriosa  Strecker,  9  • 


28.  Schinia  chrysellus  Grote,  9  . 

29.  Schinia  aleucis  Harvey,  d- 

30.  Schinia  cumatilis  Grote,   tf  . 
3  1  .  Schinia  packardi,   $  . 

32.  Schinia  simplex  Smith,    9. 

33.  Schinia  nundina  Drury,   d1- 

34.  Schinia  acutilinea  Grote,  d*- 

35.  Schinia  trifascia  Hubner,    9  • 

36.  Schinia  roseitincta   Harvey,  tf- 

37.  Schinia  brucei  Smith,  (J1- 

38.  Schinia  lynx  Guenee,   cJ*. 

39.  Schinia  tertia  Grote,    9  . 

40.  Schinia  brevis  Grote,  (J1. 

41.  Schinia  jaguarina  Guen6e,  c?. 

42.  Schinia  arcijera  Guenee,    9  . 

43.  Schinia  saturnta  Grote,  (J1. 

44.  Schinia     marginata     Haworth, 


Schinia  albafascia  Smith,    9  • 
Schinia  thoreaui  Grote  &  Robin- 

son, (5>. 
Dasyspoudaa  lucens    Morrison, 

(DP-. 

48.  Dasyspoudcca  meadi  Grote,  c?. 

49.  PseudanthcBcia  tumida  Grote,  d*- 

50.  Stylo  poda  cephalica  Smith,    9  - 

51.  Melicleptria  sueta  Grote,  cJ1. 

5  2  .  Meliclepiria  pulchripennis 

Grote,  J>. 
53.  Rhodosea  julia  Grote,   9  ,  U.  S. 

N.  M. 
Mela  par  phyria    oregona    Henry 

Edwards,  $. 
Dysocnemis    belladonna    Henry 

Edwards,  d1- 
Heliaca  diminutiva  Grote,   d*- 

57.  Axenus  arvalis  Grote,  d1- 

58.  Heliolonche  modicella  Grote,  9  • 

59.  Omianescea  Smith,  d\U.S.N.M. 

60.  Xanthothrix  neumcegeni  Henry 

Edwards,    9  . 

61.  Heliophana  mitis  Grote,  d*« 


47 


54 


55. 


56. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Noctuidse 

Genus    PALADA   Smith 

There  is  but  one  species  of  the  genus,  and 
we  are  able  to  give  a  figure  of  the  type  of  this 
through  the  kindness  of  the  authorities  of  the 
United  States  National  Museum.  It  received 
the  specific  name  scarlatina  at  the  hands  of  FIG.  138.— 
Prof.  J.  B.  Smith.  Its  habitat  is  California.  scarletina,  $. 

Genus  STYLOPODA  Smith 

(i)  Stylopoda  cephalica  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  50,?. 
This  is  a  very  common  species  in  southern  California. 

Genus    SYMPISTIS    Hubner 

This  is  another  of  the  many  genera  among  the  Heliothid 
moths,  which  are  represented  thus  far  in 
America  by  but  a  single  species.  The  insect 
was  named  proprius  by  Henry  Edwards, 
and  we  give  a  figure  of  the  type  which  is  in 
FIG.  139.— Sympis-  his  collection  now  in  the  possession  of  the 
Us  proprius,  &  .  \.  American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

Genus    MELAPORPHYRIA   Grote 

This  little  genus  contains  three  species.  Of  these  we  select 
one  for  illustration. 

(i)  Melaporphyria  oregona  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXVII, 
Fig.  54,  3. 

The  range  of  the  species  is  from  Colorado  to  Oregon. 

Genus    DYSOCNEMIS    Grote 

(i)  Dysocnemis  belladonna  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXVII, 
Fig.  55.  <$  • 

This  beautiful  little  moth  occurs  in  Utah. 

Genus    PSEUDOTAMILA   Smith 

(i)  Pseudotamila  vanella  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  25,   $. 
Found  among  the  mountains  of  Nevada  and  California. 

229 


Noctuidae 

Genus    MELICLEPTRIA   Hubner 

(1)  Melicleptria  pulchripennis  Grote,   Plate  XXVII,   Fig. 

52,  S. 

Syn.  tanguida  Henry  Edwards. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  Colorado  to  California. 

(2)  Melicleptria  sueta  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  51,  3. 

Syn.  californ-icus  Grote. 

Is  distributed  from  Colorado  to  California. 

Genus    HELIOLONCHE    Grote 

(i)  Heliolonche  modicella  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  58,  $. 
The  moth   is   distributed  from   California  to  Colorado  and 
Wyoming. 

Genus    OMIA    Hubner 

(i)  Omia  nesaea  Smith,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  59,  $. 
The  habitat  of  this  little  moth  is  California. 

Genus    HELIOPHANA    Grote 

(l)  Heliophana  mitis  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  61,  3  . 

Syn.  obliquata  Smith. 

Genus    HELIODES    Guene"e 

There  are  but  two  species  so  far  known  to 
belong    to    this    genus.     They    both    occur    in 
California,    and   are  among  the  smallest   of  the 
FIG.  140.        Heliothids.     We  give  in  the  annexed  cut  a  repre- 
H eliod es  restric-  sentation  of  the  type  of  the  species  named  restric- 
talis,  $  .        talis  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith. 

Genus    HELIOSEA    Grote 


FIG.  141.  —  Heliosea  pictipennis 


The  figure  of  the  type  of  the  genus  and  the  species  is  kindly 
loaned  me  for  use  in  this  book  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson.     It  is 

230 


Noctuidse 

taken    from  the    "Catalogue    of  the    Lepidoptera    Phalaenae," 
Vol.  IV.     The  moth  occurs  in  California. 

Genus   XANTHOTHRIX    Henry   Edwards 

(i)  Xanthothrix  neumoegeni  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXVII, 
Fig.  60,  ? . 

This  pretty  bright  colored  little  moth  occurs  in  California. 

Genus    AXE N US    Grote 

(i)  Axenus  arvalis  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  57,  $  . 
Syn.  ochraceus  Henry  Edwards;  amptus  Henry  Edwards. 

A  common  insect  ranging  from  Colorado  to  California  and 
southward. 

Genus    HELIACA    Herrich-Schaeffer 

Five  species  are  attributed  to  this  genus,  of  which  we 
illustrate  one. 

(i)  Heliaca  diminutiva  Grote,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  56,  <?  . 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 
mentioned. 

Genus    EUPSEUDOMORPHA    Dyar 

(i)    Eupseudomorpha    brillians    Neu- 
mosgen. 

Of  this   beautiful   insect,   which   is  still 
very  rare  in  collections,   we  give  a  figure 
drawn  by  the  writer  from  the  type,  which 
is  contained  in  the   Neumcegen   Collection.   FIG.  142. — Eupseudo- 
The  moth  inhabits  Texas.  morpha  brillians,  9  f 

Genus    XANTHOPASTIS    Hubner 

(i)  Xanthopastis  timais  Cramer,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  17,  9  • 
Syn.  regnatrix  Grote. 

This  insect  has  a  very  wide  range  all  over  the  tropics  of  the 
New  World.  It  occurs  not  infrequently  in  the  Gulf  States,  and 
occasionally  ranges  as  far  north  as  New  York. 


Noctuidae 

Genus    PSYCHOMORPHA    Harris 

(i)  Psychomorpha  epimenis  Drury,  Plate  III,  Fig.  9,   $. 
This  very  beautiful  little  moth  appears  on  the  wing  early  in 
the  spring  in  Pennsylvania.     It  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Atlantic 

States.  Hitherto  it  has 
been  placed  by  many 
authors  among  the  Agaris- 
tidce,  but  we  incline  to 
the  opinion  that  it  is  better 
F.G.  na.-Larva  of  pTychomorpha  cpi-  located  where  we  have  put 

menis.    a,  Full  grown  caterpillar;  b,  side    it,     among    the    NoctUtdCZ. 
view  of  segment  enlarged;   c,  hump  on    Larval  characteristics,  hoWA 

eleventh  segment.  (After  Riley.)  ever,  show  a  great  likeness 

in  this  stage  of  develop- 
ment to  the  species  included  in  the  genus  Alypia.  The  accom- 
panying cut,  which  we  have  reproduced  from  the  writings  of 
Prof.  C.  V.  Riley,  may  be  compared  in  this  connection  with  the 
figure  of  the  larva  of  Alypia  octomaculata  given  on  page  144. 

Genus    PSEUDALYPIA    Henry   Edwards 

This  genus,  like  the  preceding,  has   been  located  by  some 
recent  writers  among  the  Agaristidce.     The 
moth    is    undoubtedly    a   Noctuid.      I    have 
placed  it  here  in  the  order  of  arrangement, 
believing  that   upon   the   whole  it  is  better 

located  at  this  point  in  the  serial  arrangement  Fl  p      , 

than  anywhere  else.     The  figure  annexed  is    /y/>j-a  crotcin,  $    }. 

that  of  the  type  preserved  in  the   American 

Museum  of  Natural  History.    It  was  drawn  by  Mrs.  Beutenmuller. 

Genus    EUTHISANOTIA    Hubner 

(1)  Euthisanotia  unio  Hubner,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  24,  6  .    (The 
Pearly  Wood-nymph.) 

This  lovely  moth  has  a  wide  range  throughout  the  eastern 
portions  of  our  territory  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Euthisanotia  grata  Fabricius,   Plate  XVII,  Fig.  23,   $. 
(The  Beautiful  Wood-nymph.) 

Syn.  assimilis  Boisduval. 

232 


Noctuidae 

This  is  a  much  larger  species  than  the  preceding.  It 
has  practically  the  same 
range  of  distribution.  The 
affinity  of  the  genus  to  the 
genus  Psychomorpka  i  s 
clearly  shown  by  the  larva, 
a  representation  of  which  is 
given  in  the  annexed  cut 
taken  from  the  writings  of  FlG-  ^.-Eutbisanotia  grata.  a,  Full- 
Prof  C  V  Rilev  who  de-  grown  Iarva;  *'  enlarged  Se8ment-  Slde 

view;    c,    cervical    shield    from    behind; 

voted   considerable   time   to      d>  ana!  hump  from  behind;  e-f,  top  and 
the  Study  of  the  life-history        side     views    of     egg,     enlarged.     (After 

of  these  insects.  Riley.) 


Genus  CIRIS  Crete 

(i)  Ciris  wilsoni  Grote,  Plate  XIX,  Fig.  2,  $  . 

This  insect  occurs  in  Texas  and  Arizona.  It  has  also  been 
referred  to  the  Agaristidce  and  to  the  Zygcenidce  by  various 
authors.  There  is,  however,  no  doubt  as  to  its  being  a  true 
Noctuid. 


Genus  NOROPSIS  Guenee 


Fig. 


(i)  Noropsis  hieroglyphica  Cramer,   Plate  XXVIII, 

i,  ?• 

This  very  pretty  moth  has  a  wide  range  in  the  hotter  portions 
of  America.  It  is  found  in  Florida,  and  represents  the  invasion 
of  our  southern  territory  by  the  fauna  of  the  Antilles,  and  South 
America. 

Genus  FENARIA  Grote 

(1)  Fenaria  longipes  Druce,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  16,  $  . 

The  species  occurs  in  Arizona  and  ranges  thence  southwardly 
into  Mexico. 

(2)  Fenaria  sevorsa  Grote,  Plate  XVII,  Fig.  12,  ?. 

Syn.  cedessa  Druce. 

The  species  has  the  same  range  as  the  preceding. 

"  I  love  the  season  well 

When  forest  glades  are  teeming  with  bright  forms." 
LONGFELLOW.     An  April  Day, 

233 


Noctuidae 

Genus  ACHERDOA  Walker 

Only  one  species  of  the  genus  is  attributed  to  it  from  our 
fauna.     It  received  the  specific  name  ferra- 
ria  at  the  hands  of  the  late  Francis  Walker, 
anc*  was   renamed   ornata   by  Neumoegen. 
The  cut  we  give  was  drawn  by  Mrs.  Beuten- 
muller  from   a  specimen   in  the  American 
FIG.  146. — Acherdoa     Museum  of  Natural  History.     It  represents 
jerraria,  $  .  f        the  male  insect. 

Genus  AON   Neumoegen 

(i)  Aon  noctuiformis  Neumoegen,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  18,  3  . 
This  is  not  an  uncommon  moth  in  southern  Texas. 

Genus    CIRRHOPHANUS    Grote 

(i)  Cirrhophanus  triangulifer  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  2,  ?  . 

The  insect  varies  considerably  in  size,  the  specimen  depicted  on 

the  plate  being  rather  small.     It  is  not  an  uncommon  species  in 

the  southern  States,  and  is  also  found  as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania. 

Genus   BASILODES   Guenee 

(i)  Basilodes  pepita  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  7,  ?  . 
The  genus  Basilodes  contains  a  number  of  species  which  are 
all,  with  the  single  exception  of  this  species,  natives  of  the  south- 
western portions  of  our  territory.  The  present  species  occurs 
from  Pennsylvania  to  Florida  and  westward  to  Colorado.  The 
insect  has  been  occasionally  taken  in  Pittsburgh. 

Genus  STIRIA  Grote 

(i)  Stiria  rugifrons  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  5,  $  . 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  caught  by  the  writer 
in  southern  Indiana.  It  is  reported  also  from  Kansas  and 
Colorado.  It  probably  has  a  wide  range,  but  is  as  yet  rare  in 
collections. 

Genus   STIBADIUM   Grote 

(i)  Stibadium  spumosum  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  3,  $  . 

The  insect  ranges  from  New  York  to  Colorado  and  south- 
ward. It  is  very  abundant  in  southern  Indiana,  where  it  comes 
freely  to  sugar. 

234 


Noctuidse 
Genus  PLAGIOMIMICUS   Grote 

There  are  five  species  reckoned  as  belonging  to  this  genus. 
All  of  them  are  southwestern  and  western  forms,  except  the  one 
we  figure. 

(i)    Plagiomimicus    pityochromus   Grote,    Plate   XXVIII, 

Fig.  9,  ?  • 

This  moth  is  quite  common  in  western  Pennsylvania.  It 
ranges  southward  and  westward  to  the  Gulf  States  and  Colorado. 

Genus   FALA   Grote 

(i)  Fala  ptycophora  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  4,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  this  insect,  which  is  the  sole  representative  of 
its  genus,  is  California. 

Genus  NARTHECOPHORA  Smith 

This  is  another  genus  in  which  we  recognize  thus  far  only 
one  species. 

(i)  Narthecophora  pulverea  Smith,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig. 
11,9. 

The  figure  is  taken  from  a  specimen  determined  by  the  author 
of  the  species,  and  contained  in  the  United  States  National 
Museum. 

Genus   NEUMCEGENIA  Grote 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  was  named  poetica  by  Grote. 
It  is  a  beautiful  little  moth,  the  fore  wings 
being  bright  metallic  green,  with  a  golden 
reflection,  the  light  spot,  which  is  outwardly 
trifid,  and  the  costa  being  creamy  yellow. 
The  drawing  for  the  annexed  cut  was  made 
from    the    type    which    is   preserved  at  the  FlG- 
Brooklyn  Institute. 

Genus    PLUSIODONTA   Guenee 

The  only  species  of  this  small  genus  recognized  as  found  in 
North  America  was  named  compressipalpis  by  Guenee.  Walker 
renamed  it  insignis.  It  is  represented  on  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  6, 
by  a  male  specimen.  The  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic 
subregion,  and  is  locally  very  common  in  western  Pennsylvania. 


Noctuidae 

Genus    GONODONTA   Hubner 

This  genus  is  representative  of  the  tropical  fauna  of  America, 
and  but  two  species  occur  within  our  limits,  both  of  them  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  Florida. 

(i)  Gonodonta  unica  Neumcegen,  Plate  XXV1IJ,  Fig.  10.  $. 

The  larval  stages  have  been  well  described  by  Dyar  in  the 
"  Proceedings  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,"  Vol.  XXIII, 
p.  272.  The  caterpillar  feeds  on  Anona  laurifolia,  the  Custard- 
apple. 

Genus    CALPE    Treitschke 

The  genus  Calpe  is  found  in  the  temperate  regions  of  both 
hemispheres.  Only  one  species  occurs  in  America. 

(i)  Calpe  canadensis  Bethune,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  8,  ?. 
(The  Canadian  Calpe.) 

Syn.  purpurascens  Walker;  sobria  Walker. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  restricted  to  the  colder  portions 
of  our  territory.  It  is  found  in  Canada,  rarely  in  northern 
New  York,  and  ranges  westward  to  Alberta. 

Genus    PANCHRYSIA    Hubner 
This  genus,  which  is  generally  known  under  Walker's  name 

Deva,  is  better  represented  in  the  eastern  hemisphere  than  in  the' 

western.    We  figure  one  species  of  the  four  credited  to  our  fauna, 
(i)    Panchrysia   purpurigera  Walker,    Plate  XX VIII,    Fig. 

13,5. 

This  pretty  little  moth,  which  is  not  very  common,  ranges 

from  New  England  and  Canada  to  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

Genus  POLYCHRYSIA   Hubner 

Two  species,  both  of  which  we  figure,  are  attributed  to  this 
genus  as  occurring  within  our  territory. 

(1)  Polychrysia  moneta  Fabricius,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  12,  ?  . 
Syn.  trabea  Smith. 

This  is  a  European  insect,  which  is  found  also  in  Alberta  and 
Assiniboia. 

(2)  Polychrysia  formosa  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  14,  $  . 

So  far,  all  the  specimens  which  have  come  under  the  obser- 
vation of  the  writer  have  been  taken  in  New  England  or  in 
New  York. 

236 


Noctuidse 
Genus   PLUSIA  Hubner 

Three  of  the  four  species  attributed  to  the  genus  as  found  in 
America  are  represented  upon  our  plate. 

(1)  Plusia  aerea  Hubner,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  16,  $  , 

The  moth  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  westward 
to  Texas  and  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(2)  Plusia  seroides  Grote,  Plate  XX  VIII,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  almost  identical  with  that 
of  Plusia  cerea.  The  larva  feeds  on  various  species  of  Spiraea. 

(3)  Plusia  balluca  Geyer,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  22,  ?  . 

The  species  is  not  uncommon  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

Genus   EUCHALCIA   Hubner 

(1)  Euchalcia  contexta  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  23,  $  . 
The  species  is  found  from  Maine  to  Wisconsin,  and  occasion- 
ally as  far  south  as  the  mountains  of  central  Pennsylvania. 

(2)  Euchalcia  putnami  Grote,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  1 5,  $  . 
Dr.  Dyar  with  questionable  correctness  treats  this  species  as 

a  form  of  the  European  festucce  Linnaeus.     There  is  no  doubt  of 
the  distinctness  of  the  two. 

(3)  Euchalcia  venusta  Walker,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  21,  ?. 
Syn.  striatella  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  Nova  Scotia  and  Canada 
southward  to  the  mountains  of  West  Virginia. 

Genus    EOSPHOROPTERYX    Dyar 

(i)  Eosphoropteryx  thyatiroides  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII, 
Fig.  1 8,  $. 

This  lovely  moth  is  still  very  rare  in  collections.  It  ranges 
from  New  England  and  Canada  to  the  mountains  of  Virginia  and 
westward  into  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Genus   AUTOGRAPHA    Hubner 

This  is  a  large  assemblage  of  species,  about  fifty  being  recog- 
nized as  occurring  in  the  United  States.  Of  this  number  we  are 
only  able  to  figure  about  one  third. 

237 


Noctuida 

(1)  Autographa  bimaculata  Stephens,   Plate  XXVIII,   Fig. 
I9»3- 

Syn.  u-brevis  Guen6e. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Autographa  biloba  Stephens,   Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  24,  $ . 
The  species  is  distributed  widely  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 

Pacific. 

(3)  Autographa  verruca  Fabricius,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  20,  $  . 

Syn.  omega  Hubner;  oo  Cramer;  omicron  Hiibner;  questionis  Treitschke ; 
rutila  Walker. 

The  moth  is  scarce  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States,  but  has 
been  recorded  as  occurring  in  Massachusetts.  It  ranges  from 
New  England  to  Texas  and  southward  through  Central  and 
South  America. 

(4)  Autographa  rogationis  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  25,  $  . 
Syn.  h amifera  Walker;  dyaus  Grote;  includens  Walker;  culta  Lintner. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  pre- 
ceding. 

(5)  Autographa   precationis   Guenee,   Plate   XXVIII,    Fig. 
28,   a. 

The  insect  is  found  in  Canada  and  the  United  States  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(6)  Autographa  egena  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  29,  $  . 
This  is  a  southern  species,  occurring  in  Florida  and  the  Gulf 

States,  and  ranging  southward  into  South  America. 

(7)  Autographa  flagellum  Walker,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  27,  $  . 
Syn.  monodon  Grote;  insolita  Smith. 

The  species  ranges  from  Quebec  to  Alberta. 

(8)  Autographa  pseudogamma  Grote,   Plate  XXVIII,  Fig. 

35.  *. 

The  insect  is  indigenous  in  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia. 

(9)  Autographa  ou  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  33,  5 . 

Syn.  fratetta  Grote. 

This  species  is  almost  universally  distributed  through  the 
United  States  and  southern  Canada. 

(10)  Autographa  brassicae  Riley,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  36,  <$ . 
Syn.  echinocystis  Behr. 

238 


Noctuidae 

This  insect,  which  preys  upon  the  Cruciferce  in  its  larval 
state,  has  been  well  described  and  its  habits  fully  set  forth  by 
Prof.  C.  V.  Riley  in 
the  Missouri  Reports. 
It  is  from  his  paper 
upon  the  species  that 
we  have  been  per- 
mitted to  extract  the 
figure  which  is  here- 
with annexed  of  the 
insect  in  its  various 
stages.  The  moth 
appears  to  be  very 
generally  distributed  ^  .  -™ 

throughout  the  United  J    '^Vv*        ' 

States    and   Canada,   FlG  148^Autographa brassiccp.   a,  Full-grown 

and  does  a  good   deal        larva;  b,  pupa;  c,  male  moth.    (Aftei  Riley.) 

to  diminish  the  supply 

of  the  raw  material  from  which  sauer-kraut  is  made. 

(n)    Autographa   oxygramma  Geyer,    Plate   XXVIII,    Fig. 
30,   3. 

Syn.  indigna  Walker. 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  southern  States,  and  thence  south- 
ward to  South  America. 

(12)  Autographa  rectangula  Kirby,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  32,  ?  . 
Syn.  mortuorum  Guenee. 

This  lovely  species  is  northern  in  its  range.     I  found  it  quite 
abundant  one  summer  at  Saratoga,  New  York. 

(13)  Autographa  vaccinii   Henry  Edwards,   Plate  XXVIII, 
Fig.  34,   <$  . 

This   species   may   easily   be   distinguished  by  the  strongly 
checkered  fringes  of  the  primaries. 

(14)  Autographa  selecta  Walker,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  39,   $  . 
Syn.  viridisignata  Grote. 

This  is    a   somewhat   large   species,    not    very    attractively 

colored.  It  is  northern  in  its  range. 

(15)  Autographa    angulidens    Smith,    Plate   XX VIII,    Fig. 
38,   3. 

239 


Noctuidse 

The  species  is  found  in  Colorado,  and  probably  has  a  wide 
range  in  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(16)  Autographa  ampla  Walker,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  31,   $. 
This  fine  species  is  northern  in   its  range,  but  extends  its 

habitat  southward  along  the  ranges  of  the  great  mountains  of  the 
west 

(17)  Autographa  basigera  Walker,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  26,  $  . 

Syn.  laticlavia  Morrison. 

The  insect  occurs  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(18)  Autographa  simplex  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  37,  6  . 
This  is  one  of  the  very  commonest   species  of  the   genus, 

which    is    apparently    universally    distributed    throughout    our 
country. 

Genus    SYNGRAPHA    Hubner 

This  genus  is  composed  of  species  which  are  subpolar  in 
their  habitat.  Of  the  four  species  which  are  reckoned  as  belong- 
ing to  the  fauna  of  North  America,  we  illustrate  two. 

(1)  Syngrapha  hocheriwarthi  Hochenwarth,  Plate  XXVIII, 
Fig.  41,   <$• 

Syn.  divergens  Fabricius. 

Found  everywhere  in  Arctic  America.  The  specimen  figured 
was  taken  in  Labrador. 

(2)  Syngrapha  devergens  Hubner,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  40,  ?  . 
Syn.  alticola  Walker. 

The  species  is  found  in  Labrador,  and  has  been  reported  from 
the  high  mountains  of  Colorado.  It  will  probably  be  found  to 
have  a  wide  range. 

Genus    ABROSTOLA    Ochsenheimer 

We  give  representations  of  both  the  species  which  occur  in 
our  fauna. 

(1)  Abrostola  urentis  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig  42,  6" . 
The  insect,  which  is  by  no  means  common,  is  found  in  the 

Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Abrostola  ovalis  Guenee,  Plate  XXVIII,  Fig.  43,  $  . 
The   range  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 

mentioned. 

240 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXVIII 


(Unless   otherwise   indicated,  the   specimens   figured  are  contained 


in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Noropsis  hieroglyphica  Cramer, 

d- 

2.  Cirrhophanustriangulifer  Grote, 

d,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

3.  Stibadium     spumosum     Grote, 

9. 

4.  Fala  ptychophora  Grote,  d>  U. 

S.  N.  M. 

5.  Stiria  rugifrons  Grote,  d- 

6.  Plusiodonta    compressipalpis 

Guenee,  d- 

7.  Basilodes  pepita  Guenee,    9  . 

8.  Calpe  canadensis   Bethune,    9  » 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

9.  Plagiomimicus        pityochromus 

Grote,    9  . 

10.  Gonodonta    unica    Neumoegen, 

9,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

11.  Narthecophora  pulverea  Smith, 

9,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

12.  Polychrysia    moneta    Fabricius, 

var.  esmerelda,  Oberthur,  9  • 

13.  Panchrysia       purpurigera 

Walker,   &. 

14.  Polychrysia  formosa  Grote,  d- 

15.  Euchalcia  putnatni  Grote,  d- 

1 6.  Plusia  area  Hiibner,  d- 

17.  Plusia  oeroides  Grote,   9-    ' 

18.  Eosphoropteryx     thyatiroides 

Guenec,  d- 

19.  Autographa  bimaculata 

Stephens,  d- 

20.  Autographa  verruca   Fabricius, 

(?• 

21.  Euchalciqvenusta  Walker,  <f , 


22.  Plusia  balluca  Geyer,  d- 

23.  Euchalcia  contexta  Grote,  d- 

24.  Autographa  biloba  Stephens,  d- 

25.  Autographa  rogationis  Guenee, 

26.  Autographa    basigera     Walker, 

27.  Autographa   flagellum    Walker, 

28.  Autographa  precationis  Guenee, 

29.  A  utographa  egena  Guenee,  d- 

30.  Autographa  oxygramma  Geyer 

31.  Autographa  ampla  Walker,   9- 

32.  Autographa    rectangula    Kirby, 

9- 

33.  A utog rapha  ou  Guenee,  d- 

34.  Autographa      vaccinii      Henry 

Edwards,  d- 

35.  Autographa    pseudo^amma 

Grote,  d- 

36.  Autographa  brassica?  Riley,   d- 

37.  Autographa  simplex  Guenee,  d- 

38.  Autographa   angulidens   Smith, 

39.  Autographa  selecta  Walker,  d- 

40.  Syngrapha    devergens    Htibner, 

9- 

4 1 .  Syngrapha      hochenwarthi 

Hochemvarth,  d- 

42.  Abrostola  urentis  Guenee,  d- 

43.  A brostola  ovalis  Guenee,  d- 

44.  Behrensia   conchiformis ,   Grote . 

d,  U.  S.  N.  M. 


THE  MOTH  BOO 


PLATE  XXVIII 


Noctuidas 
Genus    BEHRENSIA    Grote 

Only  one  species  has  thus  far  been  attributed  to  this  genus, 
(i)    Behrensia    conchiformis    Grote,    Plate    XXVIII,    Fig. 

44,  &- 

This  little  insect,  which  is  as  yet  very  rare  in  collections,  is 
found  in  northern  California  and  Oregon. 

Genus    DIASTEMA    Guenee 

(i)  Diastema  tigris  Guenee. 
Syn.  lineata  Walker. 

The  sole  species  belonging  to  the  genus, 
which  occurs  within  our  borders,  has  been 
reported  from  Florida.  We  give  in  the  ac- 
companying cut  an  illustration  of  a  specimen 
which  is  found  in  the  American  Museum  of  pIG  J49._ Diastema 
Natural  History.  tigris. 

Genus    OGDOCONTA    Butler 

(i)  Ogdoconta  cinereola  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  i,   ?. 
Syn.  atomaria  Walker. 

This  is  not  at  all  an  uncommon  species  in  the  Atlantic  sub- 
region.  1  have  found  it  particularly  abundant  in  southern  Indiana, 
where  it  comes  freely  both  to  light  and  to  sugar. 

Genus    P^ECTES    Hiibner 

Eight  species  are  enumerated  as  belonging  to  this  genus  in 
Dyar's  recently  published  Catalogue.  Of  these  we  have  given 
illustrations  of  three  in  our  plates. 

(1)  Paectes  abrostoloides  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  3,   ?. 
The  insect  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  ranges  westward 

into  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

(2)  Paectes  pygmaea  Hubner,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  2,  $  . 

This  is  a  southern  species.  The  specimen  from  which  the 
figure  on  the  plate  was  taken  was  captured  in  Texas. 

(3)  Paectes  oculatrix  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  4,  $  . 

The  species  is  by  no  means  very  common.  It  has  a  wide 
range  from  the  Atlantic  into  the  basin  of  the  Mississippi.  The 
specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  taken  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
I  have  specimens  from  Indiana  and  Illinois. 

241 


Noctuidae 

Genus    EUTELIA   Hubner 

(i)  Eutelia  pulcherrima  Grote. 

Syn.  dentifera  Walker. 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  known  to  occur  within  our 
territory  is  that  which  is  figured  in  the  accompanying  cut,  which 


FIG.  150.  —  Eutelia  pulcherrima,  $  . 


was  made  from  the  type  now  in  the  possession  of  the  British 
Museum.  The  insect  is  found  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey, 
but  probably  has  a  wider  southern  range.  It  is  as  yet  very  rare 
in  collections. 

Genus    MARASMALUS    Grote 

(1)  Marasmalus  inficita  Walker,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  6,  $  . 

Syn.  histrio  Grote. 

This  species  is  found  from  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and 
Canada  southward  and  westward  to  Texas  and  Colorado. 

(2)  Marasmalus  ventilator  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  5,   ?. 
This  species,  which  is  considerably  larger  than  the  preceding, 

has  the  wings  more  or  less  marked  by  reddish  scales,  which 
enables  it  to  be  easily  discriminated  from  its  congener.  Its  range 
is  practically  the  same. 

Genus  AMYNA  Guenee 
(i)  Amyna  octo  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  7,  ?  . 
This  little  moth  has  suffered  more  than  any  other  known  to 
the  writer  by  being  made  the  sport  of  the  makers  of  synonyms  . 
No  less  than  nineteen  synonyms  have  been  applied  to  it  in  addi- 
tion to  its  true  name.  In  Dyar's  Catalogue  it  appears  under  the 
name  orbica  Morrison,  and  tecta  Grote  is  given  as  a  synonym. 
The  student  who  wishes  to  know  what  some  of  the  other  names 
are  which  have  been  given  to  it  may  consult  Hampson's  "Moths 
of  India,"  Vol.  II,  p.  251.  It  is  found  throughout  the  hot  lands  of 
both  hemispheres. 

242 


Noctuid* 


Genus    PTER^ETHOLIX    Grote 


(i)  Pteraetholix  bullula  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  8,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  this  little  moth  is  the  Gulf  States. 


Genus    Alabama    Grote 

(i)  Alabama  argillacea  Hiibner,   Plate  XXIX,    Fig.    n,  $. 
(The  Cotton-worm  Moth). 

Syn.  xylina  Say;  grandipuncta  Guenee;  bipunctina  Guen£e. 

The  Cotton-worm  Moth  is  one  of  a  number  of  insects  which 
annually  inflict  a  vast  amount  of  damage  upon  the  crops  in  the 
southern  por- 
tion of  our 
country.  In 
Prof.  Com- 
stock's  "Re- 
port upon  the 
insects  which 
are  injurious  to 
cotton,"  pub- 
lished in  1879, 
and  in  the 
"Fourth  Re- 
port of  the 
United  States 
Entomological 
Commission," 
there  is  given 

a  great  deal  of  valuable  and  interesting  information  in  regard  to 
this  species.  Much  may  also  be  learned  about  it  from  the  study 
of  the  "Missouri  Reports"  published  by  the  late  Prof.  C.  V. 
Riley.  The  range  of  the  insect  is  very  broad.  It  sometimes, 
though  very  rarely,  occurs  as  far  north  as  Canada.  From  this 
northernmost  location  it  has  been  found  ranging  southward  as 
far  as  Argentina.  It  sometimes  appears  to  migrate  in  swarms. 
A  number  of  years  ago,  during  a  heavy  snowstorm  in  November, 
myriads  of  the  moths  suddenly  appeared  in  the  city  of  Pittsburgh, 
and  they  came  flying  in  the  evening  to  the  electric  lights.  From 
one  store  the  proprietor  said  that  he  had  swept  them  out  by  the 

343 


FIG.  151. — Alabama  argillacea.  a.  Egg:  b.  immature 
larva;  c.  lateral  view  of  mature  larva;  d.  dorsal  vievf 
of  mature  larva;  e,  leaf  in  which  pupation  takes 
place;  /,  pupa.  (After  Riley.) 


Noctuidae 

quart.     I  have  a  few  of  the  insects  which  thus  appeared,  and 
the  figure  on  the  plate  is  taken  from  one  of  these  specimens. 

Genus   ANOMIS    Hubner 

The  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  mainly  southern. 
There  is  considerable  uncertainty  as  to  the  identification  of  some 
of  the  species,  which  were  named  by  the  older  authors.  Of  the 
four  reputed  to  be  found  within  our  limits  we  figure  the  one 
which  is  commonest. 

(i)  Anomis  erosa  Hubner,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  12,  $. 

Occasionally  found  as  far  north  as  New  England.  Ranging 
thence  southward  into  the  South  American  continent. 

Genus    SCOLECOCAMPA    Guenee 

The  only  species  of  the  genus  so  far  known  to  occur  in  the 
United  States  was  named  liburna  by  Geyer.  Guenee  subse- 
quently called  it  ligni.  The  larva  feeds  in  decaying  wood, 
particularly  that  of  oaks,  chestnuts,  and  hickories.  It  tunnels  its 
way  through  the  softer  parts,  and  after  reaching  maturity  makes 
a  loose  cocoon  composed  of  a  few  strands  of  silk  mixed  with 
chips  and  the  frass  left  in  the  burrow,  from  which  it  emerges  in 
due  season  as  the  moth,  which  is  represented  on  Plate  XXIX, 
Fig.  16,  by  a  male  specimen. 

Genus    EUCALYPTERA    Morrison 

A  small  genus,  the  species  of  which  are  confined  to  the 
southern  States  and  to  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

(i)  Eucalyptera  strigata  Smith,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  9,  <5  . 
The  habitat  of  this  species  is  Texas. 

Genus    CIL.LA    Grote 

(i)  Cilia  distema  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  10,  $, . 
This  obscure  little  moth,  the  only  representative  of  the  genus 
in  our  territory,  has  hitherto  only  been  reported  from  Texas. 

Genus  AMOLITA    Grote 

(i)  Amolitafessa  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  13,  $. 
The  moth  occurs  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  westward 
to  Texas  and  Colorado. 

244 


Noctuidae 


Genus  RIVULA  Guenee 


(i)  Rivula  propinqualis  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  14,  $  . 
The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Texas,  and 
across  the  continent  as  far  as  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus    PSEUDORGYIA    Harvey 

(i)  Pseudorgyia  versuta  Harvey,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  17,  $  . 
This  insect  is  thus  far  only  known  to  us  from  Texas. 

Genus    DORYODES   Guenee 

(i)  Doryodes  bistriaris  Geyer,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  15,  $  . 

Syn.  acutaria  Herrich-Schaeffer;  divisa  Walker;  promptella  Walker. 

There  are  three  species  of  the  genus  found  in  our  territory, 
one  of  them,  so  far  as  is  known  to  the  writer,  as  yet  unnamed. 
The  insect  we  are  considering  ranges  from  Maine  to  Florida  and 
westward  to  Colorado. 

Genus    PHIPROSOPUS    Grote 

(i)   Phiprosopus    callitrichoides    Grote,   Plate  XXIX,   Fig 

18,?. 

Syn.  nasutaria  Zeller;  acutalis  Walker. 

The  species  ranges  from  New  York  to  Texas. 

Genus  ANEPISCHETOS    Smith 

The  only  species  thus  far  referred  to  this 
genus,  which  was  erected  by  Smith  in  1000 
for  its  reception,  received  at  the  hands  of  that 
author  the  specific  name  bipartita.  A  figure 
of  the  type,  which  is  contained  in  the  collec- 
tion  of  the  United  States  National  Museum,  is 
given  in  the  accompanying  cut. 


jfackttos  bipar* 

tita,  $  .  {. 


FIG.  i^.— 
ma  lutea, 


Genus    DIALLAGMA  Smith 

This  genus  was  erected  at  the  same  time 
as  the  preceding  by  the  same  author  for  the 
reception  of  the  insect  of  which  we  give  a 
representation  in  Fig.  153.  Its  habitat,  as 
also  that  of  the  last  mentioned  species,  is 
Florida. 


345 


Noctuidse 


Genus   PLEONECTYPTERA   Grote 


This  is  a  genus  of  moderate  size,  which  by  some  writers  has 
heretofore  been  placed  among  the  Pyralidce,  though  it  is 
undoubtedly  correctly  located  among  the  Noctuidce.  Eight 
species  are  credited  to  our  fauna  in  the  latest  catalogue. 

(i)  Pleonectyptera  pyralis  Hubner,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  19,  $. 

Syn.  irrecta  Walker;  ftoccalis  Zeller. 

The  insect  ranges  through  the  southern  Atlantic  States  to 
Central  and  South  America. 

Genus    ANNAPHILA    Grote 

A  genus  of  moderate  extent,  embracing  over  a  dozen  species, 
which  are  found  within  the  United  States. 

(1)  Annaphila  diva  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  20,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  this  pretty  little  moth  is  California. 

(2)  Annaphila  lithosina  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 

21,9. 

The  specimen  figured  in  the  plate  came  from  southern 
California. 

Genus    INCITA    Grote 

Only  a  single  species,  the  type  of  the 
genus,  is  known.  The  figure  we  give  in  the 
annexed  cut  is  drawn  from  the  type  in  the 
possession  of  the  American  Museum  of  Natural 
History  in  New  York. 


FIG.   154.  —  India 
aurantiaca,  $  .   {. 


Genus   TRICHOTARACHE    Grote 

The  sole  representative  of  this  genus  in  our  fauna  is  the 
insect  the  type  of  which  is  given  in  the  accompanying  figure, 
drawn  for  this  work  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight,  of  London. 


FIG.  155. — Trichotarache  assimilis  Grote,   $. 

The  habitat  of  the  moth  is  California. 
246 


Noctuid* 
Genus   EUSTROTIA   Hubner 

This  is  quite  an  extensive  genus,  of  which  eighteen  species 
are  included  in  our  fauna.  Of  this  number  we  give  illustrations 
of  seven. 

(1)  Eustrotia  albidula  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  22,  9  . 

Syn.  intractabilis  Walker. 

This  little  moth  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  further  west. 

(2)  Eustrotia  concinnimacula   Guenee,   Plate  XXIX,    Fig. 
23,?- 

Not  an  uncommon  species  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

(3)  Eustrotia  synochitis  Grote  &   Robinson,    Plate  XXIX, 
Fig.  24,  $  . 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last. 
It  occurs  from  Canada  to  Texas. 

(4)  Eustrotia  musta  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 
25,3. 

Found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(5)  Eustrotia  muscosula  Guenee,   Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  26,  ?  . 
The  moth  has  the  same  ranges  as  the  last  mentioned  species. 

It  is  very  common  in  Indiana. 

(6)  Eustrotia  apicosa  Haworth,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  27,  $  . 

Syn.  nigritula  Guenee. 

A  very  common  species,  having  the  same  range  as  its  prede- 
cessor. 

(7)  Eustrotia  carneola  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  28,  $ . 
Syn.  biplaga  Walker. 

What  has  been  said  of  the  last  species  applies  also  to  this, 
except  that  it  is,  if  anything,  even  more  common. 

Genus    GALGULA    Guenee 

(i)  Galgula  hepara  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  31,  3. 

Syn.  externa  Walker. 

Form  partita  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  32,  $  . 

Syn.  vesca  Morrison;  subpartita  Guene'e. 

This  common  insect  exists,  as  is  shown  in  the  plates,  in  two 
forms,  one  quite  dark,  the  other  lighter.  It  is  an  inhabitant  of 
the  Atlantic  subregion,  and  is  particularly  abundant  in  western 
Pennsylvania. 

247 


Noctuidae 

Genus    AZENIA    Grote 

(i)  Azenia  implora  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  29,   ?. 
Not  an  uncommon  insect  in  Arizona. 

Genus    LITHACODIA    Hubner 

(i)  Lithacodia  bellicula  Hubner,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  30,  $. 

This  little  moth  may  be  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  It  is  the  only  species  of  its  genus  occurring  in  the 
United  States. 

Genus    PROTHYMIA    Hubner 

(1)  Prothymia  rhodarialis  Walker,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  38,  ?  . 
Syn.  coccineifascia  Grote. 

The  species  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas. 

(2)  Prothymia   semipurpurea   Walker,    Plate   XXIX,    Fig. 
36,    ?. 

The  species  has  the  same  range  as  the  last.  The  specimen 
figured  was  taken  at  New  Brighton,  Pa.,  by  the  Messrs.  Merrick, 
whose  ardent  and  successful  labors  as  collectors  of  the  local 
fauna  deserve  all  praise. 

(3)  Prothymia  orgyiae  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  37,  $  . 
This  is  a  Texan  species. 

Genus    EXYRA    Grote 

(i)  Exyra  semicrocea  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  35,  ?  . 

There  are  four  species  of  the  genus  Exyra  attributed  to  our 
fauna,  but  only  one  of  these  is  figured.  The  species  are  mainly 
southern  in  their  range.  Exyra  semicrocea  is  found  from  New 
Jersey  southward  and  westward  as  far  as  Texas. 

Genus    XANTHOPTERA   Guenee 

Two  of  the  four  species  which  are  found  within  the  limits 
of  the  United  States  are  represented  upon  our  plates. 

(i)    Xanthoptera   nigrofimbria  Guenee,    Plate    XXIX,    Fig. 

33>   ft. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  southern  portions  of  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

248 


Noctuidae 

(2)  Xanthoptera  semiflava  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  34,  &  . 
The  distribution  of  this  species  is  identical  with  that  of  the 
one  last  mentioned. 

Genus    THALPOCHARES    Lederer 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  found  within  our  faunal  limits 
is  a  native  of  Florida.  It  received  the  specific  name  aetheria 
at  the  hands  of  Mr.  Grote.  The  illustration  we  give  is  drawn 


FIG.  156. — Thalpochares  cetheria,  $  .  f. 

from  the  type  which  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and 
was  drawn  for  this  book  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight  under  the 
direction  of  Sir  George  F.  Hampson.  The  insect  is  not  common 
in  collections. 

Genus    EUMESTLETA    Butler 

Seven  species  are  given  by  Dyar  in  his  Catalogue  as  occurring 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States.  The  insects  have  a 
southern  and  southwestern  range,  occurring  in  the  Gulf  States 
and  in  Arizona.  We  have  selected  one  of  them  for  illustration. 

(i)    Eumestleta   flammicincta  Walker,    Plate   XXIX,  Fig. 

39,  a. 

Syn.  patula  Morrison;  patruelis  Grote. 

The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  Florida  and  Texas. 

Genus    GYROS    Henry    Edwards 

There  is  only  one  species  of  this  genus  known.  It  received 
the  name  muiri  through  Mr.  Henry  Edwards  in 
honor  of  his  friend,  John  Muir,  the  well-known 
writer,  whose  charming  descriptions  of  the 
natural  beauties  of  the  western  portions  of  our 
continent  have  established  for  him  an  enviable 
position  in  the  world  of  letters.  The  moth  is  FIG.  157.— Gyros 
found  in  California,  muiri,  $  { 

249 


Noctuid* 

Genus   TRIPUDIA   Grote 

This  is  a  genus  of  considerable  size,  represented  in  the 
western  and  southwestern  States  by  nine  species,  and  well 
represented  in  the  fauna  of  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

(i)  Tripudia  opipara  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 
40,  $  . 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  Texas. 

Genus   METAPONIA   Duponchel 

The  genus  is  represented  in  both  hemispheres.  Three  species 
occur  in  our  fauna.  Of  these  we  figure  two. 

(1)  Metaponia  obtusa  Herrich-Schaeffer,   Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 

4>,    9. 

Syn.  obtusula  Zeller. 

The  insect  occurs  from  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  southward  to 
Texas.  It  is  commoner  in  the  south  than  in  the  north. 

(2)  Metaponia  perflava  Harvey,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  42,  ?. 
Not  an  uncommon  species  in  Texas. 

Genus    CHAMYRIS    Guenee 

(i)  Chamyris  cerintha  Treitschke,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  43,  ?. 

The  species  is  found  from  New  England  and  Canada  south- 
ward to  the  Carolinas  aud  westward  to  Kansas.  The  larva  feeds 
on  the  Rosacecz.  The  insect  is  very  common  in  Pennsylvania, 
Ohio,  and  Indiana. 

Genus    TORNACONTIA    Smith 

Two  species  have  been  attributed  to  this  genus.     One  of 
them,  which  received  the  specific  name  sutrix  at  the  hands  of 
Grote,    is   represented    in   the   annexed   cut. 
It  was  drawn  by  Mrs.  Beutenmuller  from  a 
specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  United  States 
Museum   of  Natural  History  in  New  York. 
FIG.  158.— Torna-    The  insect  is  found  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
contia  sutrix,  $.  f   Mountains. 

250 


Noctuidae 
Genus   THERASEA   Grote 

This  is  a  small  genus,  represented  in  our  fauna  by  two  species, 
(i)  Therasea  flavicosta  Smith,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  47,  6. 
The  moth  occurs  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus    TARACHE    Hiibner 

The  genus  is  found  in  both  hemispheres.  It  is  well  repre- 
sented in  our  fauna,  thirty-five  species  being  known  to  occur 
within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Eleven  of 
these  are  figured  upon  our  plates. 

(1)  Tarache  termiriimacula  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  46,  ?• 
The  species  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Illinois. 

(2)  Tarache  delecta  Walker,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  48,  ?  . 
Syn.  metallica  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  along  the  Atlantic  coast.  It 
occurs  in  the  salt-marshes  on  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  and 
ranges  thence  southward  to  Texas. 

(3)  Tarache  flavipennis  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  52,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Pacific  coast. 

(4)  Tarache  lactipennis  Harvey,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  45,   ?  . 
Not  at  all  an  uncommon  species  in  Texas. 

(5)  Tarache  lanceolata  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  49,  $  . 
This  species,  like  the  preceding,  occurs  in  Texas. 

(6)  Tarache  sedata  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  53  6  . 
The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  Arizona. 

(7)  Tarache  aprica  Hubner,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  50,  &  . 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  the  valley  of  the  Ohio  south- 
ward to  Texas  and  westward  to  Colorado. 

(8)  Tarache  erastrioides  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  54,   ?  . 
The  moth  is  found  in  New  England  and  Canada  and  south- 
ward so  far  as  West  Virginia  and  Indiana. 

(9)  Tarache  virginalis  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  51,  ?. 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  from  Kansas  to  Arizona. 

(10)  Tarache  binocula  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  44,  $, . 
The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding, 
(i  i)  Tarache  libedis  Smith,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  55,  $  . 

The  home  of  this  insect  is  New  Mexico  and  Colorado. 

251 


Noctuidse 

Genus    FRUVA   Grote 

The  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are  southern  and  south- 
western in  their  distribution.  Six  are  known. 

(i)  Fruva  apicella  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  56,  ?  . 

Syn.  truncatula  Zeller;  accepla  Henry  Edwards. 

A  very  common  species  in  the  Gulf  States. 

Genus    SPRAGUEIA    Grote 

A  genus  of  small,  but  very  attractively  colored  moths,  which 
requent  the  flowers  of  the  Composite  in  the  later  summer. 

(1)  Spragueia  onagrus  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  57,  $  . 

The  moth  occurs  quite  abundantly  in  southwestern  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  and  ranges  thence  southwardly. 
It  is  common  on  the  blossoms  of  the  golden-rod  (Solidago.) 

(2)  Spragueia  plumbifimbriata   Grote,    Plate   XXIX,    Fig. 
S8,  9. 

This  modestly  colored  species  is  found  in  Texas. 

(3)  Spragueia  dama  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  59,  $  . 
Syn.  trifariana  Walker. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  southern  States. 

(4)  Spragueia  guttata  Grote,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  60,  $ . 
This  pretty  moth  ranges  from  Texas  to  Costa  Rica. 

Genus   CALLOPISTRIA    Hvibner 

(i)  Callopistria  floridensis  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  61,  S  . 
As  the  name  indicates,  the  species  is  from  Florida. 

Genus  METATHORASA  Moore 

A  genus  represented  in  both  hemispheres,  and  particularly 
well  in  Asia. 

(i)  Metathorasa  monetifera  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  62, 
?, 

A  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion,  ranging  from  Canada 
to  Florida.  Thus  far  it  does  not  appear  to  have  been  reported 
from  any  locality  west  of  the  Alleghany  Mountains.  I  found  it 
one  summer  quite  abundantly  at  Saratoga,  New  York. 

252 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXIX 

(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are    con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


1 .  Ogdoconta  cinereola  Guenee,  9  • 

2.  P&ctes  pygmcea  Hubner,  cT. 

3.  Pcectes  abrostoloides  Guenee,  9  • 

4.  Pcectes    occulatrix    Guenee,    <5\ 

Merrick  Collection. 

5.  Marasmalus  ventilator  Grote,  9  • 

6.  Marasmalus  inficita  Walker,  c? . 

7.  AmynaoctoGuenee,  9  , U.S.N.M. 

8.  Pteratholix  bullula  Grote,  c?,U. 

S.  N.  M. 

9.  Eucalyptera  strigata  Smith,  c?. 

10.  Cilia  distema  Grote,  <J*. 

11.  Alabama  argillacea.  Hubner,  J1. 

12.  Anomis  erosa  Hubner,    9- 

13.  Amolitafessa Grote,  J1  .U.S.N.M. 

14.  Rivula  propinqualis  Guenee,  9  • 

15.  Doryodes  bistriaris  Geyer,   J1. 

1 6.  Scolecocampa  liburna  Geyer,  c?. 

17.  Pseudorgyia  versuta  Harvey,  9  » 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

18.  P  hiproso  pus    callitrichoides 

Grote,   9  . 

19.  Pleonectyptera   pyralis  Hubner, 

20.  Annaphila  diva  Grote,  J1. 

21.  Annaphila    lithosina  Henry 

Edwards,   9  . 

22.  Eustrotia  albidula  Guenee,   9.' 

2 3 .  Eustrotia    concinnimacula 

Guenee,    9  . 

24.  Eustrotia    synochitis    Grote    & 

Robinson,  cj1. 

25.  Eusirotia    musta     Grote     & 

Robinson,   <5\ 

26.  Eustrotia  muscosula  Guen6e,  9  • 

27.  Eustrotia  apicosa  Haworth,  J1. 

28.  Eustrotia  carneola  Guenee,  9  . 

29.  Azenia  implora  Grote,  9  . 

30.  Lithacodia  bellicula  Hubner,  tf . 

31.  Galgula  he  par  a  Guenee,  tf. 

32.  Galgula    hepara    var.  partita 

Guenee,  tf. 

33.  Xanthoptera    nigrofimbria  Gue- 

nee, (5\ 

34.  Xanthoptera  semiftava  Guenee, 


Eumestleta  ftammicincta  Walker, 
opipara    Henry    Ed- 


35.  Exyra   semicrocea   Guenee,    9, 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

36.  Prothymia  semipurpurea  Walker, 

9  ,  Merrick  Collection. 

37.  Prothymia  orgyice  Grote,   cf1. 

38.  Prothymiarhodarial-isWalker,  9  . 
39- 

CT- 

40.  Tripudia 

wards,   tf. 

41.  M  etaponia    obtusa    Herrich- 

Schieffer,    9. 

42.  M  etaponia  perflava  Harvey,  9  , 

43.  Chamyris    cerintha    Treitschke, 

9- 

44.  Tar  ache  binocula  Grote,  <5\ 

45.  Tar  ache  lactipennis  Harvey,  9  . 

46.  Tarac he  terminimacula Grote,  9  . 

47.  Therasea  flavicosta  Smith,   <J*. 

48.  T  arache  delecta  Walker,    9  . 

49.  Tarache  lanceolata  Grote,  cT. 

50.  Tarache  aprica  Hubner,  J*. 

51.  Tarache  virginalis  Grote,    9  . 

52.  Tarache  ftavipennis  Grote,   cT. 

53.  Tarache  sedata  Henry  Edwards, 

54.  Tarache  erastrioides  Guenee,  9  • 

55.  Tarache  libedis-  Smith,  (J1. 

56.  Fruva  apicella  Grote,    9  • 

57.  Spragueia  onagrus  Guen6e,  c?. 

58.  Spragueia    plumbifimbriata 

Grote,  9  . 

59.  Spragueia  dam  a  Guenee,   <5*. 

60.  Spragueia  guttata  Grote,   (J1. 

61.  Callopistria  floridensis  Guenee, 

d»,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

62.  Metathorasa  monetifera  Guene"e, 

9. 

63.  Euherrichia  mollissima  Guenee, 

64.  Cydosia  imitella  Stretch,  c?. 

6  5 .  Cydosia  aurivitta  Grote  &  Robin- 
son, c?. 

66.  Cydosia  majuscula   Henry  Ed- 

wards,   9  • 

67.  Derrima  stellata  Walker,  c? 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


Noctuidse 


Genus    EUHERRICHIA   Grote 


A  small  genus  represented  by  three  species  in  our  fauna. 
Euherrichia  granitosa  occurs  in  Florida  ;  Euherrichia  cervina  on 
the  Pacific  slope;  and  the  species,  which  we  figure,  from  Canada 
to  Florida  and  westward  to  Colorado. 

(i)  Euherrichia  mollissima  Guenee,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  63,  $  . 

Syn.  rubicunda  Walker. 

The  specimen  depicted  was  taken  in  the  neighborhood  of 
Saratoga,  N.  Y. 

Genus   CYDOSIA  Westwood 

A  small  genus  represented  in  our  fauna  by  three  species,  all 
of  which  we  figure.  The  larva  pupates  in  a  small  cocoon  made 
of  strands  of  silk  woven  into  the  form  of  a  globular  basket  with 
open  meshes,  which  is  suspended  from  the  under  side  of  a  leaf 
by  a  long  cord. 

(1)  Cydosia  imitella  Stretch,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig.  64,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  in  the  southern  States. 

(2)  Cydosia  aurivitta  Grote  &  Robinson,   Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 
65,  $. 

The  species  occurs  in  Florida. 

(j)  Cydosia  majuscula  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 
66,?. 

The  habitat  of  the  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  species  last 
mentioned. 

Genus    CERATHOSIA   Smith 

The  only  species  of  the  genus  was 
named  tricolor  by  Smith.  The  fore 
wings  are  pure  white,  spotted  with 
black,  the  hind  wings  are  pale  yellow. 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Texas. 


FIG 

pagenstecheri, 


Genus   HORMOSCHISTA  Mceschler 

The  only  species  of  this  genus,  which 
occurs  within  our  territory,  was  originally 
described  by  Moeschler  from  Porto  Rico. 
h  is  found  in.  Florida  and  elsewhere  along 
the  borders  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

257 


Noctuidae 

Genus    PHAL/ENOSTOLA    Grote 

There  is  only  one  species  of  the  genus  known  to  occur  within 
our  territory. 

(i)  Phalaenostola  larentioides  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  i,  ?  . 

The  insect  ranges  from  New  York  southward  to  the  Carolinas 
and  westward  to  Missouri. 

Genus    PANGRAPTA    Hubner 

(i)  Pangrapta  decoralis  Hubner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  3,  ?  . 

Syn.  geometroides  Guenee;  epionoides  Guenee;  elegantalis  Fitch; 
recusans  Walker. 

The  moth  occurs  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  westward 
to  the  Mississippi. 

Genus    SYLECTRA    Hubner 

There  is  only  one  species  of  this  genus  which  occurs  within 
the  faunnl  limits  covered  by  this  book.  It  was  originally  named 
erycata  by  Cramer.  Subsequently  Hubner 
applied  to  it  the  specific  name  mirandalis, 
which,  of  course,  falls  as  a  synonym.  It  is 
found  in  Florida,  and  is  also  quite  common  in 
the  entire  equatorial  belt  of  South  America. 
The  peculiarly  scalloped  wings  and  the 
nodose  antennae  serve  to  readily  distinguish 
the  insect,  and  it  is  not  likely  to  be  confounded 
with  any  other.  The  ground-color  of  the  wings  is  luteous, 
variegated  with  reddish  ochraceous. 

Genus    HYAMIA  Walker 

Three  species  of  the  genus  are  accredited  to  our  fauna.  Of 
these  we  figure  two. 

(i)  Hyamia  sexpunctata  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  2,  $  . 

The  insect  ranges  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas. 
(2)  Hyamia  perditalis  Walker,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  4,  ?  . 

Syn.  semilineala  Walker;  umbrifascia  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  moth  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

254 


Noctuidae 


Genus    MELANOMMA    Grote 

This  is  another  genus  of  which  we  know  but  the  one  species 
in  our  territory.     It   received   the  specific  name  auricinctaria 


FIG.  162. — Melanomma  auricinctaria, 


from  Mr.  Grote,  who  first  described  it.  It  occurs  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  States.  The  annexed  figure  is  drawn  from  the  type 
which  is  preserved  in  the  British  Museum. 

Genus  ARGILLOPHORA  Grote 

The  sole  representant  of  this  species  is  shown  in  the  annexed 
cut,  which  was  prepared  for  this  book  by  Mr.  Horace  Knighf 


FIG.  163. — Argillophora  furcilla, 


from  the  type,  access  to  which  was  kindly  given  by  Sir  George 
F.  Hampson.  The  insect  was  originally  reported  from  Alabama, 
but  is  still  rare  in  collections.  It  probably  has  a  wide  range. 

Genus    PARORA    Smith 

The  sole  species  belonging  to  this  genus  was  originally 
described  by  Prof.  J.  B.  Smith,  from  Texas. 
The  accompanying  cut  shows  a  figure  of  the 
type,  which  is  preserved  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum.  The  ground-color  of  the 
wings  is  pale  reddish  ochraceous.  The  moth  FIG.  ^64.— Parora 
is  found  in  Texas.  texana,  $ 

255 


Noctuidae 

Genus    HOMOPYRALIS    Grote 

Five  species  belong  to  this  genus.  We  figure  one  of  the 
commoner  of  these  as  representative.  They  come  freely  to 
sugar. 

(i)  Homopyralis  contracta  Walker,  Plate,  XXX,  Fig.  5,  ?  . 

Syn.  zonata  Walker;  tactus  Grote. 

The  insect  is  widely  distributed  all  over  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

Genus    ISOGONA    Guenee 

(i  )  Isogona  natatrix  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  18,  ?  . 
Syn.  tennis  Grote. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  southern  Atlantic  States. 

Genus    HYPSOROPHA    Hubner 

(1)  Hypsoropha  monilis  Fabricius,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  6,  $  . 
The  species   is   quite   abundant   in    northern  Florida  in  the 

spring  of  the  year.     It  ranges  westward  and  northward  as  far  as 
Kansas. 

(2)  Hypsoropha  hormos  Hubner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  7,  ?  . 
The  moth  occurs  from  New  York  to  Texas,  and  is  not  un- 
common in  the  eastern  half  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Genus    CISSUSA   Walker 

Ten  species  are  attributed  to  this  genus  in  the  latest  Catalogue 
of  the  moths  of  North  America.  They  are  all  western  and 
southwestern  species.  We  have  selected  three  of  them  for 
purposes  of  illustration. 

(1)  Cissusa  spadix  Cramer,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
Syn.  vegeta  Morrison. 

The  species  occurs  in  the  southwestern  portions  of  the 
United  States. 

(2)  Cissusa  inepta  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  10,  $  . 

Syn.  tnorbosa  Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  flies  in  Colorado. 

(3)  Cissusa sabulosa  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  1 1,  ?  . 
The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 

species. 

256 


Noctuidac 
Genus    ULOSYNEDA    Smith 

The  only  species  of  this  genus  was  named  valens  by  Henry 
Edwards.  It  is  represented  on  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  12,  by  a  speci- 
men of  the  male  sex.  Its  home  is  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and  Utah. 

Genus    DRASTERIA    Hu'bner 

A  widely  distributed  genus  containing  four  species,  which 
are  peculiar  to  our  fauna.  All  of  these  are  figured  on  our  plates. 

(1)  Drasteria  erechtea  Cramer,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  14,  ?. 

Syn.  sobria  Walker;  narrata  Walker;  patibilis  Walker;  agricola  Grote 
&  Robinson;  mundula  Grote  &  Robinson. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  widely  distributed  from 
Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  as  far  as  Colorado  and 
Wyoming.  It  frequents  grassy  places  and  may  be  found  from 
April  to  October. 

(2)  Drasteria    crassiuscula    Haworth,    Plate    XXX,    Fig. 

15.3. 

Syn.  erichto  Guene"e. 

Quite  as  common  as  the  preceding  species,  and  having  the 
same  general  distribution. 

(3)  Drasteria  caerulea  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  13,  $  . 

Syn.  aquamarina  Felder. 

The  habitat  of  this  pretty  species  is  the  Pacific  coast.  It  is 
one  of  the  very  few  blue  moths  which  are  known. 

(4)  Drasteria  conspicua  Smith,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  16,  $  . 
This  elegant  moth  is  a  native  of  Alberta  and   the  adjacent 

territories  of  the  British  possessions. 

Genus    C^NURGIA    Walker 

(1)  Caenurgia  convalescens  Guenee,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  17,  $  . 
Syn.  socors  Walker;  purgata  Walker. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward to  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Csenurgia  adversa  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  18,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  California. 

Genus    EUCLIDIA   Ochsenheimer 

We  show  two  of  the  four  species  which  are  known  to  occur 
within  our  faunal  limits. 

257 


Noctuidae 

(1)  Euclidia  cuspidea  Hiibner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  20,  $  . 

The  moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  Georgia 
and  thence  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 

(2)  Euclidia  intercalaris  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  19,  $  . 
This  is  a  rather  rare  species  in  collections.     It  is  found  in  New 

Mexico  and  the  southwestern  States. 

Genus    PANULA    Guenee 

(i)  Panula  inconstans,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  21,  $. 
Not  uncommon  in  the  southern  States. 

Genus    MELIPOTIS    Hubner 

This  is  a  moderately  large  genus,  represented  in  both  the 
New  World  and  the  Old.  Of  the  ten  species  known  to  occur 
within  our  faunal  limits  we  show  six  on  our  plates. 

(1)  Melipotis  fasciolaris  Hubner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  22,  ?  . 
This  is  not  an  uncommon  insect  in  the  Antilles,   and  also 

occurs  in  Florida.     The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  taken 
in  the  latter  locality. 

(2)  Melipotis  pallescens  Grote  &   Robinson,    Plate    XXX, 
Fig.  25,  ?. 

An  inhabitant  of  the  southwestern  portions  of  our  territory, 
reported  from  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Texas,  and  Arizona. 

(3)  Melipotis  limbolaris  Geyer,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  27,  $  . 

Syn.  grandirena  Haworth. 

Found  from  New  England  to  Florida  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi. 

(4)  Melipotis   perlaeta   Henry   Edwards,    Plate   XXX,    Fig. 
26,   ?. 

The  species  has  been  found  in  Arizona  and  Texas. 

(5)  Melipotis  jucunda  Hubner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  24,  $  . 

Syn.  cinis  Guenee;  agrotipennis  Harvey;  hadeniformis  Behr. 

The  insect  ranges  from  New  York  to  Florida  and  westward  to 
Texas  and  Colorado. 

(6)  Melipotis  sinualis  Harvey,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  23,  $ 

This  easily  recognizable  species  is  an  inhabitant  of  Texas  and 
Arizona  and  ranges  southward  along  the  high  table-lands  of 
northern  Mexico. 

258 


Noctuidsa 
Genus    CIRRHOBOLINA    Grote 

(i)  Cirrhobolina  deducta  Morrison,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  36,  $  . 

Syn.  pavitensis  Morrison. 

A  common  insect  in  Texas. 

(a)  Cirrhobolina  mexicana  Behr,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 

Syn.  incandescens  Grote. 

The  moth  occurs  quite  commonly  in  the  southwestern  portions 
of  our  territory  from  Colorado  to  Arizona  and  Texas,  and  thence 
southward  on  the  Mexican  plateaus. 

Genus    SYNEDA   Guenee 

Twenty-five  species  are  attributed  to  this  genus  and  indicated 
as  having  their  habitat  within  the  territory  with  which  this  book 
deals.  It  is  possible  that  a  final  revision  of  the  genus  will  lead  to 
the  discovery  that  some  of  the  so-called  species  are  merely  local 
races  or  varietal  forms  of  others.  There  is  considerable  dissimi- 
larity between  the  sexes  in  some  of  the  species,  and  it  may  be 
that  there  is  in  this  fact  also  an  element  of  confusion.  The  species 
which  are  figured  on  the  plates  are  such  as  are  for  the  most  part 
well  known  and  the  identification  of  which  is  certain. 

(1)  Syneda  graphica  Hubner,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  30,  $  . 
Syn.  capticola  Walker. 

The  insect  ranges  from  New  York  to  Florida  westward  to  the 
Alleghany  Mountains. 

(2)  Syneda  divergens  Behr,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  32,  $  . 

The  insect  is  western  and  has  an  ascertained  range  from  Colo- 
rado to  California. 

(3)  Syneda  alleni  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  35,  $  . 
Syn.  saxea  Henry  Edwards. 

The  species  has  a  northern  range  and  is  reported  from  Maine 
and  Canada,  Manitoba  and  Montana.  It  extends  its  habitat  south- 
ward along  the  elevated  table-lands  of  the  continent  to  Colorado 
and  Wyoming. 

(4)  Syneda  adumbrata  Behr,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  34,  $  . 

This  is  a  western  species  ranging  from  Montana  and  Arizona 
in  the  east  to  the  Pacific. 

(5)  Syneda  socia  Behr,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  38,  $  . 

The  range  of  this  species  is  practically  the  same  as  that  of  the 
last  mentioned. 

259 


Noctuidae 

(6)  Syneda  howlandi  Grote,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  33,  $  . 
Syn.  stretchi  Behr. 

The  insect  is  distributed  from  Colorado  and  Arizona  westward 
to  California. 

(7)  Syneda  edwardsi  Behr,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  37,  ?  . 
The  moth  is  thus  far  known  only  from  California. 

(8)  Syneda  hudsonica  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXX,  Fig. 

31.  a. 

This  is  a  northern  species,  ranging  from  Ontario  westward  to 
Montana. 

(9)  Syneda  athabasca  NeumoBgen,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  29,  6  . 
The  moth  has  been  taken  in  considerable  numbers  in  Alberta 

and  Assiniboia,  and  is  also  reported  as    occurring    in    British 
Columbia. 

Genus    CATOCALA   Schrank 

This  is  a  very  large  genus  represented  in  both  hemispheres. 
The  metropolis  of  the  genus  appears  to  be  North  America;  at  all 
events,  there  are  more  species  found  in  our  territory  than  occur 
elsewhere,  though  in  eastern  Asia  and  temperate  Europe  the 
genus  is  very  well  represented  by  many  strikingly  beautiful  forms. 
There  is  considerable  variation  in  the  case  of  some  of  the  species, 
and  as  they  have  always  been  favorites  with  collectors,  a  great 
deal  has  been  written  upon  them,  and  many  varietal  names  have 
been  suggested.  Over  one  hundred  species  are  attributed  to  our 
fauna.  Of  these  the  majority  are  figured  in  our  plates.  We 
follow  the  order  of  arrangement  given  in  Dyar's  List  of  North 
American  Lepidoptera. 

(1)  Catocala  epione  Drury,  Plate  XXXI,   Fig.  3,  ?.     (The 
Epione  Underwing.) 

The  insect  is  distributed  from  New  England  and  Canada 
southward  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  to  Missouri  and  Iowa. 

(2)  Catocala  sappho  Strecker,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  2,  $  .     (The 
Sappho  Underwing.) 

This  rare  species  has  been  found  from  western  Pennsylvania  and 
West  Virginia  as  far  west  as  Illinois  and  as  far  south  as  Texas. 

(3)  Catocala  agrippina  Strecker,    Plate   XXXI,   Fig.    I,   ?. 
(The  Agrippina  Underwing.) 

The  species  occurs  from  New  York  and  the  region  of  the 
Great  Lakes  southward  to  Texas. 

260 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXX 


(Except  when  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Phal&nostola  larentioides  Grote, 

9- 

2.  Hyamia  sexpunctata  Grote,  (?• 

3.  Pangrapta  decoralis  Hubner,  9  • 

4.  Hyamia  perditalis  Walker,  9  . 

5.  Homopyralis  contracta  Walker, 

9- 

6.  Hypsoropha  monilis  Fabricius, 


7.  Hypsoropha  hormos  Hubner,  9  • 

8.  Hyblcea  puera  Cramer,  9  ,  U.  S. 

N.  M. 

9.  Cissura  spadix  Cramer,  J*. 

10.  Cissura  inepta  Henry  Edwards, 

(?. 

11.  Cissura   s  abulosa   Henry 

Edwards,   9  . 

12.  Ulosyneda  v  a  lens  Henry 

Edwards,  <?. 

13.  Drasteria  ccerulea  Grote,  cf- 

14.  Drasteria  erechtea  Cramer,   9  • 

1 5 .  Drasteria  crassiuscula  H  aworth , 

C?- 

1 6.  Drasteria  cons picua  Smith,  c?. 

17.  C&nurgia  convalescens  Guenee, 

d1- 

1 8.  C&nurgia  adversa  Grote,  cJ1. 

19.  Euclidia  intercalaris  Grote,  c?- 

20.  Euclidia  cuspidea  Hubner,  $  . 


21.  Panula  inconstans  Guenee,  cJ1. 

22.  Melipotis  fasciolaris  Hubner,  9  • 

23.  M elipotis  sinualis  Harvey,   9- 

24.  Melipotis  jucunda  Hubner,  (J1. 

25.  Melipotis    pallescens    Grote    & 

Robinson,   9  . 

26.  Melipotis     perlceta      Henry 

Edwards,   9  . 

27.  Melipotis  limbolaris  Geycr,  o1. 

28.  Cirrhobolina  mexicana  Behr,  9  • 

29.  Syneda   athabascce    Neumoegcn, 

c?. 

30.  Syneda  graphica  Hubner,  $  .• 

31.  Syneda    hudsonica     Grote      & 

Robinson,    9  •  • 

32.  Syneda  divergens  Behr,  tf. 

33.  Syneda  howlandi  Grote,  $. 

34.  Syneda  adumbrata  Behr,  c? . 

35.  Syneda  alleni  Grote,  c?  . 

36.  Cirrhobolina   deducta  Morrison, 

(?. 

37.  Syneda  edwardsi  Behr,   9  • 

38.  Syneda  soda  Behr,  <5*. 

39.  Litocala  sexsignata  Harvey,  9 

40.  Hypocala    andremona    Cramer, 

C?. 

41.'  Agnomonia  anilis  Drury,  (51. 
42.  Epidromia   delinquens   Walker, 
9- 


["HE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XXX. 


AMERICAN  COLORTYPE  CO.,  N.Y.  i  ( 


Noctuidae 

(4)  Catocala  subviridis   Harvey,    Plate  XXXI,    Fig.   4,   $ . 
(The  Faintly  Green  Underwing.) 

The  insect  has  been  by  some  writers  regarded  as  a  variety  of 
the  preceding  species.  It  is  characterized  by  larger  size,  and 
brighter  colored  fore  wings,  on  which  the  maculation  is  much 
more  distinct.  In  certain  lights  there  is  a  pronounced  greenish 
shade  visible  upon  the  wings. 

(5)  Catocala  lacrymosa  Guenee,    Plate  XXXI,   Fig.  6,   <3  . 
(The  Tearful  Underwing.) 

Form  paulina  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  12,  ?. 
(The  Paulina  Underwing.) 

Form  evelina  French,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  9,  ?  .  (The  Evelina 
Underwing.) 

The  range  of  this  variable  species  is  practically  the  same  as 
that  of  the  hist  mentioned. 

(6)  Catocala  viduata  Guenee,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  15,?.     (The 
Widowed  Underwing.) 

Syn.  maestoso  Hulst;  guenei  Grote. 

The  metropolis  of  this  species  appears  to  be  the  Gulf  States. 
It  is  abundant  in  Texas. 

(7)  Catocala  vidua  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  5,  <$. 
(The  Widow  Underwing.) 

Syn.  desperata  Guenee. 

The  insect  ranges  from  Canada  to  Florida  through  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion. 

(8)  Catocala   dejecta   Strecker,    Plate    XXXII,    Fig.    i,    $. 
(The  Dejected  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Atlantic 
subregion. 

Form  Carolina  subsp.  nm>.,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  5,  5  .  (Carrie's 
Underwing.) 

This  insect,  which  occurs  in  western  Pennsylvania,  appears 
to  be  a  form  of  dejecta,  having  the  same  relation  to  that  species 
as  that  which  is  held  by  basalts  to  habilis.  It  is  characterized  by 
its  smaller  size,  and  by  the  black  stripe  which  runs  from  the  base 
of  the  wing  to  the  apex,  giving  it  quite  a  different  facies  from 
dejecta.  The  type  is  figured  upon  our  plate,  and  it  may  from  the 
illustration  easily  be  recognized. 

261 


Noctuidae 

(9)  Catocala  retecta  Grote,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  8,   $  .     (Tha 
Yellow-Gray  Underwing.) 

The  moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward 
to  the  Mississippi. 

(10)  Catocala  flebilis  Grote,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  n,  $.     (The 
Mourning  Underwing. ) 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last  men- 
tioned. 

(i  i )  Catocala  robinsoni  Grote,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  7,  ? . 
(Robinson's  Underwing.) 

The  moth  ranges  from  New  England  to  the  Mississippi  and 
southward  to  Tennessee  and  the  Carolinas.  It  is  particularly 
abundant  in  the  Ohio  valley. 

(12)  Catocala  obscura  Strecker,   Plate  XXXI,   Fig.    14,   $  . 
(The  Obscure  Underwing.) 

The  moth  may  be  found  from  Canada  to  Maryland  and  west- 
ward to  Colorado. 

(13)  Catocala  insolabilis  Guenee,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  10,  ?. 
(The  Inconsolable  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  found  from  Canada  southward  to  the  Carolinas 
and  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 

(14)  Catocala  angusi  Grote,  Plate  XXXI,  Fig.  13,  $  .    (Angus' 
Underwing.) 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding. 

(15)  Catocala  Judith  Strecker,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  2,  $  .     (The 
Judith  Underwing.) 

The  insect  occurs  from  New  England  westward  in  the  north- 
ern portions  of  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

(16)  Catocala  tristis  Edwards,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  3,  $  .     (The 
Gloomy  Underwing.) 

The  species  appears  to  be  commoner  in  New  England  than 
elsewhere. 

(17)  Catocala  relicta  Walker,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  6,  ?  .     (The 
Relict.) 

Form  bianca  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  7,  Z  .  (The 
Bianca  Underwing.) 

This  fine  moth  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  New  England  and 

262 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXI 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.    J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Catocala  agripplna  Strecker,  cT. 

2.  Catocala  sappho  Strecker,  cJ*. 

3.  Catocala  epione  Drury,  tf. 

4.  Catocala  subviridis  Harvey,  c? . 

5.  Catocala  vidua  Abbot  &  Smith,  c? . 

6.  Catocala  lacrymosa  Guen6e,  c?. 

7.  Catocala  robinsoni  Grote,  9- 

8.  Catocala  retecta  Grote,  cJ1 . 

9.  Catocala  lacrymosa  var.  evelina,  French,  9  . 

10.  Catocala  insolabilis  Guen6e,  $. 

1 1 .  Catocala  flebilis  Grote,  9  . 

12.  Catocala  lacrymosa  var.  paulina  Henry  Edwards,  $. 

13.  Catocala  angusi  Grote,  $ . 

14.  Catocala  obscura  Strecker,  tf . 

15.  Catocala  viduata  Guen6e,  9  . 


PLATE  XXXI 


Noctuidae 

northern  New  York,  but  it  is  rare  in  western  Pennsylvania.     It 
has  a  westward  range  to  Colorado  and  Oregon. 

(18)  Catocala  cara  Guenee,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  9,  <5 .     (The 
Darling  Underwing.) 

This  large  and  splendid  species  is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian 
subregion,  and  in  it  has  a  wide  range. 

(19)  Catocala  amatrix   Hubner,   Plate  XXXII,   Fig.    12,   $. 
(The  Sweetheart.) 

Form  nurus  Walker,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  13,  ?  .     (The  Nurse.) 
This  is  another  fine  species,  which  has  the  same  geographical 
distribution  as  the  last  mentioned. 

(20)  Catocala  marmorata  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  9,  ?  . 
(The  Marbled  Underwing.) 

This  is  a  rather  rare  species,  which  has  a  wide  distribution. 
Its  metropolis  appears  to  be  West  Virginia  and  Kentucky,  though 
it  has  been  taken  elsewhere. 

(21)  Catocala  concumbens  Walker,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  10.  f  . 
(The  Sleepy  Underwing.) 

This  lovely  moth  has  a  wide  range  in  the  Appalachian  sub- 
region.  It  is  very  common  in  New  England  and  central  New 
York,  less  common  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

(22)  Catocala  californica  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  I,  $  . 
(The  California  Underwing.) 

As  the  name  implies,  the  species  is  a  native  of  California. 

(23)  Catocala  cleopatra  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig. 
14,  ?  .     (The  Cleopatra  Underwing.) 

This  insect  is  regarded  by  some  as  a  varietal  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding species.  It  has  the  same  habitat. 

(24)  Catocala  luciana  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig. 
ll,  £.     (The  Luciana  Underwing.) 

Syn.  nebraska  Dodge. 

Form  somnus  Dodge,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  16,  ?  . 

The  moth  is  found  in  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Colorado,  and 
Wyoming. 

"(25)  Catocala  babayaga  Strecker,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  18,  $. 
(The  Babayaga  Underwing.) 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Arizona. 

(26)  Catocala  stretchi  Behr,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  13,  $. 
(Stretch's  Underwing.)  The  species  is  Californian. 

263 


Noctuidae 

(27)  Catocala  augusta  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig. 
8,  $.     (The  Augusta  Underwing.) 

Like  the  preceding  species,  this  is  also  confined  in  its  range  to 
the  Pacific  coast. 

(28)  Catocala  rosalinda  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig. 
15,  $.     (The  Rosalind  Underwing. ) 

The  insect  has  been  found  in  Kansas  and  Colorado. 

(29)  Catocala  pura  Hulst,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  17,  $.     (The 
Pure  Underwing.) 

The  moth  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

(30)  Catocala  unijuga  Walker,    Plate   XXXIII,   Fig.    5,   ?. 
(The  Once-married  Underwing.) 

This  is  a  widely  distributed  species,  the  range  of  which  is 
northern,  extending  from  New  England  to  Colorado,  through 
Canada  and  the  region  of  the  Great  Lakes.  It  is  common  in 
central  New  York. 

(31)  Catocala   meskei   Grote,    Plate    XXXIII,    Fig.    6,    $. 
(Meske's  Underwing.) 

By  some  students  this  species  has  been  regarded  as  a  variety 
of  the  preceding.  Its  range  is  the  same. 

(32)  Catocala  groteiana   Bailey,    Plate   XXXII,    Fig.   4,   $. 
(Grote's  Underwing.) 

The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  New  Mexico,  and  has  been 
sometimes  treated  as  a  variety  of  Catocala  briseis  Edwards. 

(33)  Catocala  hermia  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig. 
7,  9.     (The  Hermia  Underwing.) 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Colorado  and  New  Mexico. 

(34)  Catocala  briseis  Edwards,    Plate   XXXV,   Fig.    12  $. 
(The  Briseis  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  northern  portions  of  the 
Appalachian  subregion,  and  is  also  known  to  occur  in  Colorado. 

(35)  Catocala  faustina  Strecker,   Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  3,   &  . 
(The  Faustina  Underwing.) 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  received  by  the  writer 
from  the  author  of  the  species,  and  may  be  accepted  as  typical. 
The  range  of  the  moth  is  from  Colorado  to  California. 

(36)  Catocala    parta    Guenee,    Plate  XXXIV,    Fig.    n,   $. 
(The  Mother  Underwing.) 

264 


Noctuidac 

This  fine  species  is  quite  common  in  the  Appalachian  sub- 
region  and  ranges  northward  into  the  region  of  Hudson  Bay  and 
westward  as  far  as  Colorado. 

(37)  Catocala  coccinata  Grote,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.   10,  $  . 
(The  Scarlet  Underwing.) 

The  moth  is  recorded  as  occurring  from  Canada  to  Florida 
and  Texas,  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi.  It  is  not  very 
common. 

(38)  Catocala  aholibah  Strecker,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  15,$. 
(The  Aholibah  Underwing.) 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was  obtained  from  the 
author  of  the  species,  and  may  be  accepted  as  typical.  The 
insect  is  found  from  New  Mexico  and  Colorado  to  California  and 
Oregon. 

(39)  Catocala  verrilliana  Grote,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  16,  $  . 
(Verrill's  Underwing. ) 

A  neat  and  prettily  marked  species  which  has  much  the  same 
range  as  the  preceding,  though  extending  somewhat  farther  to 
the  south. 

(40)  Catocala  ultronia  Hiibner,   Plate  XXXIII,   Fig.  2,  $  . 
(The  Ultronia  Underwing.) 

Form  celia  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  4,  3 .  (The 
Celia  Underwing.) 

Form  mopsa  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  7,  $  .  (The 
Mopsa  Underwing.) 

Besides  the  three  forms  of  this  variable  species  which  we 
have  selected  for  illustration,  there  are  several  others  which  have 
received  subspecific  names.  The  insect  is  very  common,  and 
occurs  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Great  Plains  and  from  Canada  to 
Florida. 

(41)  Catocala  ilia  Cramer,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  14,  $  .     (The 
Ilia  Underwing.) 

Form  uxor  Guenee,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  17,  ?.     (The  Wife.) 
Form  osculata  Hulst,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  7,  $  .    (The  Beloved 

Underwing.) 

This  is  a  common   and-  variable   species  which    is    found 

generally  throughout  the  United  States  and  Canada. 

(42)  Catocala  innubens  Guenee,   Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  13,  $  ; 
Plate  I,  Fig.  7,  larva.     (The  Betrothed.) 

265 


Noctuidae 

Form  hinda  French,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  10,  $  .  (The  Hinda 
Underwing.) 

Form  scintillans  Grote,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  9,  $.  (The 
Glittering  Underwing.) 

This  is  another  very  common  and  very  variable  species,  which 
is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward  to  the 
Mississippi. 

(43)  Catocala  nebulosa  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  16,  ?. 
(The  Clouded  Underwing.) 

This  fine  species  is  found  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  and  Central 
States  east  of  the  Mississippi.  It  appears  to  be  quite  common  in 
southern  Indiana. 

(44)  Catocala  piatrix  Grote,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  6,  $  .     (The 
Penitent) 

The  moth  is  found  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  as  far  south  as  Arizona.  It  is  a  common 
species. 

(45)  Catocala    neogama    Abbot   &   Smith,    Plate  XXXVI, 
Fig.  5,  9  .     (The  Bride.) 

This  is  another  common  and  variable  species  which  has  the 
same  geographical  distribution  as  that  of  the  last-named  insect. 

(46)  Catocala  subnata  Grote,   Plate  XXXIII,    Fig.    15,    ?. 
(The  Youthful  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  and 
appears  to  be  not  uncommon  in  Kentucky  and  southern  Indiana. 

(47)  Catocala  cerogama  Guenee,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  6,  $  . 
(The  Yellow-banded  Underwing.) 

Syn.  aurella  Fisher;  eliza  Fisher. 

This  is  a  common  species  ranging  from  Canada  to  the 
Carolinas  and  westward  to  the  Mississippi. 

(48)  Catocala  palaeogama  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  3,  $  . 
(The  Old  wife  Underwing.) 

Form  phalanga  Grote,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  4,  $ .  (The 
Phalanga  Underwing.) 

The  moth  ranges  from  New  England  to  Virginia  and  west- 
ward to  the  Mississippi. 

(49)  Catocala    censors    Abbot   &   Smith,    Plate    XXXIV, 
F'g-  5>  $  •    (The  Consort.) 

266 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE   XXXI I 

(The   specimens    figured    are   contained  in  the  collection  of  W. 
Holland.) 

1 .  Catocala  dejecta  Strecker,  <3* . 

2.  Catocala  Judith  Strecker   c? . 

3.  Catocala  tristis  Edwards,   $. 

4.  Catocala  groteiana  Bailey,  cf. 

5.  Catocala  Carolina  Holland,  cf . 

6.  Catocala  relicta  Walker,  9  . 

7.  Catocala  relicta  var.  bianco  Henry  Edwards,  (f . 

8.  Catocala  antinympha  Hubner,  tf . 

9.  Catocala  cara  Guen6e,  c?. 

10.  Catocala  badia  Grote  &  Robinson,  9  • 

11.  .   Catocala  muliercula  Guene'e,  c?. 

12.  Catocala  amatrix  Hubner,  cJ1. 

1 3 .  Catocala  amatrix  var.  nurus  Walker,  $  . 

14.  Catocala  olivia  Henry  Edwards,  <5*. 

15.  Catocala  alabamce  Grote,  9  • 

1 6.  Catocalc  arnica  Hubner,  J*. 

17.  Catocala  minuta  Edwards,  cJ1. 

1 8.  Catocala  ccelebs  Grote,  cJ1. 

19.  Catocala  lineella  Grote,  c?. 

20.  Catocala  nerissa  Henry  Edwards,  9 

2 1 .  Catocala  gisela  Meyer,  9  • 


THE  MOTH  Boo* 


PLATE  XXXII 


Noctuidae 

The  insect  is  found  from  Pennsylvania  southward  and  west- 
ward to  Texas. 

(50)  Catocala  muliercula  Guenee,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  \i,$. 
(The  Little  Wife.) 

The  insect  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  central  portions  of  the 
Appalachian  subregion. 

(51)  Catocala  delilah  Strecker,    Plate  XXXIV.  Fig.  4,   $. 
(The  Delilah  Underwing.) 

Syn.  adoptiva  Grote. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  from  southern  Illinois  and  Kentucky 
southward  to  the  Gulf  and  westward  to  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

(52)  Catocala  desdemona  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIV, 
Fig-  5»  3  •     (The  Desdemona  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  found  in  the  southwestern  States. 

(53)  Catocala  andromache  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIV, 
Fig.  2,  $  .     (The  Andromache  Underwing.) 

This  species  is  found  in  southern  California  and  Arizona.  I 
am  indebted  to  Mr.  O.  C.  Poling  for  the  fine  specimen  of  this 
rare  moth  which  is  figured  upon  the  plate.  It  is  closely  allied  to 
the  preceding  species. 

(54)  Catocala  illecta  Walker,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  I,  6  .    (The 
Magdalen  Underwing.) 

Syn.  magdalena  Strecker. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Indiana  to  Nebraska  and  southward 
to  Texas. 

(55)  Catocala  serena  Edwards,   Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.    14,   $  . 
(The  Serene  Underwing.) 

The  insect  ranges  from  Canada  and  New  England  westward 
into  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  said  to  also  occur  in 
eastern  Siberia,  but  this  is  doubtful. 

(56)  Catocala  antinympha  Hiibner,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  8,  &  . 
(The  Wayward  Nymph.) 

The  moth  is  reported  from  Canada  to  Maryland  and  west- 
ward as  far  as  the  Mississippi.  I  have  found  it  very  abundant  at 
Saratoga,  N.  Y.,  and  even  more  abundant  on  the  summits 
of  the  Allegheny  Mountains  about  Ctesson  Springs  in  the  month 
of  August. 

(57)  Catocala    badia    Grote    &    Robinson,    Plate    XXXII, 
Fig.  10.  ?  .     (The  Badia  Underwing.) 

267 


Noctuidae 

The  species  is  more  common  in  New  England  than  elsewhere. 
It  is  rather  abundant  on  the  north  shore  of  Massachusetts  Bay, 
and  occurs  also  in  central  New  York  and  the  Adirondacks.  I  have 
never  known  it  to  be  taken  in  western  Pennsylvania, 

(58)  Catocala  coelebs  Grote,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  18,  $  .    (The 
Old-maid.) 

The  range  of  this  species,  which  is  by  some  students  regarded 
as  a  varietal  form  of  the  preceding,  is  from  southern  Canada 
through  New  England  into  central  New  York. 

(59)  Catocala  habilis  Grote,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  n,  3. 
Form  basalis  Grote,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  12,  $  . 

The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  Virginia  and  westward  to 
the  Mississippi.  The  form  basalis  has  a  black  longitudinal  streak 
from  the  base  of  the  fore  wing  along  the  lower  side  of  the  cell. 

(60)  Catocala  abbreviated  Grote,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
The  insect  occurs  from  Minnesota  and  Illinois  southward  to 

Texas  and  westward  to  Utah. 

(61)  Catocala  whitneyi  Dodge,   Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  8,   $  . 
(Whitney's  Underwing.) 

The  moth,  which  is  probably  only  a  varietal  form  of  the  pre- 
ceding species,  has  the  same  range.  The  specimen  figured  on 
the  plate  was  received  from  the  author  of  the  species. 

(62)  Catocala  polygama  Guenee,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  13,  $  . 
(The  Polygamist.) 

Form  crataegi  Saunders,  Plate  XXXIV,  Fig.  12,  $  .  (The 
Hawthorn  Underwing.) 

A  common  and  variable  species  ranging  all  over  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion. 

(63)  Catocala  amasia  Abbot  &  Smith,   Plate  XXXV,  Fig. 
i,  $.     (The  Amasia  Underwing.) 

Syn.  sancta  Hulst. 

The  geographical  range  of  the  species  is  from  New  York  and 
Illinois  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

(64)  Catocala  similis  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  2,  $  . 
&yn.  formula  Grote. 

Form  aholah  Strecker,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  3,  $  . 
The  moth  occurs  from  Rhode  Island  to  Texas.     It  is  a  widely 
distributed  but  not  very  common  species. 

3*8 


EXPLANATION  o*1  PLATE  XXXIII 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in   the  collection  of    W. 
Holland.) 

1.  Catocala  californica  Henry  Edwards,  <f. 

2.  Catocala  ultronia  Hubner,  tf . 

3.  Catocala  faustina  Strecker,  c? . 

4.  Catocala  celia  Henry  Edwards,  <5\ 

5.  Catocala  unijuga  Walker,  9  • 

6.  Catocala  meskei  Grote,  cJ*. 

7.  Catocala  mopsa  Henry  Edwards,  J1. 

8.  Catocala  augusta  Henry  Edwards,  <3 '. 

9.  Catocala  scintillans  Grote,  <5*. 

10.  Catocala  hinda  French,  (5\ 

11.  Catocala  habilis  Grote,  (?. 

12.  Catocala  basalts  Grote,  c?. 

13.  Catocala  innubens  Guene"e,  c?1. 

14.  Catocala  serena  Edwards,  J1. 

15.  Catocala  subnata  Grote,  9. 

16.  Catocala  nebulosa  Edwards,  9  • 

17.  Poo p/wVa  quadrifilaris  Hubner,  $. 

1 8.  Allotria  elonympha  Hubner,  <^. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXXIII 


Noctuidae 

(65)  Catocala  fratercula  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXXV, 
Fig.  4,  $  .     (The  Little  Sister. ) 

Form  jaquenetta  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  5,   $  . 

Form  gisela  Meyer,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  21,  $  . 

The  species  is  very  variable  within  certain  limits,  and  is 
widely  distributed  over  the  United  States  and  Canada  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

(66)  Catocala  olivia  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  14, 
$  .     (The  Olivia  Underwing.) 

The  species  is  a  native  of  Texas. 

(67)  Catocala  praeclara  Grote  &   Robinson,  Plate  XXXV, 

Fig.  7>   *  • 

The  insect  belongs  within  the  more  northern  portions  of  the 
Appalachian  subregion.  The  specimen  figured  was  taken  in 
Massachusetts. 

(68)  Catocala  grynea  Cramer,  Plate  XXXV,  Fig.  6,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and  westward 

to  the  Mississippi. 

(69)  Catocala  alabamae  Grote,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  15,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is,  as  indicated  by  the  name,  the 

state  of  Alabama. 

(70)  Catocala  gracilis   Edwards,   Plate   XXXV,  Fig.  8,  $ . 
(The  Graceful  Underwing.) 

The  species  occurs  from  Canada  to  the  southern  States  on  the 
Atlantic  seaboard  and  westward  to  the  valley  of  the  Ohio. 

(71)  Catocala  minuta  Edwards,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  17,   $. 
(The  Little  Underwing.) 

The  moth  is  indigenous  in  the  Eastern  and  Middle  States. 

(72)  Catocala  arnica  Hubner,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  16,  $. 
Form  lineella  Grote,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  19,  $  . 

Form  nerissa  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXII,  Fig.  20,  $  . 

This  small  species  is  subject  to  considerable  variation.  It  has 
a  wide  range  from  Ontario  to  Texas,  and  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Great  Plains. 

"  Place  and  time  requiring,  let  this  insect  fly. 

It  hovers  round  the  wick — with  the  wind  of  its  wings  the  flame  is 
extinguished."          Sudraka,  The  Mrichchakati,  or.  The  Toy-can. 


WALKING   AS   A    FINE    ART 

THE  first  act  of  all  animals  is  that  of  absorption.  Feeding  is  a 
primal  necessity.  The  senses  of  smell,  of  touch,  and  of  taste  are 
involved  in  it.  Sight  has  little  to  do  with  it  at  first,  but  is  soon 
awakened.  Coincident  with  this  act  among  the  lower  animals  is 
that  of  locomotion.  Man,  whose  desire  to  annihilate  space  has 
become  a  supreme  passion,  approaches  the  act  of  locomotion 
later  than  all  other  animals.  Young  ducks  and  geese  fly  from  the 
Arctic  Circle  to  Florida  a  few  months  after  they  have  been 
hatched.  Babies  do  not  often  begin  to  crawl  until  they  are  twice 
as  old,  and  rarely  walk  until  more  than  a  year  of  life  has  been 
passed.  There  is  nothing  more  interesting  than  the  sight  of  a 
child  just  beginning  to  walk.  The  look  of  glad  surprise  and 
immense  satisfaction  which  is  displayed  when  a  few  successful 
steps  have  been  taken  is  delightful  to  the  observer.  The  triumphs 
of  the  most  successful  men  do  not  in  later  years  afford  them  so 
much  momentary  pleasure  as  is  experienced  by  the  little  fellow 
who  realizes  that  at  last  after  many  failures  he  has  "got  his 
legs." 

In  much  of  our  going  to  and  fro  on  this  small  globe  we  are 
aided  by  adventitious  helps.  Stephenson,  Fulton,  and  the  fathers 
of  the  science  of  magnetism  and  electricity  have  done  much  to 
pave  the  way  for  our  rapid  transportation  from  one  spot  to 
another.  But  there  are  some  places  to  which  we  cannot  be 
hauled,  and  we  have  not  yet  reached  the  point  where  we  can 
dispense  with  the  use  of  our  pedal  extremities. 

Happy  is  the  man  who  has  acquired  the  love  of  walking  for 
its  own  sake!  There  is  no  form  of  exercise  more  health-giving, 
none  which  tends  more  thoroughly  to  invigorate,  if  it  be  wisely 
undertaken.  The  effect  of  the  act  is  to  quicken  the  venous 
circulation;  to  send  the  blood  to  the  lungs,  there  to  be  purified 
by  contact  with  the  oxygen  of  the  atmosphere;  to  harden  and 
strengthen  the  muscles  of  the  legs  and  to  bring  those  of  the  arms 
and  the  chest  into  play.  People  who  walk  do  not  have  over- 
loaded veins.  The  shop-girl  who  stands  behind  the  counter  all 
day  suffers  from  varicosis,  but  the  man  or  woman  who  walks 
avoids  it.  Standing  is  harder  than  walking;  it  is  more  fatiguing, 
and  brings  no  return  of  health  to  the  system. 

270 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIV 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of  W.  J 
Holland.) 

1.  Catocala  illecta  Walker,  J*. 

2.  Catocala  andromache  Henry  Edwards,  <3*. 

3.  Catocala  consors  Abbot  &  Smith,  tf. 

4.  Catocala  delilah  Strecker,  $  . 

5.  Catocala  desdemona  Henry  Edwards,  tf. 

6.  Calocala  cerogama  Guene'e,  <3*. 

7.  Catocala  osculata  Hulst,  (J*. 

8.  Catocala  whitneyi  Dodge,  o1. 

9.  Catocala  abbreviatella  Grote,  $  . 
10.  Catocala  coccinata  Grote,  (51. 
ir.  Catocala  parta  Guene"e,  (J1. 

12.  Catocala  cratcegi  Saunders,  &. 

13.  Catocala  polygama  Guene"e,  c?. 

14.  Catocala  ilia  Cramer,  cJ1. 

1 5 .  Catocala  aholibah  Strecker,  9  . 

1 6.  Catocala  verrilliana  Grote,  <5*. 

17.  Catocala  uxor  Guen^e,  ?. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXXIV 


Walking  as  a  Fine  Art 

In  walking,  the  best  results  are  secured  when  there  is  no 
burden  upon  the  mind.  The  man  who  carries  the  load  of  daily 
care  with  him  when  he  walks  derives  less  benefit  from  the  act 
than  the  man  who  dismisses  all  concern  and  simply  gives 
himself  over  to  the  act.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  it  is  an 
advantage  in  walking  to  have  some  definite  object  of  pursuit. 
The  woman  who  is  advised  by  her  physician  to  walk  should  not 
select  as  her  path  some  busy  street  upon  which  she  is  certain  to 
be  diverted  by  the  opportunity  to  unite  with  her  exercise  a 
number  of  shopping  excursions.  The  man  who  goes  out  to 
walk  should  not  choose  a  much  frequented  part  of  the  town 
where  he  is  sure  to  meet  business  friends  and  acquaintances. 
The  person  who  desires  to  derive  the  best  results  from  his  strolls 
should  select  a  retired  spot  in  park  or  country  where  the  "mad- 
ding throng"  does  not  resort.  It  is  hard  to  make  Americans 
realize  the  importance  of  these  suggestions.  The  demand  is 
forever  that  exercise,  if  taken  at  all,  shall  have  an  aim  ulterior  to 
itself,  in  the  pursuit  of  which  the  upbuilding  of  the  system  shall 
take  place  as  a  collateral  incident.  The  popularity  of  golf  is  due 
to  the  fact  that  it  answers  the  demand  of  a  great  class  of  persons 
to  be  amused  while  they  are  being  invigorated.  It  is  one  of  the 
least  objectionable  forms,  in  which  the  pill  of  exercise  is  sugar- 
coated  for  consumption  by  a  race  which  is  slowly  but  surely 
working  itself  to  death  in  office,  mill  and  factory. 

Walking  for  its  own  sake  is  pursued  to  a  far  greater  extent  in 
England  and  in  Germany  than  in  America.  We  may  well  learn 
to  imitate  our  cousins  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Atlantic  in  this 
regard. 

If  walking  is  to  be  pursued  with  an  object,  there  is  nothing 
which  may  be  chosen  as  an  aim  better  than  the  pursuit  of  that 
knowledge  which  is  the  end  of  the  naturalist.  To  become 
acquainted  with  the  fields  and  the  flowers  which  bloom  in  them, 
with  the  forests  and  the  myriad  forms  of  animate  life  which 
frequent  them,  is  an  aim  which  leads  far  away  from  the  cares 
and  pursuits  of  the  weary,  workday  world.  I  met  the  other  day 
a  friend,  who,  with  quick  step  and  alertness  depicted  in  every 
feature,  was  hurrying  along  one  of  the  avenues  in  the  capital.  I 
marveled  at  his  gait,  for  I  knew  that  the  winters  of  fourscore 
and  five  years  rested  upon  his  head.  "How  is  it  that  you  have 

271 


Walking  as  a  Fine  Art 

found  the  fountain  of  eternal  youth  ?"  1  said.  "My  dear  boy," 
he  replied,  "  I  have  found  it  by  living  near  to  nature's  heart,  and 
by  having  my  beloved  science  of  entomology  to  refresh  and 
quicken  me  in  my  daily  walks." 

Would  you  cultivate  walking  as  a  fine  art,  learn  to  see  and  to 
hear  what  the  world,  which  man  has  not  made  nor  has  entirely 
marred,  is  telling  you  of  the  wonders  of  that  life  which  she  kindly 
nourishes  upon  her  bosom. 

"Cleon  sees  no  charm  in  nature — in  a  daisy,  I; 
Cleon  hears  no  anthem  ringing  in  the  sea  and  the  sky, 
Nature  sings  to  me  forever — earnest  listener,  I ; 
State  for  state,  with  all  attendants,  who  would  change  !     Not  I." 


Genus   ALLOTRIA   Hubner 

(i)  Allotria  elonympha  Hubner,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  18,  $. 
This  handsome  little  species  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  sub- 
region.     It  is  the  sole  species  of  the  genus. 

Genus   ANDREWSIA   Grote 
(i)  Andrewsia  messalina  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  i,  $. 

Syn.  belfragiana  Harvey;  jocasta  Strecker. 

The  insect  has  been  found  to  range  from  Kansas  to  Texas.  It 
appears  on  the  wing  in  the  latter  state  in  May. 

Genus    EUPARTHENOS    Grote 

(i)  Euparthenos  nubilis  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  2,   $. 
The  moth  occurs  from  the  northern  Atlantic  States  to  Arizona. 

Genus    HYPOCALA   Guenee 

(i)  Hypocala  andremona  Cramer,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  40,  $  . 
Syn.  hilli  Lintner. 

The  insect  is  characteristic  of  the  neotropical  fauna.  It  occurs 
as  a  straggler  into  Texas,  and  is  found  very  commonly  throughout 
Mexico,  Central  America,  and  South  America. 

Genus    LITOCALA    Harvey 

(i)  Litocala  sexsignata  Harvey,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  39,   *  . 
The  species  occurs  through  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
to  California. 

272 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXV 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collectior    of  W.    J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Catocala  amasia  Abbot  &  Smith,  9. 

2.  Catocala  similis  Edwards,  cJ1. 

3.  Catocala  aholah  Strecker,  (J1. 

4.  Catocala  fratercula  Grote  &  Robinson,  <5*. 

5.  Catocala  jaquenetta  Henry  Edwards,  <$• . 

6.  Catocala  grynea  Cramer,  (J1 . 

7.  Catocala  prceclara  Grote  &  Robinson,  <5V 

8.  Catocala  gracilis  Edwards,  9  . 

9.  Catocala  marmorata  Edwards,  9  • 

10.  Ca tocala  concumbens  Walker,  tf . 

11.  Catocala  luciana  Henry  Edwards,  c?. 

12.  Catocala  briseis  Edwards,  (J1. 

13.  Catocala  stretchi  Behr,  J1. 

14.  Catocala  cleopatra  Henry  Edwards,  9  . 

15.  Catocala  rosalinda  Henry  Edwards,  tf. 

1 6.  Catocala  somnus  Dodge,  9  • 

17.  Catocala  pur  a  Hulst,  cJ1. 

18.  Catocala  babayaga  Strecker,  (J1 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXXV 


Noctuidae 
Genus   TOXOCAMPA   Guenee 

(i)  Toxocampa  victoria  Grote,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  10,   ?  . 

This  is  a  northern  species  found  from  New  England  to  British 
Columbia  and  ranging  southward  along  the  higher  mountain 
ranges  of  the  west. 

Genus    PHOBERIA   Hiibner 

(i)  Phoberia  atomaris  Hiibner,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  14,  $  . 
Syn.  orthosioides  Guen6e;  jorrigens  Walker;  ingenua  Walker. 

The  moth  has  been  taken  from  Maine  to  Texas  and  westward 
as  far  as  the  Great  Plains. 

Genus    SIAVANA   Walker 
(i)  Siavana  repanda  Walker,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  15,  9. 

Syn.  auripennis  Grote. 

The  moth  ranges  from  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio  southward  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico.  It  is  not  uncommon  in  Florida. 

Genus    PALINDIA    Guenee 

This  is  an  extensive  neotropical  genus,  represented  by  but 
two  species,  which  have  thus  far  been  taken  within  our  territory. 

(i)  Palindia  dominicata  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

The  moth  occasionally  occurs  in  Texas.  It  is  very  common 
in  Central  and  South  America. 

Genus    PANAPODA   Guenee 

(i)  Panapoda  rufimargo  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVJ,  Fig.  19,  $  . 

Syn.  rubricosta  Guene'e;  cressoni  Grote. 

Form  carneicosta  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  20,  $ . 

Syn.  scissa  Walker;  combinata  Walker. 

The  insect  is  found  through  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It  is 
quite  common  in  parts  of  New  England,  and  at  certain  times  has 
been  taken  abundantly  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus   PARALLELIA   Hubner 

(i)  Parallelia  bistriaris  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  18,  $  . 
Syn.  amplissima  Walker. 

The  insect  occurs  from  Nova  Scotia  to  Florida  and  westward 
to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

273 


Noctuidae 

Genus   AGNOMONIA   Hiibner 
(i)  Agnomonia  anilis  Dairy,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  41,3. 

Syn.  sesquistriaris  Hiibner . 

The  moth  is  found  from  Pennsylvania  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 
It  is  common  in  Florida. 

Genus    REMIGIA   Guenee 

(i)  Remigia  repanda  Fabricius,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  16,  $. 

Syn.  latipes  Guen6e;  perlata  Walker \indentata  Harvey;  texana  Morrison. 

The  species,  which  is  somewhat  variable,  is  said  to  occur  in 
Labrador,  but  the  writer,  though  he  has  at  various  times  received 
large  collections  from  that  country,  is  not  in  possession  of  any 
direct  evidence  of  the  correctness  of  the  statement.  The  insect 
does,  however,  occur  in  northern  Canada  and  ranges  thence 
southwardly  to  Argentina,  keeping,  so  far  as  is  known,  to  the 
eastern  side  of  the  Rocky  Mountains  and  the  Andes. 

Genus    GRAMMODES    Guene'e 

A  moderately  large  genus,  which  is  represented  in  both  hemi- 
spheres. Three  species  occur  in  our  fauna,  of  which  we  figure 
one. 

(i)  Grammodes  smithi  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  22,  ?  . 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  Gulf  States  and  in  Mexico.  The 
specimen  figured  was  taken  in  southern  Texas. 

Genus   EPIDROMA    Guenee 

(i)   Epidroma  delinquens  Walker,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  42,  ?. 
The  moth,  which  is  common  enough  in  Central  and  South 
America,  has  recently  been  found  to  occur  in  southern  Florida. 

Genus    POAPHILA   Guenee 

This  is  a  genus  of  large  size,  the  insects  belonging  to  which 
occur  in  the  warmer  regions  of  America.  We  figure  but  one  of 
the  twelve  species,  which  are  attributed  to  our  fauna. 

(i)  Poaphila  quadrifilaris  Hiibner,  Plate  XXXIII,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

The  insect  is  known  to  occur  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida 
along  the  coast. 

274 


Noctuidae 

Genus   PHURYS   Guene'e 

Six  species  occurring  within  our  territory  are  given  as  belong- 
ing to  this  genus  in  the  latest  list  of  the  lepidoptera  of  North 
America.  Of  these  we  illustrate  two. 

(1)  Phurys  vinculum  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  12,  $  . 
The  species  occurs  in  the  Gulf  States  and  southward. 

(2)  Phurys  lima  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig  1 1,  $. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species.  It  may  be  easily  distinguished  by  the  presence  of  the 
small  round  dark  dot  near  the  base  of  the  fore  wings  on  the  inner 
margin. 

Genus  CELIPTERA   Guenee 
(i)  Celiptera  frustulum  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  15,  $. 

Syn.  disci  ssa  Walker;  elongatus  Grote. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  east  of 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus   ANTICARSIA   Hubner 

Of  the  two  species  of  the  genus  found  within  our  limits  we 
give  a  figure  of  the  one  which  most  commonly  occurs. 

(i)  Anticarsia  gemmatilis  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig. 
10,  $  . 

The  moth  is  found  through  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  from 
Wisconsin  to  Texas. 

Genus    ANTIBLEMMA    Hubner 

(i)  Antiblemma  inexacta  Walker,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  23,  3  . 

Syn.  canalis  Grote. 

This  is  a  variable  insect,  to  which  a  number  of  subspecific 
names  have  been  given,  based  upon  slight  differences  in  the 
markings  of  the  wings.  It  is  found  in  the  Southern  States,  and 
ranges  thence  to  the  southern  portions  of  the  South  American 
continent. 

Genus   LITOPROSOPSUS    Grote 

(i)  Litoprosopsus  futilis  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXXVII, 
Fig.  4,  6  . 

The  insect  occurs  in  Florida  and  Georgia  and  also  in  the 
hotter  portions  of  America. 

275 


Noctuidae 

Genus    OPHIDERES    Boisduval 

This  is  a  large  genus  of  remarkably  showy  insects,  which  are 
more  numerously  found  in  the  tropics  of  the  Old  World  than  in 
the  New.  There  are  several  very  beautiful  species  which 
are  found  in  South  America.  Only  one  occurs  sparingly  as  a 
straggler  into  our  fauna.  It  is  now  and  then  taken  in  Florida. 
It  is  commoner  in  South  America  and  is  also  found  in  Africa. 

(i)  Ophideres  materna  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  8,  $ . 

Syn.  hybrida  Fabricius;  calaminea  Cramer. 

The  insect  is  rare  in  Florida. 

Genus    STRENOLOMA   Grote 

(i)  Strenoloma  lunilinea  Grote,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  9,  $  . 

This  fine  moth  is  quite  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Ohio,  and 
ranges  from  Pennsylvania  southward  and  westward  as  far  as 
Missouri  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genus   CAMPOMETRA   Guenee 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  principally  found  in  the  southern 
and  southwestern  portions  of  our  territory. 

(1)  Campometra  amella  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  8,  9  . 
Syn.  integerrima  Walker;  stylobata  Harvey. 

The  species  ranges  from  Florida  to  Texas. 

(2)  Campometra  mima  Harvey,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
The  moth  occurs  from  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

Genus   TRAMA   Harvey 

Three  species  are  assigned  to  this  genus  in  recent  lists. 
(i)  Trama  detrahens  Walker,  Plate  XXXVI,  Fig.  21,  3. 
Syn.  arrosa  Harvey. 
The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Southern  States. 

Genus   MATIGRAMMA   Grote 

A  small  genus,  the  species  of  which  are  southern,  or  south- 
western, in  their  distribution. 

(i)  Matigramma  pulverilinea  Grote,   Plate  XXXVII,    Fig. 

11,9. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Florida  to  Texas. 

276 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVI 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in   the  collection  of  W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Andrewsia  messalina  Guenee,  c?. 

2.  Euparthenos  nubilis  Hiibner,  9 

3.  Catocala  pal&ogama  Guenee,  J1. 

4.  Catocala  pal&ogama  var.  phalanga  Grote,  (j"1. 

5.  Catocala  neogama  Abbot  &  Smith,  $  . 

6.  Catocala  piatrix  Grote,  (J1. 

7.  Catocala  hermia  Henry  Edwards,  9  • 

8.  Ophideres  materna  Linnaeus,  9  • 

9.  Strenoloma  lunilinea  Grote,  & . 

10.  Toxocampa  victoria  Grote,  9  • 

11.  Phurys  lima  Guen6e,  <$. 

12.  Phurys  vinculum  Guenee,  J1. 

13.  Celiptera  frustu lum  Guenee,  9. 

14.  Phoberia  atomaris  Hiibner,  cJ*. 

15.  Siavana  re  panda  Walker,  9- 

16.  Remigia  re  panda  Fabricius,  <5*. 

17.  Palindia  dominicata  Guenee,  c?. 

1 8.  Parallelia  bistriaris  Hiibner,  (J1. 

19.  Panapoda  rufimargo  Hiibner,  c? . 

20.  Panapoda  rufimargo  var.  carneicosta  Guenee,  c?. 

2 1 .  Trama  detrahens  Walker,  c? . 

22.  Grammodes  smithi  Guenee,  9. 

23.  Antiblemma  inexacta  Walker ,  9  . 


THE  MOTH  Be 


PLATE  XXXV 


Noctuidac 

Genus    CAPNODES    Guenee 

The  genus  is  well  represented  in  the 
tropics  of  both  hemispheres.  There  is  but 
one  species  in  our  fauna,  Capnodes  puncti- 
vena  Smith,  a  representation  of  which  is 
given  in  the  accompanying  cut,  drawn  from  p,G 
the  type  in  the  National  Museum.  punctivena,  $. 

Genus   YRIAS   Guenee 

Not  a  large  genus,  the  species  of  which  are  confined  to  the 
southwestern  portions  of  our  territory. 

(1)  Yrias  clientis  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  13,  $. 
The  insect  is  found  in  Arizona. 

(2)  Yrias  repentis  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  12,  $  . 
The  moth,  like  its  predecessor,  is  found  in  Arizona. 

Genus    ZALE    Hiibner 

(i)  Zale  horrida  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  3,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  throughout  the  United  States  east  of  the 
region  of  the  Great  Plains. 

Genus    SELENIS    Guenee 

The  only  species  of  the  genus   which   occurs  within  our 
borders  is  monotropa  Grote.    It  is  found  in  Texas.    The  annexed 


FIG.  166. — Selenis  monotropa , 


cut  was  drawn  from  the  type  of  the  species  which  is  preserved 
in  the  British  Museum.  It  was  made  by  Mr.  Horace  Knight, 
under  the  supervision  of  Sir  George  F.  Hampson. 

277 


Noctuidae 

Genus  PHEOCYMA  Hubner 

(i)  Pheocyma  lucifera  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  5,  ?. 
Syn.  lineola  Walker. 

Found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  YPSIA  Guenee 

(i)  Ypsia  undularis  Drury,  Plate  XXXVI 1,  Fig.  6,  ?  . 
The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  to 
Colorado. 

Genus  PSEUDANTHRACIA  Grote 

(i)  Pseudanthracia  coracias  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig. 

7>  ?• 

The  insect,  which  is  far  from  common  in  collections,  has 
practically  the  same  range  as  the  preceding  species,  of  which  it 
appears  at  first  glance  to  be  a  miniature  reproduction. 

Genus  HOMOPTERA  Boisduval 

This  is  quite  an  extensive  genus,  species  of  which  occur  both 
in  the  Old  World  and  the  New.  Some  twenty  or  more  so-called 
species  are  attributed  to  our  fauna,  but  several  of  these  will  no 
doubt  prove  to  be  mere  varieties  or  local  races  of  others.  We 
give  figures  of  three  of  the  commoner  forms  in  our  plates. 

(1)  Homoptera  lunata  Drury,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  15,  6  . 
Form  edusa  Drury,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  16,  $  . 

Syn.  putrescens  Guenee;  saundersi  Bethune;  viridans  Walker;  involuta 
Walker. 

Almost  universally  distributed  throughout  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 

(2)  Homoptera  cingulifera  Walker,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  17,  ?  . 

Syn.  intenta  Walker;  woodi  Grote. 

The  moth  occurs  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  and  westward 
to  the  region  of  the  Great  Plains. 

(3)  Homoptera  unilineata  Grote,  Plate  XXXVI  I,  Fig.  14,  ?  . 
The  insect  ranges  from  eastern  Canada  to  the  Carolinas  and 

westward  to  the  Mississippi.  It  appears  to  be  quite  common  in 
eastern  Massachusetts.  The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  was 
taken  at  Magnolia,  Massachusetts. 

278 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVII 

(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are.  contained  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Thysania  zenobia  Cramer,    o  . 

2.  Erebus  odora  Linnaeus,    $ . 

3.  Zale  horrida  Hiibner,    cf. 

4.  Litoprosopus  futilis  Grote  &  Robinson,    cf  • 

5.  Phceocyma  lunifera  Hubner,    9  • 

6.  Ypsia  undularis  Drury,    9. 

7.  Pseudanthracia  coracias  Guenee,    9 . 

8.  Campometra  amella  Guenee,    9 . 

9.  Campometra  mima  Harvey,    cf. 

10.  Anticarsia  gemmatilis  Hubner,    cf. 

11.  Matigramma  pulverilinea  Grote,    9,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

12.  Yrias  repentis  Grote,    cf. 

13.  Yrias  clientis  Grote,    cf. 

14.  Homoptera  unilineata  Grote,    9. 
.15.  Homoptera  lunata  Drury,    cf. 

16.  Homoptera  lunata  var.  edusa  Drury,    cf. 

17.  Homoptera  cingulifera  Walker,    9,  Merrick  Collection. 

18.  Isogona  natatrix  Guenee,    cf. 

19.  Hormisa  absorptalis  Walker,    cf. 

20.  Zanclognatha  lituralis  Hubner,    9. 

21.  Xanclognatha  Icevigata  Grote,    cf. 

22.  Zanclognatha  ochreipennis  Grote,    cf. 

23.  Chytolita  morbidalis  Guenee,    9. 

24.  Renia  discolor  alis  Guenee,    cf. 

25.  Palthis  angulalis  Hubner,    9 . 

26.  Heterogramma  pyramusalis  W'alker,    9  • 

27.  Epizeuxis  denticulalis  Harvey,    cf. 

28.  Epizeuxis  scobialis  Grote,    9 . 

29.  Epizeuxis  lubricalis  Geyer,    9 . 

30.  Philometra  metonalis  Walker,    cf- 

31.  Hormisa  bivittata  Grote,    cf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

32.  Bleptina  caradrinalis  Guenee,    cf. 

33.  Capis  curvata  Grote,    9. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXXVI I 


Noctuidse 
Genus   LATEBRARIA   Guenee 

(l)  Latebraria  arnphipyroides  Guenee. 

There  is  only  one  species 
of  the  genus  known  to  occur 
within  the  faunal  limits  cov- 
ered by  this  book.  It  is  a 
straggler  from  the  South 
American  and  Mexican  ter- 
ritories, in  which  it  is  quite 
common.  The  accompanying 
cut  based  upon  a  drawing 
made  from  a  specimen  con- 
tained in  the  collection  of 
the  United  States  National 
Museum  at  Washington,  will, 

no  doubt,  enable  the   Student  FIG.  167.— Latebraria  amphipyroides, 

to    readily    recognize    the  ^ '    *• 

species,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  confounded  with  anything  else. 

Genus    EREBUS    Latreille 

This  is  a  genus  of  large  moths  most  in  evidence  in  the  tropics  of 
the  New  World.     Only  one  species  occurs  in  the  United  States, 
(i)  Erebus  odora  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXX VII,  Fig.  2,  ?  . 

Syn.  agarista  Cramer. 

This  great  moth  is  very  common  in  the  tropical  regions  of 
America.  It  occurs  quite  abundantly  in  southern  Florida  and  the 
warmer  portions  of  the  Gulf  States,  and  is  universally  distributed 
over  the  countries  of  Central  America  and  throughout  tropical 
South  America.  It  is  found  as  a  straggler  into  the  northern 
portions  of  the  United  States,  and  has  even  been  taken  in 
Canada.  I  have  in  my  collection  a  specimen  which  was  taken 
at  Leadville,  Colorado,  in  a  snowstorm  which  occurred  there 
one  Fourth  of  July.  The  insect,  blown  to  that  lofty  and  desolate 
spot,  was  caught  fluttering  about  in  the  drifts. 

Genus   THYSANIA   Dalman 

(i)  Thysania  zenobia  Cramer,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  I,  9  . 
This  is  another  great  South  American  moth,  which  occasion- 
ally occurs  within  our  territory.     It  has  been  taken  in  Florida 

279 


Noctuid* 

and  southern  Texas.     It  is  a  very  abundant  species  in  Mexico 
and  South  America. 


Genus    EPIZEUXIS    Hubner 

This  is  a  genus  of  considerable  size. 
The  larvae  feed  upon  dried  leaves  for  the 
most  part.  Eleven  species  are  attributed 
to  our  fauna,  five  of  which  we  figure. 

(i)   Epizeuxis    americalis  Guenee. 

Syn.  scriptipennis  Walker. 

The  range  of  this  insect  is  from  Can- 
ada to  Texas  east  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. It  is  exceedingly  common  in  the 
woods  of  the  Appalachian  subregion, 
and  is  one  of  the  moths  which  are  most 

FIG.    1 68.— Epize uxis  commonly  attracted  to  sugar.   Thelifehis- 
amencalis.     a.  Larva  en-  * 

larged;  b,  Dorsal  view  of  tory  has  been  well  ascertained,  and   has 

larval  segment  ;c.  Lateral  t>een  entertainly  described  by  Professor  C. 

view  of  do. ;  d,  Cremaster  .._,.. 

of  pupa.    (After  Riley,    V.  Riley  in  the  Fourth  Volume  of  "  Insect 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,    Ljfe>»     Tne  reader  is  referred  to  the  ac- 
count there  given  for  fuller  details. 

(2)  Epizeuxis  scmula  Hubner. 

Syn.  mollifera  Walker;  herminioides 
Walker;  effusalis  Walker;  concisa  Walker. 

The  range  and  the  habits  of  this 
species  are  very  much  the  same  as 
those  of  the  last  mentioned  species. 
Like  it,  the  insect  is  also  very  frequent 
at  sugar,  and  on  a  warm  summer 
night,  in  the  forests  of  southern 
Indiana,  I  have  seen  as  many  as  twenty 
of  these  moths  at  one  time,  congre- 
gated about  a  spot  on  the  trunk  of  a 
tree,  which  had  been  moistened  with 
beer  in  which  sugar  had  been  dis- 
solved. 


FIG.    169. —  Epizeuxis 
cemula.     a,  Larva  enlarged; 
b,  Segment  of  larva  viewed 
(9)    Epizeuxis    lubricalis    Geyer,      laterally;  c,  do.  viewed  dor- 

*  sally;    d,   Tip    of    pupa;    e, 

Moth.    (After  Riley,"  Insect 
Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  no.) 


ni  »    wvtni     c- 

Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  29,   ?. 

Syn.  ph(zal-isGuen6e;  surrectalis  Walker. 
280 


Noctuidae 

The  species  occurs  generally  throughout  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

(4)  Epizeuxis  denticulalis  Harvey,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  27,  $  . 
The  insect  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi  and 

from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas. 

(5)  Epizeuxis  scobialis  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 
The  moth  occurs  from  New  England  to  the  Trans-Mississippi 

States,  east  of  the  Great  Plains. 

Genus    ZANCLOGNATHA    Lederer 

The  genus  is  of  moderate  size.  All  of  the  species  known  are 
found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  and  have  within  it  a  wide 
range. 

(1)  Zanclognatha  laevigata  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  21,  $  . 
The  species  is  somewhat  variable 

in  the  amount  of  dark  shading  upon 
the  fore  wings.  It  is  distributed  from 
Canada  to  the  southern  states. 

(2)  Zanclognatha  protumnusa- 
lis  Walker. 

Syn.  minimalis  Grote. 

The  moth  has  much  the  same 
range  as  the  last-mentioned  species. 
Its  life  history  has  been  accurately  FlG-  ^-- Zanclognatha  pro- 

j          j  r»     r  /~wr>-i  lumnusaus.     a,  Moth;  o.Malc 

ascertained,  and  Professor  C.V.Riley    antenna;  c>  Larva;  rf,  Dorsal 
has  given  US  an  account  Of  the  habits     view  of  larval  segment  ;e,later- 

of  the  insect  in  the  paper  to  which    al  view  of  do.;  b,  d,  e,  Enlarg- 
reference    has    already  been    made.    ed.  (After Riley.  "Insect  Life," 
The    types    of   both   Walker's    and    Vol.  IV,  p.  in.) 
Grote's  insects  are  preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  and  there  is 
no  doubt  of  their  identity. 

(3)  Zanclognatha  ochreipennis  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig. 

22,     6. 

The  habitat  and  the  habits  of  this  species  are  much  the  same 
as  those  of  the  preceding. 

(4)  Zanclognatha   lituralis    Hubner,    Plate    XXXVII,    Fig. 
20,   ?. 

The  moth  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

281 


Noctuidae 

Genus    HORMISA   Walker 

This  is  a  small  genus  of  which  there  are  known  to  be  four 
species  inhabiting  our  territory.  We  figure  the  two  commonest 
of  these. 

(1)  Hormisa  absorptalis  Walker,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  19,  $  . 

Syn.  nubilifascia  Grote. 

The  moth  ranges  from  Canada  to  Virginia  and  westward  to 
Illinois. 

(2)  Hormisa  bivittata  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Rig.  31,  $. 
The  moth,  which  is  not  common  in  collections,  is  found  from 

Quebec  and  Maine  to  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  and  southward  as  far 
as  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

Genus    SISYRHYPENA   Grote 


FIG.  171. — Sisyrhypena  orciferalis,  $  .     | 


(i)  Sisyrhypena  orciferalis  Walker. 

Syn.  pupillaris  Grote;  harti  French. 

The  figure  which  we  give  was  drawn  for  this  book  from  the 
type  of  the  species  which  is  in  the  collection  of  Mr.  Grote  in  the 
British  Museum.  The  insect  occurs  in  the  southern  States. 

Genus    PHILOMETRA   Grote 

Three  species  are  reckoned  as  belonging  to  this  genus.  We 
give  a  figure  of  one  of  them. 

(i)  Philometra  m.etonalis  Walker,  Plate  XXVII,  Fig.  30,  $  . 

Syn.  goasalis  Walker;  longilabris  Grote. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Nova  Scotia  and  the  region  of  Hudson 
Bay  to  Virginia  and  westward  to  Illinois. 

Genus    CHYTOLITA   Grote 

(i)  Chytolita  morbidalis  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  23,  $  . 
The  moth  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

282 


NoctuidjB 
Genus    HYPENULA   Grote 

One  species  is  reckoned  as  belonging  to  this  genus. 


FIG.  172. — Hypenula  cacuminalis, 

(i)  Hypenula  cacuminalis  Walker. 
Syn.  biferalis  Walker;  opacalis  Grote. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  southern  portions  of  our  territory. 
The  figure  we  give  is  taken  from  Walker's 
type,  which  is  preserved  in  the  British 
Museum.  We  also  give  a  figure  of  a 
specimen  preserved  in  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History,  and  which 
was  determined  by  Mr.  Grote  as  his  ^ 

FIG.  173. — Hypenula  opa- 
species,    to   which    he   gave    the   name        calis  Grotei  3      |. 

opacalis.     The  comparison  of  the  two 

figures  will  serve  to  illustrate  the  variability  of  the  species. 

Genus    RENIA    Guenee 

There  are  eight  species  belonging  to  the  genus  which  are 
found  within  the  region  covered  by  this  book.  '  One  of  the 
commonest  of  these  is  selected  for  illustration. 

(i)  Renia  discoloralis  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  24,  $  . 

Syn.  fallacialis  Walker;  generalis  Walker;  thraxalis  Walker. 

The  insect  is  very  common  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus    BLEPTINA   Guenee 

(i)  Bleptina  caradrinalis  Guenee,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  32,  $  . 

Syn.  cloniasalis  Walker. 

The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  west- 
ward to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus   TETANOLITA    Grote 

Three  species  are  assigned  to  this  genus  in  the  latest  lists. 
Of  these,  we  have  selected  the  one  which  is  the  type  of  the  genus 

283 


Noctuida 


for  purposes  of  illustration.  The  specific  name  mynesalis  was 
originally  applied  to  the  insect  by  Walker.  Subsequently  Grote 
gave  it  the  name  lixalis.  The  cut  hereto  annexed  was  drawn 


FIG.  174. —  Tetanolita  mynesalis,  £  .     {. 

from  Walker's  type,  which  is  contained  in  the  collections  of  the 
British  Museum.  The  moth  ranges  from  Pennsylvania  to  Illinois 
and  southward  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


Genus    HETEROGRAMMA    Guenee 

(i)  Heterogramma  pyramusalis  Walker,  Plate  XXXVII, 
Fig.  26,  ?  . 

Syn.  gyasalis  Walker;  rurigena  Grote. 

The  species  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
westward  to  the  region  of  the  Great  Plains.  It  is  the  only  species 
in  the  genus. 

Genus    GABERASA   Walker 

(i)  Gaberasa  ambigualis  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  2,  5  . 

Syn.  bifidalis  Grote;  indivisalis  Grote. 

The  male  moth  has  the  fore  wings  bifid.  Grote  described  the 
female,  which  has  not  bifid  wings,  under  the  name  indivisalis. 
The  moth  occurs  from  Canada  to  Texas. 

Genus    DIRCETIS    Grote 


FIG.  175. —  Dircetis  pygm&a  Grote,  <j>  .     {. 

There  are  two  species  of  the  genus  which  are  found  within 
our  borders.     We  give  in  the  cut  a  figure  of  the  type  of  Grote's 

284 


Noctuidse 

species  to  which  he  applied  the  name  pygmaea.     It  is  found 
from  Florida  to  Texas  along  the  shores  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Genus    PALTHIS    Hubner 

Two  species  of  the  genus  are  found  within  the  United  States. 
We  figure  both  of  them. 

(1)  Palthis  angulalis  Hubner,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  25,  9. 
Syn.  aracinthusalis  Walker. 

The  insect  is  very  common  everywhere  from  Canada  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico  east  of  the  Great  Plains. 

(2)  Palthis  asopialis  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  i,  ?  . 

The  distribution  of  the  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
preceding. 

Genus   CAPIS    Grote 

(i)  Capis  curvata  Grote,  Plate  XXXVII,  Fig.  33,  $  . 
The  insect  is  found  in   Maine,    northern   New   York,    and 
Canada.     It  is  the  only  species  belonging  to  the  genus. 

Genus    SALIA    Hubner 

Two  species  belonging  to  the  genus  are  found  within  our 
territory.  We  figure  in  the  accompanying  cut  the  type  of  one  of 
these,  which  received  the  specific  name  interpuncta  at  the  hands 
of  Mr.  Grote. 


FIG.  176. — Salia  interpuncta,  $  .     }. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Massachusetts  to  Arizona. 

Genus    LOMANALTES    Grote 
(i)  Lomanaltes  eductalis  Walker. 

Syn.  Ixtulus  Grote. 

The  figure  of  the  moth  which  we  give 
was  drawn  for  this  book  by  Mrs.  Beuten- 
miiller  of  New  York  from  a  specimen 
contained  in  the  collections  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History. 
The  insect  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Minnesota  and  southward  to  New  York  and  Pennsylvania 

285 


FIG.    177. — Lomanalu 
eductalis,  $  .     {. 


Noctuidae 

Genus    BOMOLOCHA    Hubner 

Sixteen  species  occurring  within  oar  limits  are  attributed  to 
this  genus  in  the  latest  List  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  North  America. 
Nine  of  these  we  illustrate. 

(1)  Bomolocha  manalis  Walker,  Plate  XLH,  Fig.  3,  &  . 
The  moth  ranges  from  Canada  and  Minnesota  southward  to 

the  valleys  of  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio. 

(2)  Bomolocha  baltimoralis  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  4,  ?  . 
Syn.  benignalis  Walker;  laciniosa  Zeller. 

The  geographical  distribution  of  the  species  practically  coin- 
cides with  that  of  the  last. 

(3)  Bomolocha  bijugalis  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  7,  ?  . 
Syn.  jecialis  Grote;  pallialis  Zeller. 

The  insect  occurs  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  westward  to 
the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(4)  Bomolocha  scutellaris  Grote,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  10,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  from  New  England  to  British  Columbia, 

but  does  not  range  far  to  the  south. 

(5)  Bomolocha  abalinealis  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  5,  $  . 
The  habitat  of  the  insect  extends  from  New  England   and 

Canada  westward  to  Illinois  and  southward  to  Pennsylvania  and 
the  Virginias. 

(6)  Bomolocha  madefactalis  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  6,  $  . 

Syn.  achatinalis  Zeller;  damnosahs  Walker;  caducalis  Walker;  profecta 
Grote. 

The  insect  is  found  from  the  Middle  States  southward  to 
Texas. 

(7)  Bomolocha  toreuta  Grote,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
Syn.  albisignalis  Zeller. 

The  moth  ranges  over  the  same  region  as  the  last-mentioned 
species. 

(8)  Bomolocha  deceptalis  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  8,  6  . 

Syn.  perangulalis  Harvey. 

The  moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  Virginia. 

(9)  Bomolocha  edictalis  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  n,  $  . 

Syn.  lentiginosa  G.~ote;  vellifera  Grote. 

The  range  of  the  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last  men- 
tioned. 

286 


Noctuidae 

Genus    PLATHYPENA    Grote 

Only  one  species  of  the  genus  is  known  to  occur  within  our 
territory. 

(i)  Plathypena  scabra  Fabricius,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  14,  $. 
Syn.  erectalis  Guenee;  palpalis  Haworth;  crassatus  Haworth;  obesalis 
Stephens. 

Universally  distributed  through  the  United  States  and  Canada 
east  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 


Genus    HYPENA   Schrank 

The  genus  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the  globe.  Three  species 
are  known  to  be  found  in  our  territory.  Of  these  we  figure  the 
one  which  is  commonest. 

(i)  Hypena  humuli  Harris,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  12,  6"  J  Fig.  13, 
? ,  var. 

Syn.  evanidalis  Robinson ;  germanalis  Walker. 

This  insect,  the  larva  of 
which  does  considerable 
damage  to  the  hop,  is 
widelydistributed  overthe 
whole  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada.,  It  is  some- 
what variable  in  the  shade 
of  the  wings  and  the 
amount  of  maculation 
upon  them.  For  an  account 
of  the  habits  of  the  insect 
and  the  best  manner  to 
guard  against  the  ravages 
which  the  larva  commits 
the  reader  is  referred  to 
the  excellent  article  by  Dr. 
L.  O.  Howard  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture 
in  Washington  upon  insects  injurious  to  the  hop-vine,  which 
was  published  as  the  Seventh  Bulletin  of  the  New  Series  of 
Bulletins  issued  by  the  Division  of  Entomology  of  the  Department. 

Arm.     Who  was  Samson's  love,  my  dear  Moth  ? 
Moth.    A  woman,  master 

— SHAKESPEARE,  Love's  Labor's  Lost,  7,  2. 

287 


FIG.  1 78. — Hypena  humuli.  a,  egg;  b,  larva; 
c,  segment  of  do.;  d,  pupa;  e,  tip  of  do.;  /, 
adult,  a,  c,  e,  greatly  enlarged.  (After 
Howard,  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,  New 
Series,  No.  7,  p.  44.) 


FAMILY  NYCTEOLID/E 

"An  vnredy  reue  thi  residue  shal  spene, 
That  menye  moththe  was  maister  ynne,  in  a  mynte-while." 

PIERS  PLOWMAN  (C)  xiii,  216. 

THE  Nycteolidce  are  related  to  the  Noctuidce,  many  of  the 
genera,  especially  in  the  Old  World,  containing  moths  which  are 
green  in  color  and  frequent  trees.  The  apex  of  the  fore  wing  is 
more  or  less  produced  to  a  point.  The  larvae  have  eight  pairs  of 
legs,  and  are  fleshy,  with  the  anal  somite  tapering  to  a  point. 
They  are  either  naked  or  slightly  pubescent.  But  two  genera  are 
found  in  the  United  States. 

Genus  NYCTEOLA  Hiibner 

The  genus  is  represented  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the 
New.  Two  species  are  found  in  the  United  States. 

(i)  Nycteola  revayana  Scopoli,  form  lintnerana  Speyer, 
PlateXLII,  Fig.  15,  $. 

A  large  number  of  synonyms  and  subspecific  forms  have  been 
erected  by  authors  who  have  dealt  with  this  species.  The  form 
which  we  figure  is  the  one  which  is  most  commonly  encountered 
in  our  territory. 

Genus  HYBL^EA  Fabricius 

This  genus  is  extensively  developed  in  the  warmer  portions 
of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere,  but  is  represented  by  only  one  species 
in  our  region. 

(i)  Hyblaea  puera  Cramer,  Plate  XXX,  Fig.  8,  ?  . 

Syn.  saga  Fabricius;  mirificum  Strecker. 

The  insect,  which  is  common  in  the  tropics  of  the  two  hemi- 
spheres, occurs  occasionally  in  Florida.  The  specimen  figured  on 
our  plate  is  contained  in  the  collection  of  the  United  States  Na- 
tional Museum. 


288 


FAMILY    PERICOPID^E 

Auctorum) 


"  Loose  to  the  wind  their  airy  garments  flew, 
Thin  glittering  textures  of  the  filmy  dew, 
Dipt  in  the  richest  tincture  of  the  skies, 
Where  light  disports  in  ever-mingling  dyes, 
While  every  beam  new  transient  colours  flings, 
Colours  that  change  whene'er  they  wave  their  wings." 

PofK.—Rape  of  the  Lock. 

The  following  characterization  of  the  family  is  taken  from 
Hampson's  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  495:  "Proboscis  present. 
Palpi  smoothly  scaled;  the  third  joint  long  and  naked.  Legs 
smooth;  mid  tibiae  with  one  pair  of  spurs,  hind  tibiae  with  two 
pairs.  Frenulum  present.  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a  separate  from 
ib'j  ic  absent;  5  from  near  lower  angle  of  cell.  Hind  wing  with 
veins  \a  and  ib  present,  \c  absent;  5  from  near  lower  angle  of 
cell;  8  free  from  the  base  and  connected  by  a  bar  with  7  at  middle 
of  cell. 

"Larva  with  all  the  legs  present,  sparsely  covered  with  long 
hairs. 

"  Cocoon  slight." 

Genus   DARITIS   Walker 

A  small  genus  of  rather  showy  moths,  which  is  represented  in 
our  fauna  by  two  species. 

(i)  Daritis  thetis  Klug,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  5,  <?. 
The  insect  occurs  in  southern  Arizona. 

Genus    COMPOSIA   Hubner 

(i)  Composia  fidelissima  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XXXVIII, 
Fig.  4,  3. 

Syn.  olympia  Butler. 

289 


Pericopidae 

This  very  beautiful  moth  is  found  throughout  the  Antilles  and 
in  southern  Florida.  It  is  the  only  representative  of  its  genus 
which  occurs  within  our  territory. 

Genus   GNOPH^ELA   Walker 

Three  species  of  this  genus  are  found  within  the  limits  of  the 
United  States.  Others  occur  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

(1)  Gnophaela  latipennis   Boisduval,  Plate   XXXVIII,   Fig. 
2,  6. 

Syn.  hopfferi  Grote  &  Robinson;  discreta  Stretch;  arizonai  French; 
tnorrisoni  Druce. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  southwestern  portion  of  our 
territory  and  northern  Mexico. 

(2)  Gnophaela  vermiculata  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XXXVIII, 
Fig.  3,  3 . 

Syn.  continua  Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  is  found  from  southern  Colorado  westward  and 
south-westward. 

(3)  Gnophaela  clappiana  Holland,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  I,  $  . 
The  figure  on  our  plate  represents  the  type  of  the  species, 

which  was  taken  at  Colorado  Springs.     It  occurs  from  central 
Colorado  to  Arizona. 

DAS  LIED  VOM  SCHMETTERLINGE 

44  Liebes,  leichtes,  luft'ges  Ding,  War's  ein  Sylphe,  der  dein  Kleid 

Schmetterling,  So  bestreut, 

Das  da  uber  Blumen  schwebet,  Dich  aus  Morgenduft  gewebet, 

Nur  von  Thau  und  Bliiten  lebet,  Nur  auf  Tage  dich  belebet  ? 

Blute  selbst,  ein  fliegend  Blatt,  Seelchen,  und  dein  kleines  Herz 

Das,  mit  welchem  Rosenfinger !  Pocht  da  unter  meinem  Finger, 

Wer  bepurpurt  hat  ?  Ftihlet  Todesschmerz. 

Fleuch  dahin,  O  Seelchen,  sei 

Froh  und  frei, 

Mir  ein  Bild,  was  ich  sein  werde, 

Wenn  die  Raupe  dieser  Erde 

Auch  wie  du  ein  Zephyr  ist 

Und  in  Duft  und  Thau  und  Honig 

Jede  Blute  kusst." 

HERDER. 

290 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXVIII 

(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Gnoph&la  clappiana  Holland,    cf.  type. 

2.  Gnophcela  latipennis  Boisduval,    cf. 

3.  Gnophcela  vermiculata  Grote  &  Robinson,    cf. 

4.  Composia  fidelissima  Herrich-Schaeffer,    cf . 

5.  Daritis  thetis  Klug,    9 . 

6.  Phryganidia  californica  Packard,    cf. 

7.  Olene  leucophcea  Abbot  &  Smith,   Qj . 

8.  Olene  leucoph&a  Abbot  &  Smith,    9 . 

9.  Olene  achatina  Abbot  &  Smith,    cf. 
JO.  Gyncephora  rossi  Curtis,    cf. 

11.  Gyncephora  rossi  Curtis,    9. 

12.  Porthetria  dispar  Linnaeus,    cf1. 

13.  Porthetria  dispar  Linnaeus,    9. 

14.  Psilura  monacha  Linnzeus,    o71. 

15.  Psilura  monacha  Linnaeus,    9. 

16.  Euproctis  chrysorrhaa  Linnaeus,    cf. 

17.  Hemerocampa  definita  Packard,    cf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

18.  Notolophus  antiqua  Linnaeus,    cf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

19.  Hemerocampa  vetusta  Boisduval,    cf.  U.  S.  N.  M. 

20.  Hemerocampa  leucostigma  Abbot  &  Smith,    cf. 

21.  Hemerocampa  leucostigma  Abbot  &  Smith,    9. 

22.  Carama  cretata  Grote,    cf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

23.  Lagoa  crispata  Packard,    cf. 

24.  Lagoa  pyxidifera  Abbot  &  Smith,    cf. 

25.  Megalopyge  opercularis  Abbot  &  Smith,   cf. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XXXVIII. 


FAMILY  DIOPTID^ 

' '  Genius  detects  through  the  fly,  through  the  caterpillar,  through  the 
grub,  through  the  egg,  the  constant  individual;  through  countless  indi- 
viduals the  fixed  species,  through  many  species  the  genus,  through  all 
genera  the  steadfast  type ;  through  all  the  kingdoms  of  organized  life  the 
eternal  unity." — RALPH  WALDO  EMERSON. 

The  moths  belonging  to  this  family  are,  so  far  as  is  known, 
closely  related  in  many  respects  to  the  Geometridce.  They  differ, 
however,  in  having  veins  3  and  4  of  the  hind  wing  arising  from 
a  common  stalk  at  the  lower  angle  of  the  cell.  The  family  is 
well  represented  in  the  tropics  of  the  New  World,  but  is  only 
known  in  our  territory  by  the  genus  Phryganidia  Packard, 
which  occurs  in  southern  California. 

Genus    PHRYGANIDIA   Packard 

(l)  Phryganidia  californica  Packard,  Plate  XXXVIII, 
Fig.  6,  $ . 

The  moth,  which  is  obscurely  colored,  is  one  of  the  least 
attractive  insects  belonging  to  the  family  which  it  represents. 
Many  of  the  species  are  very  bright  and  gay  in  color,  as  any 
student  of  the  fauna  of  South  America  knows.  The  home  of 
the  species,  as  the  name  implies,  is  California,  to  the  southern 
portion  of  which  it  is  confined. 

"  Happy  insect,  what  can  be 
In  happiness  compared  to  thee  ? 
Fed  with  nourishment  divine, 
The  dewey  morning's  gentle  wine  ! 
Nature  waits  upon  thee  still, 
And  thy  verdant  cup  does  fill ; 
"Tis  filled  wherever  thou  dost  tread 
Nature  "s  self  thy  Ganymede. 

"  Thou  dost  drink  and  dance  and  sing, 
Happier  than  the  happiest  king  ! 
All  the  fields  which  thou  dost  see, 
All  the  plants  belong  to  thee, 
All  the  summer  hours  produce, 
Fertile  made  with  early  juice, 
Man  for  thee  does  sow  and  plough, 
Farmer  he,  and  landlord  thou." 

From  the  Greek  of  Anacreon. 

291 


FAMILY  NOTODONTID^ 

"The  Beauty  which  old  Greece  or  Rome 
Sung,  painted,  wrought,  lies  here  at  home; 

We  need  but  eye  and  ear 
In  all  our  daily  walks  to  trace 
The  outlines  of  incarnate  grace, 

The  hymns  of  gods  to  hear. " 

WHITTIER. 

The  Notodontidae  have  been  characterized  by  Sir  George  F. 
Hampson  as  follows:  "A  family  of  moths  superficially  resembling 
the  Noctuidae.  Mid  tibia  with  one  pair  of  spurs;  hind  tibia  with 
two  pairs;  tarsi  short  and  hairy.  Fore  wing  with  vein  la  form- 
ing a  fork  with  i£at  the  base;  \c  absent;  vein  5  from  the  middle 
of  the  discocellulars,  or  rarely  from  just  below  the  upper  angle  of 
the  cell.  Hind  wings  with  two  internal  veins;  vein  5  from  the 
centre  of  the  discocellulars  or  rarely  absent;  8  free  from  the  base, 
curved,  and  running  close  along  the  subcostal  nervure  or  joined 
to  it  by  a  bar. 

''Larva  without  the  anal  prolegs,  and  carrying  the  anal 
somites  more  or  less  erect;  these  often  bear  paired  processes  and 
are  sometimes  swollen;  the  other  somites  are  often  prominently 
humped. 

"Pupa  naked." 

An  elaborate  and  very  useful  monograph  dealing  with  the 
insects  composing  this  family  has  been  written  by  Professor  A. 
S.  Packard,  and  is  published  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  National 
Academy  of  Science,  Vol.  VII,  pp.  87-284.  The  student  will  do 
well  to  refer  to  this. 

Genus   APATELODES   Packard 
(i)  Apatelodes   torrefacta  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XL,  Fig. 

20,  $. 

The  insect  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

It  ranges  from  Canada  to  the  southern  States  and  as  far  west  as 

the  Mississippi. 

292 


Notodontidae 

(2)  Apatelodes  angelica  Grote,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  21,  3  . 

Syn.  hyalinopuncta  Packard. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
preceding.  It  is  rather  common  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus    MELALOPHA    Hiibner 

Six  species  and  a  number  of  subspecies  have  been  recognized 
as  belonging  to  this  genus  and  are  found  in  the  region  with  which 
this  book  deals.  Of  four  of  these  we  give  figures. 

(1)  Melalopha  apicalis  Walker,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  18,  $  . 

Syn.  vau  Fitch;  indentata  Packard. 

The  figure  upon  our  plate,  cited  above,  represents  the  form 
of  the  species  to  which  Grote  &  Robinson  applied  the  name 
ornata  and  of  which  the  name  incarcerata  Boisduval  is  a  syno- 
nym. The  insect  is  widely  distributed  all  over  the  United  States. 

(2)  Melalopha  inclusa  Hubner,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  19,  $ . 

Syn.  americana  Harris. 

The  insect  is  very  widely  distributed  over  the  Appalachian  sub- 
region.  The  larva  feeds  upon  the  leaves  of  various  species  of 
the  genus  Populus. 

(3)  Melalopha  strigosa  Grote,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  northern  portion  of  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion. 

(4)  Melalopha  albosigma  Fitch,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  16,  $ . 

Widely  distributed  over  the  United  States.  Easily  discrimi- 
nated from  the  other  species  by  the  broad  brown  shade  on  the 
apical  half  of  the  outer  margin  of  the  primaries,  succeeded  near 
the  costa  by  a  distinct  s-shaped  white  line. 

Genus    DATANA   Walker 

Thirteen  species  which  are  properly  referred  to  this  genus  are 
found  within  our  limits.  Of  these  we  give  figures  of  the  four 
which  are  most  commonly  found. 

(1)  Datana  ministra  Drury,  Plate  I,  Fig.  13,  larva;  Plate  XL, 
*'*£'  ii,  $• 

This  is  a  very  common  species,  found  throughout  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion.  The  larvae  are  gregarious  and  may  be  found 
in  great  masses  upon  the  leaves  of  the  walnut  and  allied  trees  in 
the  latter  part  of  August  and  early  September. 

(2)  Datana  angusi  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  12,  $ . 


Notodontidae 

The  habits  and  the  distribution  of  this  species  are  very  much 
the  same  as  those  of  the  preceding. 

(3)  Datana  perspicua   Grote   &   Robinson,  Plate   XL,  Fig. 

14.  &• 

More  nearly  allied  to  D.  ministra  than  to  any  other  species  of 
the  genus,  but  readily  distinguished  from  that  insect  by  the  paler 
color  of  the  secondaries  and  the  lighter,  more  yellowish  color  of 
the  primaries. 

(4)  Datana  integerrima  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XL,  Fig. 
i},   <$. 

The  darker  color  of  the  primaries  and  the  more  numerous 
transverse  bands  enable  this  species  to  be  at  once  separated  from 
the  other  species  which  we  have  figured. 

Genus    HYPER^SCHRA   Butler 

(1)  Hyperaeschra  stragula  Grote,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  i,  3. 

Syn.  scitipennis  Walker. 

The  moth  is  found  throughout  the  United  States.  With  the 
help  of  the  illustration  we  have  given  there  should  be  no  difficulty 
whatever  in  determining  it. 

(2)  Hyperaeschra  georgica  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XL,  Fig. 

7,   3. 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  and  is  com- 
moner in  the  southern  portions  of  its  range  than  in  the  more  northern 
portions  thereof.  It  is,  however,  not  very  rare  in  Pennsylvania. 

(3)  Hyperseschra  tortuosa  Tepper,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  4,  ? . 
The  insect  is  as  yet  quite  rare  in  collections.     Its  habitat  is 

Colorado  and  Arizona.   . 

Genus    ODONTOSIA   Hu'bner 

(i)  Odontosia  elegans  Strecker,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  3,  8. 

This  elegant  insect  is  found  from  Canada  to  Colorado  and 
appears  to  be  commoner  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains 
than  elsewhere. 

Genus    NOTODONTA   Ochsenheimer 

The  genus  is  represented  in  both  hemispheres.  There  are  two 
species  which  belong  to  our  fauna.  We  give  illustrations  of  both 
of  them. 

394 


Notodontid* 

(1)  Notodonta  basitriens  Walker,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  5,  ? . 
The  moth  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Notodonta  simplaria  Graef,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  6,  ?  . 

The  moth,  which  is  by  no  means  common,  occurs  in  the 
northern  portions  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus    PHEOSIA    Hubner 

(1)  Pheosia  dimidiata  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  "XL,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
Syn.  rimosa  Packard;  californica  Stretch. 

The  moth,  which  is  far  from  common,  ranges  from  Canada  and 
New  England  westward  to  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(2)  Pheosia  portlandia  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  10,  $  . 

Syn.  descherei  Neumoegen. 

The  species  replaces  in  the  northwestern  States  the  form, 
which  has  been  described  as  dimidiata.  Whether  this  is  a  valid 
species  or  a  local  race  of  the  preceding  is  a  question  which  is 
still  open  to  discussion. 

Genus    LOPHODONTA   Packard 

(1)  Lophodonta  ferruginea  Packard,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  8,  ?  . 
The  moth  is  not  rare  in   the   Appalachian   subregion.     The 

caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  linden  (Tilia). 

(2)  Lophodonta  angulosa  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XL,    Fig. 

15,<$. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  same  region  as  the  last  mentioned, 
and  its  habits  are  very  much  the  same. 

Genus    EUNYSTALEA    Grote 

(l)  Eunystalea  Indiana  Grote. 

This  is  one  of  the  rarest  insects  of  the  family  to  which  it 
belongs.     Besides  the  type,  which  the  writer  believes  to  be  con- 
tained   in  the    collection    of  the 
British  Museum,  there  is  only  one 
other  specimen  known,  which  is 
found    in    the    collection    of  Dr. 
Barnes,    to  whom  the    author  is 
indebted  for  the  privilege  of  being 
allowed  to  make  the  cut  which  is 
given  herewith.    The  insect  occurs     FlG.   I?9  -Eunystalea  indiana, 
in  Florida.  «J  .    |. 

295 


Notodontidae 

Genus    NADATA   Walker 

(i)  Nadata  gibbosa  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 
i,  ?• 

This  insect,  the  distribution  of  which  is  almost  universal 
throughout  our  territory,  has  been  described  under  a  number  of 
varietal  or  subspecific  names,  founded  for  the  most  part  upon 
trifling  variations  in  the  ground-color  of  the  wings. 

Genus   NERICE  Walker 

(i)  Nerice  bidentata  Walker,  Plate  I,  Fig.  15,  larva;  Plate 
XXXIX,  Fig.  2,  $  . 

The  larva  feeds  upon  the  elm.  The  insect  has  a  wide  range 
through  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus    SYMMERISTA    Hubner 
(i)  Symmerista  albifrons  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXIX, 

Fig.  7.  9  • 

A  very  common  insect  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  ranging 
from  the  Atlantic  westward  as  far  as  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Genus    HIPPIA    Moeschler 

(i)  Hippia  packardi  Morrison,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  18,  ?. 
A  rather  scarce  insect  in  collections.     Its  habitat  is  Texas. 

Genus    DASYLOPHIA    Packard 

(1)  Dasylophia   anguina   Abbot   &  Smith,    Plate   XXXIX, 

Fig.  5,  3  • 

Syn.  cuculifera  Herrich-S-haeffer;  punctata  Walker;  cana  Walker; 
signata  Walker. 

The  moth  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(2)  Dasylophia  thyatiroides   Walker,   Plate   XXXIX,    Fig. 
6,?. 

Syn.  internet  Packard;  tripartita  Walker. 

The  habitat  of  the  moth  is  the  Appalachian  subregion.  The 
specimen  figured  was  taken  in  Indiana. 

Genus    LITODONTA    Harvey 

(i)  Litodonta  hydromeli  Harvey,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  20,  $  . 
The  moth,  which  is  the  sole  representative  of  the  genus  in 

296 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XXXIX 

(Unless  otherwise   indicated,  the   specimens   figured   are  contained 
in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Nadata  gibbosa  Abbot  &  Smith,    9. 

2.  Nerice  bidentata  Walker,   tf . 

3.  Hy  par  pax  venus  Neumosgen,  cJ1,  U.  S.  N.  M; 

4.  Hy  par  pax  aurora  Abbot  &  Smith,  J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

5.  Dasylophia  anguina  Abbot  &  Smith,  <J*. 

6.  Dasylophia  thyatiroides  Walker,   9  . 

7.  Simmerista  albifrons  Abbot  &  Smith,    9  . 

8.  Harpyia  cinerea  Walker,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

9.  Harpyia  borealis  Boisduval,   c?- 

10.  Harpyia  albicoma  Strecker,  tf ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

11.  Harpyia  scolopendrina  Boisduval,   c?. 

12.  Cerura  multiscripta  Riley,    tf. 

13.  Schizura     ipomeoe    Doubleday,     var.    cinereofrons, 

Packard,   J>. 

14.  Schizura  badia  Packard,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

15.  Schizura  concinna  Abbot  &  Smith,  <J*. 

16.  Schizura  leptinoides  Grote,  c?. 

17.  Schizura  unicornis  Abbot  &  Smith,  c?. 

1 8.  Hippia  packardi  Morrison,    9  • 

19.  lanassa  lignicolor  Walker,   9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

20.  Litodonta  hydromeli  Harvey,  cJ*. 

21.  Misogada  unicolor  Packard,    9- 

22.  Heterocampa  astarte  Doubleday,  J*. 

23.  Heterocampa  manteo  Doubleday,  c?. 

24.  Heterocampa  bilineata  Packard,  <5*. 

25.  Heterocampa  biundata  Walker,  $ . 

26.  Heterocampa  umbrata  Walker,  <$ . 

27.  Gluphisia  sever  a  Henry  Edwards,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

28.  Gluphisia  septentrionalis  Walker,  <?. 

29.  Gluphisia  wrighti  Henry  Edwards,  c?. 

30.  Fentonia  marthesia  Cramer,  <j". 

3 1 .  Ellida  caniplaga  Walker,    9  • 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


PLATE  XXXIX. 


•  W     J.   HOIAANO,    U09 


Notodontidae 

our  fauna,  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  Texas  and  Arizona,  and 
ranges  southward  into  northern  Mexico. 

Genus    HETEROCAMPA    Doubleday 

Eleven  species  belonging  to  this  somewhat  extensive  genus 
are  recognized  as  occurring  within  the  limits  with  which  this 
book  deals.  Six  of  these  have  been  selected  for  illustration. 

(1)  Heterocampa     astarte     Doubleday,     Plate     XXXIX, 
Fig.  22,  3 . 

Syn.  varia  Walker;  mends  Harris. 

The  moth  is  not  uncommon  in  the  southern  States  and  ranges 
northward  as  far  as  Pennsylvania  and  Ohio. 

(2)  Heterocampa  obliqua  Packard,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  2,  $  . 
The  insect  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Appalachian 

subregion. 

(3)  Heterocampa  umbrata  Walker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  26,  3  . 

Syn.  semiplaga  Walker;  pulverea  Grote  &  Robinson;  athereo  Harris. 

The  moth  is  rather  common  in  the  Appalachian  subregion, 
ranging  from  the  Atlantic  as  far  west  as  the  Mississippi. 

(4)  Heterocampa    manteo     Doubleday,      Plate     XXXIX, 
Fig.  23,  $  , 

Syn.  cinerascens  Walker;  subalbicans  Grote. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  last 
mentioned. 

(5)  Heterocampa  biundata  Walker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  25,  3  . 

Syn.  olivatus  Packard;  mollis  Walker. 

Like  the  preceding  species,  this  is  a  native  of  the  eastern 
portion  of  our  territory,  and  occurs  from  Canada  southward  to 
Georgia. 

(6)  Heterocampa  bilineata  Packard,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  24,  $  . 

Syn.  turbida  Walker;  associata  Walker;  ulmi  Harris. 

Not  uncommon  in  the  eastern  States. 

Genus   MISOGADA   Walker 

(i)  Misogada  unicolor  Packard,   Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  21,  ?. 

Syn.  marina  Packard;  cinerea  Schaus  (non  Packard);  sobria  Walker. 

This  is  the  sole  species  of  the  genus.  It  inhabits  the 
Appalachian  subregion. 

297 


Notodontidae 

Genus    EUHYPARPAX   Beutenmuller 

The  only  species  of  the  genus  as  yet  known  is  that  to  which 
Beutenmuller  applied  the  name 
rosea.  It  is  a  native  of  Colorado, 
and  is  as  yet  very  rare  in  collec- 
tions, only  one  specimen,  the 
type,  being  known.  This  is  found 
in  the  collection  of  the  American 
Museum  of  Natural  History  in 

rpax  rosea,       Ngw    y^      The    m()th     ^     ^ 

rosy  red  in  color,  and  marked  as 

shown  in  the  cut,   which  was  drawn  from  the  type  by  Mrs. 
Beutenmuller. 

Genus   IANASSA   Walker 

(i)  lanassa  lignicolor  Walker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  19,  ?. 

Syn.  virgata  Packard;  lignigera  Walker. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  Appalachian  subregion.  Two 
other  species,  both  of  them  inhabiting  the  southwestern  portions 
of  our  territory,  are  known  to  belong  to  the  genus. 

Genus    SCHIZURA   Doubleday 

(1)  Schizura  ipomoeae  Doubleday,  form  cinereofrons  Pack- 
ard, Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  13,  $  . 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 
Several  subspecific  or  varietal  forms  have  been  described,  and  a 
number  of  synonyms  have  been  created  for  the  species.  For  a 
knowledge  of  these  the  reader  may  refer  to  the  Monograph  by 
Professor  Packard,  to  which  allusion  has  already  been  made. 

(2)  Schizura  concinna  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 

15.  a. 

Syn.  nitida  Packard. 

This  is  also  a  widely  distributed  species.  The  larva  feeds  upon 
the  Rosacece. 

(j)  Schizura  unicornis  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 

17,   *• 

Syn.  edmandsi  Packard;  humilis  Walker;  conspecta  Henry  Edwards. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  of  wide  distribution.  Its 
habits  are  much  the  same  as  those  of  the  last  mentioned. 

298 


Notodontidae 

(4)  Schizura  badia  Packard,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  14,  ? . 

Syn.  significata  Walker. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(5)  Schizura  leptinoides  Grote,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  16,  $. 

Syn.  mustelina  Packard. 

The  insect  ranges  through  the  Atlantic  States  westward  to  the 
Mississippi. 

Genus    HYPARPAX   Hiibner 

(1)  Hyparpax  aurora  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 

4,   *. 

Syn.  rosea  Walker;  venusta  Walker. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  but  is  more 
common  in  Virginia  than  elsewhere,  so  far  as  the  observations  of 
the  writer  extend. 

(2)  Hyparpax  venus  Neumoegen,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  3,  g  . 
The  habitat  of  the  insect  is  Colorado. 

(3)  Hyparpax  perophoroides  Strecker,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  28,  $  . 
The  insect  has  thus  far  been  reported  only  from  Florida.     I  am 

indebted  to  Mr.  Beutenmuller  for  the  loan  of  the  specimen,  which 
is  figured  upon  the  plate. 

Genus   CERURA   Schrank 

The  genus  is  found  in  both  hemispheres.  Two  species  are 
attributed  to  it  as  being  found  in  the  United  States. 

(i)  Cerura  scitiscripta  Walker,  form  multiscripta  Riley, 
Plate  I,  Fig.  18,  larva;  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  12,  $. 

The  moth  is  known  to  occur  from  New  England  to  Mexico. 

Genus    HARPYIA    Ochsenheimer 

(1)  Harpyia  borealis  Boisduval,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  9,  $  . 
The  range  of  the  species  is  through  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Harpyia  cinerea  Walker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  8,  ?  . 

The  moth  occurs  almost  everywhere  throughout  the  United 
States  and  southern  Canada. 

(3)  Harpyia  scolopendrina  Boisduval,   Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 
II,   $. 

Syn.  aquilonaris  Lintner. 

Form  albicoma  Strecker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig,  10,  $  . 
290 


Notodontidae 

The  insect  is  a  denizen  of  Canada  and  the  northern  portions  of 
the  United  States  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 

Genus    FENTONIA    Butler 

(l)  Fentonia  marthesia  Cramer,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  30,  $  . 

Syn.  tessella  Packard;  turbida  Walker. 

The  moth,  which  is  by  no  means  common,  has  a  wide  range 
through  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus    GLUPHISIA    Boisduval 

(i)  Gluphisia  septentrionalis  Walker,   Plate  XXXIX,    Fig. 

28,  $ . 

Syn.  clandestine!  Walker;  trilineata  Packard. 

Widely  distributed  throughout  the  entire  territory. 

(a)    Gluphisia  wrighti    Henry  Edwards,    Plate  XXIX,  Fig. 

29,  $. 

Syn.  albofascia  Henry  Edwards;  rupta  Henry  Edwards;  formosa 
Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  is  found  in  southern  California  and  Arizona,  as  well 
as  in  northern  Mexico. 

(3)  Gluphisia  severa  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig. 
27,3. 

Syn.  danbyi  Neumcegen;  avimacula  Hudson;  slossoni  Packard. 

The  species,  which  is  somewhat  variable  in  the  maculation  of 
the  wings,  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of  our  territory. 

Genus    ELLIDA    Grote 

(i)  Ellida  caniplaga  Walker,  Plate  XXXIX,  Fig.  31,  ?  . 
Syn.  transversata  Walker;  gelida  Grote. 

The  moth  in  Pennsylvania  is  double-brooded.  The  first 
brood  appears  upon  the  wing  in  the  early  spring.  The  cater- 
pillar feeds  upon  the  linden  (Tilia).  The  second  brood  is 
matured  about  the  end  of  July.  The  insect  is  not  common  in 
collections,  because  its  habits  have  not  been  hitherto  understood. 

Genus   CARGIDA   Schaus 

(»)  Cargida  cadmia  Guenee. 
Syn.  obliquilinea  Walker. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  southern  States,  and  ranges  from 
Texas  southward  to  Costa  Rica.  The  cut  which  we  give  is 

300 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XL 


(When  not  otherwise  indicated, 
in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Hyperceschra  stragula  Grote,  (J1. 

2.  Heterocampa   obliqua   Packard, 

3.  Odontosia  elegans  Strecker,  c?. 

4.  Hyperceschra    tortuosa    Tepper, 

9,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

5.  Notodonta    basitriens    Walker, 

9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

6.  Notodonta  simplaria  Graef,    9  . 

U.  S.  N.  M. 

7.  Hyperceschra  georgica   Herrich- 

Schaeffer,  J>. 

8.  Lophodonta  ferruginea  Packard, 

9. 

9.  Pheosia   dimidiata  Herrich- 

Schaeffer,   (?• 

10.  Pheosia    portlandia     Henry 

Edwards,  <? ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

11.  Datana  ministra  Drury,  (J1. 

12.  Datana    angusi    Grote    & 

Robinson,  tf. 

13.  Datana    integerrima     Grote    & 

Robinson,  J1. 

14.  Datana    perspicua    Grote   & 

Robinson,  c?. 

15.  Lophodonta  angulosa  Abbot  & 

Smith,  tf. 


the  specimens  figured  are  contained 

1 6.  Melalopha      albosigma      Fitch, 

17.  Melalopha    strigosa   Grote,    <5\ 

U.  S.   N.   M. 

1 8.  Melalopha  apicalis  Walker,  var. 

ornata    Grote    &   Robinson, 
tf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

19.  Melalopha      inclusa      Hubner, 

9. 

20.  Apatelodes   torrefacta  Abbot  & 

Smith,  cT. 

21.  Apatelodes  angelica  Grote,  cT  • 

22.  Habrosyne  scripta  Gosse,  c?. 

23.  Euthyatira  pudens  Guen6e,  J1, 

Merrick  Collection. 

24.  Euthyatira  pudens  var.  pennsyl- 

vanica    Smith,    9  ,    Merrick 
Collection. 

25.  Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides 

Guen6e,  (J1. 

26.  Pseudothyatira  expultrix  Grote, 

(?, 

27.  Bombycia    tearli     Henry 
'     Edwards,  <?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

28.  Hyparpax    perophoroides 

Strecker,    J* ,   Beutenmiiller 
Collection. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XL 


Notodontidat 


drawn  from  the  type  of  Walker's  species,  which  is  contained  in 
the  British  Museum.  The  insect  is  rare  as  yet  in  collections, 
though  specimens  coming  from  Central  America  are  far  more 


FIG.  181.  —  Cargida  cadmia, 


numerous  in  cabinets  than  specimens  obtained  from  points  within 
the  limits  of  the  United  States. 

(2)  Cargida  pyrrha  Druce,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  15,  $. 

The  insect  occurs  in  southern  Arizona  and  in  Mexico. 

Genus    CRINODES    Herrich-Schaeffer 

(i)  Crinodes  beskei  Hiibner,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  4,  $  . 

This  very  peculiar  moth  is  the  only  representative  of  its  genus 
which  occurs  within  our  territory.  There  are  numerous  species 
found  in  the  tropics  of  the  New  World.  The  habitat  of  the 
present  species  is  Arizona  and  Mexico. 

NASU-NO  TAKE 

NASU-NO  TAKE  is  a  volcano  in  the  interior  of  Japan.  Tora-san 
came  into  my  room  on  the  upper  floor  of  the  tea-house  where 
we  had  made  our  stay  while  exploring  the  summit  of  the  moun- 
tain, which  was  in  eruption  at  the  time.  Tora-san  was  my  fidus 
Achates.  He  could  make  an  insect  box  or  repair  a  jinrickisha, 
for  he  was  "an  honorable  carpenter."  He  did  not  disdain, 
when  necessity  demanded,  to  prove  himself  a  capable  cook, 
though  this  was  not  his  calling.  He  could  provide  a  meal  of 
"America-no  Chow"  or  "Nippon-no  Chow,"  the  cuisine  of 
Anglo-Saxon  and  of  Japanese  being  alike  familiar  to  him.  He 
was  best  of  all  an  enthusiastic  entomologist,  and  much  preferred 
sugaring  for  moths  to  making  curries.  "  Danna-san,"  he  said, 
"Nasu-no  Take  have  got  many  moth  Tokio  no  have  got." 
"Yea,  verily!  good  Tora-san."  "Danna-san,  me  catchee  moth 

301 


Nasu-no  Take 

ko  komban  sugar  way.  Danna-san  go  long  ?"  "  With  all  my 
heart!  Sayo!  "  And  so  it  was  arranged. 

In  the  oak-forest  below  the  tea-house  we  sugared  the  trees. 
When  the  night  came  on  we  went  with  our  lanterns  to  the  spot. 
The  black  shadows  clung  to  the  woodland  path.  As  the  lanterns 
went  bobbing  along  the  narrow  •  way,  each  turn  produced  a 
weird  and  beautiful  effect.  The  gnarled  old  pines,  the  oaks  and 
the  bamboos,  the  wild  yams  festooning  the  shrubbery,  thrust 
forth  for  a  moment  into  relief  against  the  universal  darkness, 
were  fascinating  to  look  upon.  Here  and  there  white  lilies  held 
up  their  stately  blossoms,  and  starry  flowers,  from  which  the 
moths  fled  as  we  came  along,  bloomed  everywhere.  The  effect 
of  moving  lights  in  shrubbery  and  forest-growths  is  always 
charming. 

But  the  captures  of  that  night  were  more  memorable  than  all 
the  witchery  of  the  strange  and  beautiful  scenery  in  the  midst  of 
which  we  walked.  The  gems  of  our  catch  were  a  dozen  perfect 
specimens  of  the  great  Snowy  Underwing,  the  most  beautiful  as 
well  as  one  of  the  rarest  species  of  the  splendid  genus  to  which 
it  belongs.  I  never  pull  out  the  drawer  in  the  cabinet,  where 
these  things  have  rested  full  many  a  day  since  then,  without 
seeing  visions  and  dreaming  dreams  of  the  happy  past.  How 
much  "globe-trotters"  miss  when  they  are  not  students  of 
nature!  The  memory  of  one  such  night  spent  in  the  wild  woods 
is  worth  the  memory  of  weeks  spent  in  palaces. 

"  The  insect  legions,  prank'd  with  gaudiest  hues, 
Pearl,  gold  and  purple,  swarm' d  into  existence. 
Minute  and  marvellous  creations  these. 

.         .        ''. ''"'    .         some  proudly  shone 
Like  living  jewels;  some  grotesque,  uncouth, 
And  hideous         ..... 
Those  lived  deliciously  on  honey-dews, 
And  dwelt  in  palaces  of  blossomed  bells. 
Millions  on  millions,  wing'd  and  plumed  in  front, 
Fill'd  the  dim  atmosphere  with  hum  and  hurry. 

MONTGOMERY.  —  Pelican  Island. 


}02 


FAMILY  THYATIRID/E 

"Feeble  though  the  insect  be, 
Allah  speaks  through  that  to  thee! 
As  within  the  moonbeam  I, 
God  in  glory  sits  on  high, 
Sits  where  countless  planets  roll, 
And  from  thence  controls  the  whole  : 
There  with  threads  of  thousand  dyes 
Life's  bewildered  web  he  plies, 
And  the  hand  which  holds  them  all 
Lets  not  e'en  the  feeblest  fall." 

CEHLENSCHL^GER. — Aladdin's  Lamp. 

The  family  has  been  characterized  as  follows  by  Sir  George 
F.  Hampson,  in  his  work  upon  the  moths  of  India: 

"A  family  of  moths  resembling  the  Noctuidce  in  appearance. 

Proboscis  present.  Antennae  usually  rather  thickened  and 
flattened.  Mid  tibia  with  one  pair  of  spurs,  hind  tibia  with  two 
pairs.  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a  short  and  slight,  not  forming  a 
fork  with  \b ;  \c  absent;  5  from  the  center  of  the  discocellulars; 
veins  7  and  8  stalked;  and  9  and  10  stalked,  and  almost  or  quite 
anastomosing  with  veins  7  and  8  to  form  an  areole.  Hind  wing 
with  two  internal  veins;  vein  5  from  the  center  of  the  discocellu- 
lars, or  generally  from  below  the  center;  veins  6  and  7  given 
off  not  far  from  the  base;  8  bent  down  and  quite  or  almost 
touching  7  after  the  bifurcation. 

Larva  noctuiform,  with  five  pairs  of  prolegs." 

Genus  HABROSYNE  Hiibner 

(i)  Habrosyne  scripta  Gosse,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  22,  $  . 

The  moth  is  quite  common  locally  in  the  northern  States  of 
the  Atlantic  seaboard,  and  ranges  westward  to  the  central  por- 
tions of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

303 


Thyatiridae 

Genus  PSEUDOTHYATIRA  Grote 

(i)  Pseudothyatira  cymatophoroides  Guenee,  Plate  XL, 
Fig.  25,  6  . 

Form  expultrjx  Grote,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  26,  $  . 

The  moth,  which  occurs  in  the  two  forms  which  we  have 
delineated  on  the  plate,  is  a  native  of  the  northern  portions  of  the- 
Appalachian  subregion.  It  is  common  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  EUTHYATIRA  Smith 

(i)  Euthyatira  pudens  Guenee,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  23,  6  . 

Form  pennsylvanica  Smith,  Plate  XL,  Fig.  24,  ?  . 

The  moth  emerges  in  the  very  early  spring,  and  may  be  found 
where  it  is  common,  seated  about  three  inches  from  the  end  of 
twigs  in  the  woodlands,  with  its  wings  folded  about  the  twig  in 
such  a  way  as  to  elude  the  observation  of  those  who  are  not 
familiar  with  its  habits.  The  form  pennsylvanica  is  found  in 
both  sexes  in  every  brood.  It  represents  a  curious  case  of 
dimorphism. 

Genus   BOMBYCIA   Hiibner 

(i)  Bombycia  improvisa  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XL,  Fig. 

27,   5. 

Syn.  tearli  Henry  Edwards. 

The  habitat  of  the  insect  is  on  the  Pacific  slope,  in  the  northern 
portions  of  the  coast  ranges. 


'  Then  rapidly  with  foot  as  light 
As  the  young  musk-roe's,  out  she  flew 
To  cull  each  shining  leaf  that  grew 
Beneath  the  moonlight's  hallowing  beams 
For  this  enchanted  wreath  of  dreams, 
Anemones  and  Seas  of  Gold, 

And  new-blown  lilies  of  the  river, 
And  those  sweet  flowrets  that  unfold 

/Their  buds  on  Camadeva's  quiver." 

THOMAS  MOORE. — Lalla  Rookh. 


304 


FAMILY 

"The  study  of  entomology  is  one  of  the  most  fascinating  of  pursuits.  It 
takes  its  votaries  into  the  treasure-houses  of  Nature,  and  explains  some  of  the 
wonderful  series  of  links  which  form  the  great  chain  of  creation.  It  lays  open 
before  us  another  world,  of  which  we  have  been  hitherto  unconscious,  and  shows 
us  that  the  tiniest  insect,  so  small  perhaps  that  the  unaided  eye  can  scarcely  see  it, 
has  its  work  to  do  in  the  world,  and  does  it."— REV.  J.  G.  WOOD. 

The  following  characterization  of  the  family  is  adapted  from 
the  pages  of  Sir  George  F.  Hampson's  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I, 
p.  432: 

'  A  family  of  moths  generally  of  nocturnal  flight,  though 
some  genera,  as  Aroa  of  the  Eastern  Hemisphere  and  Hemero- 
campa,  are  more  or  less  diurnal  in  their  habits.  The  perfect 
insects  are  mostly  clothed  with  long  hair-like  scales  upon  the 
body.  The  males  have  the  antennae  highly  pectinated,  the 
branches  often  having  long  terminal  spines,  and  spines  to  retain 
them  in  position.  The  females  often  have  a  largely  developed 
anal  tuft  of  hair  for  covering  the  eggs.  The  proboscis  is  absent. 
The  legs  are  hairy.  The  frenulum  is  present,  except  in  the  genus 
Ratarda,  which  does  not  occur  in  America.  The  fore  wing  with 
vein  \a  not  anastomosing  with  \b ;  i^absent  except  in  Ratarda  ; 
5  from  close  to  lower  angle  of  cell.  Hind  wing  with  two  interna.l 
veins;  5  from  close  to  lower  angle  of  cell,  except  in  the  eastern 
genera  Ga^alina  and  Porthesia,  8  nearly  touching  7  at  middle  of 
cell  and  connected  with  it  by  a  bar. 

Larva  hairy;  generally  clothed  with  very  thick  hair  or  with 
thick  tufts  of  hair,  and  forming  a  cocoon  into  which  these  hairs 
are  woven,  they  being  often  of  a  very  poisonous  nature.' 

Genus  GYN^EPHORA  Hiibner 

(i)  Gynaephora  rossi  Curtis,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  10,  $, 
Fig.  ii,?. 

The  genus  is  arctic,  and  the  species  is  found  in  the  arctic 

305 


Liparidae 

regions  of  America,  the  specimens  figured  having  been  received 
by  the  writer  from  Point  Barrow  in  Alaska. 

Genus  NOTOLOPHUS  Germar 
(i)  Notolophus  antiqua  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  18,  $  . 

Syn.  nova  Fitch. 

The  moth  is  found  in  Europe  and  in  the  northern  portions  of 
the  United  States  and  in  Canada. 

Genus  HEMEROCAMPA  Dyar 

The  females  in  this  genus  are  wingless,  or  have  the  wings  at 
most  rudimentary.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  masses,  generally 
upon  the  surface  of  the  cocoon  from  which  the  female  has 
emerged.  The  larvae  are  voracious  feeders;  and  as  the  species 
are  generally  very  prolific,  the  insects  inflict  a  great  deal  of  dam- 
age upon  vegetation. 

(1)  Hemerocampa  vetusta  Boisduval,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig. 

Syn.  cana  Henry  Edwards ;  gulosa  Henry  Edwards. 

The  insect  replaces  on  the  Pacific  coast  the  following  species, 
which  in  its  habits  it  closely  resembles. 

(2)  Hemerocampa  leucostigma    Abbot    &    Smith,    Plate 
XXXVIII,  Fig.  20,  3,  Fig.  21,  ?.     (The  White-marked  Tussock 
Moth.) 

Syn.  leucographa  Geyer ;  intermedia  Fitch ;  borealis  Fitch ;  obliviosa  Henry 
Edwards. 

The  moth  is  widely  distributed  in  the  Appalachian  subregion, 
and  its  ravages  upon  shade-trees  and  shrubbery  are  matter  of 
familiar  observation.  The  insect  is  double-brooded  in  the  more 
northern  portions  of  its  range,  and  triple- 
brooded  farther  south.  The  first  generation  is 
matured  from  eggs  which,  having  been  de- 
posited in  the  fall  of  the  year,  remain  in  situ 
upon  the  cocoons  upon  which  they  were  de- 
posited until  they  are  hatched  by  the  heat  of 
the  sunshine  of  spring.  The  caterpillars  rap- 
idly develop,  and  the  second  generation,  which 
is  always  much  more  numerous  than  the  first, 
begins  to  appear  about  the  middle  of  July  in 
the  latitude  of  New  York  and  Philadelphia. 
306 


FIG.        182 

leucostigma, 
(After  Riley.) 


Liparidae 

A  third  generation  follows  in  the  month  of  September.  This 
generation  lays  the  eggs  from  which  the  larvae  which  appear  in 
the  following  spring  are  hatched. 

The  female,  as  has  already  been  stated,  is  wingless,  and  lives 
solely  for  the  purpose  of  oviposition.  Having  laid  her  eggs, 
which  she  covers  with  the  hairy  scales  which  she  plucks  from 
the  abdomen,  and  mingles  with  a  viscid  secretion,  which  she 
deposits  with  the 
eggs,  and  which  on 
drying  becomes  hard 
and  brittle,  she  dies. 
The  young  larva  on 
being  hatched  has  the 
power  of  spinning  a 
thin  thread  of  silk, 
with  which  it  lowers 

FIG.    183.  —  //.   leucostigma.     a,  female;   6,  young 
itself  from  its  resting-    larva,   magnified;    c,    female   pupa;    d,    male   pupa. 

place  when  disturbed,   (After  Rile7-> 

and  by  means  of  which  it  regains  the  place  from  which  it  has 
dropped.  This  power  is  lost  as  the  insect  develops  after  succes- 
sive molts.  The  mature  caterpillar  is  a  rather  striking  and  not 
unbeautiful  creature.  The  head  is  brilliant  vermilion  in  color;  the 
body  is  white  banded  with  black,  and  adorned  with  black-tipped 
tufts  and  bundles  of  cream-colored  hairs.  There  is  considerable 
disparity  in  the  size  of  the  larvae  and  the  pupae  of  the  two  sexes, 
as  is  partially  shown  in  Fig.  183.  The  larva  and  the  pupa  of  the 
female  moth  are  generally  twice  as  large  as  those  of  the  male. 

The  best  means  of  combating  the  ravages  of  this  insect  is  to 
see  to  it  that  in  the  fall  and  winter  the  cocoons,  which  may  be 

found  adhering  to  the 
twigs  of  trees  and 
shrubs  and  secreted  in 
the  nooks  and  crannies 
of  fences,  are  gathered 
together  and  destroyed. 
It  is  also  useful  to  spray 
the  young  foliage  of 

trees    which    are    liable 

to  attack  with  any  one 


FIG.  184.  -#.  leucostigma. 

(After  Riley.) 


Larva  of  female  moth. 


307 


Liparidae 

of  the  preparations  which  are  made  by  reputable  firms  for  the  pur- 
pose of  destroying  the  larvae  of  this  and  other  destructive  insects 
which  attack  our  shade-trees.  The  spraying  should  take  place  at 
intervals  when  the  young  larvae  are  observed  to  be  moving 
upward  upon  the  trunks  of  the  trees. 

(3)  Hemerocampa  definita   Packard,  Plate   XXXVIII,  Fig. 

17.    3- 

This  species,  which  is  closely  allied  to  the  last,  is  found  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  States.  What  has  been  said  as  to  the  habits  of 
H.  leucostigma  applies  also  to  this  insect. 

Genus  OLENE  Hubner 

(1)  Olene  achatina  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  9,  $  . 

Syn.  parallela  Grote  &  Robinson ;  tephra  H  iibner ;  cinnamomea  Grote  & 
Robinson. 

The  moth,  which  is  somewhat  variable  in  the  style  and 
intensity  of  the  dark  markings  upon  the  wings,  is  found  in  the 
Appalachian  subregion,  but  is  somewhat  more  frequent  in  the 
south  than  in  the  north. 

(2)  Olene  leucophsea  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig. 
7,  6  ,  Fig.  8,  ?  . 

Syn.  basiflava  Packard ;  atrivenosa  Palm ;   manto  Strecker. 

This  is  likewise  a  variable  insect,  the  range  of  which  is  prac- 
tically coincident  with  that  of  the  last-mentioned  species. 

Genus  PORTHETRIA  Hubner 

(i)  Porthetria*  dispar  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  12,  $, 
Fig.  13,  ?.  (The  Gypsy  Moth.) 

This  well-known  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Old  World.  A 
number  of  years  ago,  a  gentleman  interested  in  entomology,  and 
residing  at  the  time  in  Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  received  from 
a  friend  in  Europe  a  number  of  cocoons  of  the  moth,  from  which 
the  insects  in  due  season  emerged.  A  few  of  the  number  were 
prepared  and  mounted  in  his  cabinet,  and  the  remainder  were 
allowed  to  escape  through  the  window  of  the  room  in  which 
they  were.  Unchecked  by  the  presence  of  parasites,  which  in 
their  native  habitat  keep  their  numbers  down,  they  rapidly  mul- 
tiplied and  became  a  scourge.  Fully  a  million  of  dollars  has  thus 
far  been  expended  in  the  effort  to  exterminate  them.  In  spite  of 

308 


Liparidse 

all  the  exertion  which  has  been  put  forth,  the  insect  appears  to 
have  obtained  a  permanent  foothold  in  the  New  England  States, 
though  in  recent  years  the  destruction  wrought  has  not  been  very 
great,  owing  to  the  incessant  vigilance  which  is  maintained  by 
the  civic  authorities  in  repressing  the  nuisance. 

Genus  PSILURA 

(i)  Psilura  monacha  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  14,  <$ , 
Fig.  15,  ?. 

This  is  another  insect  which  is  said  to  have  been  imported  from 
Europe,  and  is  reputed  to  have  found  a  foothold  on  the  soil  of  the 
New  World.  The  specimens  figured  on  our  plate  are  from  a 
brood  which  the  writer  is  informed  by  Mr.  George  Franck,  of 
Brooklyn,  to  have  been  found  in  the  eastern  suburbs  of  that  place. 
Mr.  Franck  has  assured  me  that  it  is  certainly  already  well  domi- 
ciled in  the  region. 

Genus  EUPROCTIS  Hiibner 

(i)  Euproctis  chrysorrhcea  Linnaeus,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig. 
16,  $  .  (The  Brown-tail  Moth.) 

This  insect,  like  the  two  preceding  species,  is  an  importation 
from  Europe.  It  has  become  domiciled  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston, 
Massachusetts,  and  is  very  common  in  the  vicinity  of  Magnolia, 
Beverly  Farms,  and  Manchester-on-the-Sea. 

Genus  DOA  Neumoegen  &  Dyar 

The  only  species  of  the  genus,  named  ampla  by  Grote,  is  a 
native  of  Colorado,  and  ranges  thence 
southward  through  Arizona  to  the 
higher  mountain  plateaus  of  Mexico. 
It  also  occurs  not  infrequently  in 
northwestern  Texas.  It  may  easily 
be  recognized  with  the  help  of  the 

...      .        ,  FIG.  185.—  Doa  ampla, 

accompanying  cut,    which   is  drawn 

from  a  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  writer. 

"  Maidens,  like  moths,  are  ever  caught  by  glare, 
And  Mammon  wins  his  way  where  seraphs  might  despair." 

BYRON.  —Ckilde  Harold,  Canto  I. 

309 


Liparidae 


Genus  LEUCULODES  Dyar 

The  genus  is  thus  far  represented  in  our 
fauna  by  but  a  single  species,  to  which  Hulst 
applied  the  specific  name  lacteolaria.  It  is  a 
native  of  Arizona.  The  figure  which  is  here- 
with given  was  drawn  by  the  writer  from  the 
type  which  is  preserved  in  the  United  States 
National  Museum. 


MOTH-SONG 

"What  dost  thou  here, 
Thou  dusky  courtier, 
Within  the  pinky  palace  of  the  rose? 
Here  is  no  bed  for  thee, 
No  honeyed  spicery, — 
But  for  the  golden  bee, 
And  the  gay  wind,  and  me, 

Its  sweetness  grows. 
Rover,  thou  dost  forget ; — 
Seek  thou  the  passion-flower 
Bloom  of  one  twilight  hour. 

Haste,  thou  art  late! 
Its  hidden  savors  wait. 

For  thee  is  spread 
Its  soft,  purple  coverlet ; 
Moth,  art  thou  sped  ? 
— Dim  as  a  ghost  he  flies 
Thorough  the  night  mysteries." 

ELLEN  MACKAY  HUTCHINSON  CORTISSOZ. 


310 


FAMILY   LASIOCAMPID^E 

"Now  busily  convened  upon  the  bud 
That  crowns  the  genial  branch,  they  feast  sublime, 
And  spread  their  muslin  canopy  around, 
Pavilioned  richer  than  the  proudest  kings." 

The  Lasiocampidce  have  been  characterized  as  follows  by  Sir 
George  F.  Hampson,  in  "The  Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  402: 

"Moths  mostly  of  large  size.  Palpi  porrect  and  generally 
large.  Proboscis  absent;  eyes  small;  antennae  bipectinate  in 
both  sexes;  legs  generally  with  minute  terminal  pairs  of  spurs  to 
mid  and  hind  tibise  and  rather  hairy.  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a 
not  forked  with  b ;  \c  rarely  present;  the  cell  medial  in  position; 
veins  6  and  7  from  the  angle;  veins  9  and  10  always  stalked  and 
from  before  the  angle.  Hind  wing  with  two  internal  veins;  6 
and  7  arising  very  near  the  base;  8  curved  and  almost  touching 
7,  or  connected  with  it  by  a  bar,  thus  forming  a  precostal  cell ; 
accessory  costal  veinlets  generally  present.  Frenulum  absent. 

Larva  with  lateral  downwardly-directed  tufts  of  hair,  and 
often  subdorsal  tufts  or  dorsal  humps  on  anterior  somites  thickly 
clothed  with  hair. 

Cocoon  closely  woven  of  silk  and  hair." 

Seven  genera  belonging  to  the  family  are  recognized  as 
occurring  within  our  faunal  limits. 

Genus   GLOVERIA   Packard 

(1)  Gloveria  arizonensis  Packard,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  3,  ?. 

Syn.  dentata  Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  is  found  in  Arizona  and  northern  Mexico. 

(2)  Gloveria  psidii  Salle,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  2,  $ . 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  foregoing. 

(3)  Gloveria  howardi  Dyar,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  i,  ?. 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  is  one  of  several  which  are 
contained  in  the  collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum, 

3" 


Lasiocampidac 

and  which   constituted   the  material   upon  which  the  original 
description  of  the  species  was  based  by  Dr.  Dyar. 

Genus  ARTACE  Walker 
(i)  Artace  punctistriga  Walker,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  5,  3. 

Syn.  rubripalpis  Felder. 

This  rather  rare  little  moth  has  its  habitat  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  States. 

Genus   TOLYPE    Hubner 

Five  species  are  accounted  as  belonging  to  this  genus.  We 
give  illustrations  of  the  one  which  is  commonest. 

(i)  Tolype  velleda  Stoll,  Plate  XI,  Fig.  7,  $  ,  Fig.  8,   ?. 
The  species  is  found  throughout  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus   HYPOPACHA   Neumcegen   &   Dyar 

The  only  species  known  to  belong  to  this  genus  was  named 
grisea  by  Neumregen.  The  only  specimen 
of  which  the  writer  has  knowledge  is  the  type 
which  is  contained  in  the  collection  of  the 
Brooklyn  Institute.  Of  this  I  have,  through 
the  kindness  of  the  authorities  of  that  institu- 
tion,  been  permitted  to  make  a  drawing,  which 
is  reproduced  in  the  annexed  cut.  The  habitat 

.    Io7. — ** •  *•    i  •        A 

$.  f.         of  the  species  is  Arizona. 

Genus   MALACOSOMA   Hubner 

(i)  Malacosoma  americana  Fabricius,  Plate  X,  Fig.  12,  ?. 

Syn.  decipiens  Walker ;  frutetorum  Boisduval. 

The  species,  which  is  commonly  known  as  "The  American 
Tent-caterpillar, "  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  Appalachian 
subregion,  and  at  times  inflicts  considerable  injury  upon  the  foliage 
of  trees.  It  especially  affects  trees  belonging  to  the  Rosacece, 
as  the  wild  cherry  and  wild  plum,  and  attacks  apple-orchards 
with  avidity.  The  great  white  webs  woven  by  the  caterpillars 
are  familiar  objects  in  the  rural  landscape,  detested  by  the  fruit- 
grower, and  equally  despised  by  the  man  who  loves  to  see 
trees  in  perfect  leaf.  An  orchard  cobwebbed  by  the  tent-caterpil- 

312 


Lasiocampidae 

lar  is  not  pleasan.  to 
contemplate.  The  bets 
way  to  combat  these 
destructive  insects  is  to 
diligently  search  for 
their  webs  when  they 
first  are  being  formed, 
and  to  cut  off  the 
branches  to  which  they 
are  attached  and  burn 
them.  By  following 
this  method  carefully, 
their  ravages  may  be 
held  in  check. 

(2)  Malacosoma 
californica  Packard, 
Plate  X,  Fig.  n,  3. 

Syn.  pseudoneustria  Bois- 
duval. 

The  species,  which 
is  in  its  habits  very 
closely  allied  to  the 
preceding,  has  its  home 

upon  the  Pacific  coast. 

(3)  Malacosoma  disstria  Hiibner,  Plate  X, 
Fig-  9>  <3  ;  form  erosa  Stretch,  Plate  X,  Fig.  10  ,  6  . 

Syn.  sylvatica  Harris ;  drupacearum  Boisduval ;  thoracicoides 
Neumcegen  &  Dyar ;  sylvalicoides  Neumoegen  &  Dyar ;  thoracica 
Stretch ;  perversa  Neumoegen  &  Dyar. 

The  moth  is  universally  distributed  through  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  It  appears  to  be  rather 
variable,  and  a  number  of  subspecies  or  varietal  forms 
have  been  recognized.  Many  of  the  races,  if  such 
they  can  be  called,  differ  so  little  from  the  typical 
stock  that  it  hardly  appears  worth  while  to  regard 
the  names  which  have  been  applied  to  them  as 
other  than  synonyms. 

The  habits  of  the  larvae  are  almost  identical  with 
those  of  the  species  to  which  reference  has  already 
been  made.  Like  them,  they  prefer  to  attack  the 

313 


FIG.  1 88.—  M.  americana.  a,  lateral  view  of 
larva ;  b,  dorsal  view  of  larva ;  e,  mass  of  eggs ; 
dt  cocoon.  (After  Riley.) 


FIG.  189.— 
M.  disstria, 
larva.  (After 
Riley.) 


Lasiocampidae 

Rosacece,  although   they  also  at  times  feed   upon  other  trees. 

The  hickories  of  various  species  and  the  walnuts  are  not  exempt 

from  their  ravages.  The 
writer  has  never  observed 
them  feeding  upon  oaks, 
birch,  or  beeches.  An  ex- 
cellent account  of  the  hab- 
its of  these  creatures  may 
be  found  in  Riley's  Mis- 
souri Reports,  Number  III, 
from  which  the  illustra- 
tions here  given  have  been 
FIG.  190.— M.  disstria.  a,  egg  mass;  d,  taken.  The  means  of 

moth ;  f,  egg  viewed  from  top ;  d,  eggs  viewed      ,     ,  . . 

from  side ;  <r,  d,  magnified.     (After  Riley.)  holding      the      insects      in 

check  are  the  same  which 
have  been  recommended  in  the  case  of  M.  americana. 

Genus    HETEROPACHA   Harvey 

(i)  Heteropacha  rileyana  Harvey,  Plate  VIII,  Fig.  7   $. 

The  moth  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
ranging  from  western  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas  and  Missouri,  and 
southward  into  Texas. 

Genus   EPICNAPTERA    Ratnbur 

(i)  Epicnaptera  americana  Harris,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  19.  <? , 
Fig.  20,  ? . 

Syn.  occidentis  Walker ;  carpinifolia  Boisduval. 

There  are  a  number  of  color  forms  of  this  insect  which  have 
received  names,  and  which  appear  to  be  local  races  of  some  mea- 
sure of  stability  in  the  regions  where  they  occur.  We  have  given 
in  our  plate  the  form  which  is  common  in  the  Mississippi  Valley. 
The  specimens  figured  were  bred  from  larvae  reared  by  Mr.  Tallant 
at  Columbus,  Ohio. 


"  The  Baron  was  an  entomologist.     Both  the  Fontenettes  thought  we  should 
be  fascinated  with  the  beauty  of  some  of  his  cases  of  moths  and  butterflies." 

G.  W.  CARLE 

314 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    XLI 

(Unless  otherwise  indicated,   the  specimens  figured  are  contained 
in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Gloveria  howardi  Dyar,   $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Gloveria  psidii  Salle,   c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

3.  Gloveria  arizonensis  Packard,    $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Crinodes  beskei  Hiibner,  <5*. 

5.  Citheronia  sepulchralis  Grote  &  Robinson,   9 . 

6.  Or  eta  irrorata  Packard,    9  • 

7.  Falcaria  bilineata  Packard,    9. 

8.  Eurycyttarus  confederata  Grote  &  Robinson,  &. 

9.  Cossus  undosus  Lintner,    9  . 
10.  Prionoxystus  robinice  Peck,    9 . 
n.  Prionoxystus  robinice  Peck,  tf. 

12.  Thyridopteryx  ephemer&formis  Haworth,  c?. 

13.  Sthenopis  quadriguttatus  Grote,   c?. 

14.  Sthenopis  argenteomaculatus  Harris,   <$• . 

15.  Hepialus  hyperboreus  Moeschler,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

16.  Hepialus  lemberti  Dyar,   <?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

17.  Cicinnus  melsheimeri  Harris,    9  • 

1 8.  Aon  noctuiformis  Neumcegen,  c?. 

19.  Epicnaptera  americana  Harris,  cJ1. 

20.  Epicnaptera  americana  Harris,   9  • 

21.  Lacosoma  chiridota  Grote,  (J1. 

22.  Drepana  genicula  Grote,  (?. 

23.  Drepana  arcuata  Walker,  (?. 
34.  Oreta  rosea  Walker,   9  . 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XLI. 


^  x^  j$3Ol  • 

V       i  \ 

•  v'  •'•  I  '  >     o     .,.-.^r  = 


FAMILY   BOMBYCID^E 

"  And  thou,  the  insect  of  an  hour, 
O'er  Time  to  triumph  wouldst  pretend ; 
With  nerves  of  grass  wouldst  brave  the  power 
Beneath  which  pyramids  must  bend!  " 

CARL  GUSTAF  AF  LEOPOLD. 

The  Bombycidce  were  originally  confined  to  the  Asiatic  conti- 
nent, and  more  particularly  to  the  southeastern  portions  of  that 
great  land  mass.  The  family  is  quite  small  and  includes  only  a 
few  genera.  Of  these  the  genus  Bombyx  is  the  only  one 
which  is  well  known.  The  family  has  been  characterized  as 
follows  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson,  in  "The  Moths  of  India," 
Vol.  I,  p.  31: 

"Proboscis  absent,  palpi  rather  small  or  absent;  antennae 
bipectinated in  both  sexes;  legs  hairy,  without  spurs.  Frenulum 
absent;  vein  5  of  both  wings  from  or  from  above  the  middle  of 
the  discocellulars;  veins  7,  8,  and  9  of  the  fore  wing  generally 
more  or  less  bent  downward;  vein  la  forming  or  not  forming 
a  fork  with  \b\  \c  absent  or  present.  Hind  wing  with  two  or 
three  internal  veins;  vein  8  arising  from  the  base  of  7,  or  free 
from  the  base  with  a  bar  between  them ;  the  inner  margin  irreg- 
ular and  in  part  turned  over. 

Larva  elongate  and  not  hairy;  dorsal  humps  on  some  of 
the  somites,  or  a  horn  on  the  terminal  somite,  or  paired  dorsal 
spines. 

Cocoon  formed  of  fine  silk  of  great  commercial  value." 

Genus  BOMBYX  Linnaeus 

(i)  Bombyx  mori  Linnaeus. 

The  silk-worm  of  commerce  is  not  known  to  exist  in  a  feral 
or  wild  state  in  the  regions  where  it  is  now  most  commonly 

315 


Bombycidae 

reared.     In  this  respect  it  is  like  many  other  domesticated  animals. 
The  caterpillar,  of  which  a  figure  is  herewith  given,  feeds  upon 


FIG.   192.— Cocoon  of  B.  mori. 
(After  Riley.) 


FIG.  191. — Larva  of  Bombyx  mori.     (After  Riley.) 

the  leaves  of  the  white  mulberry,  and  will  also  feed  freely  upon 
the  leaves  of  the  Osage  orange,  an  American  hedge-plant.  The 
insect  was  introduced  at  an  early  date 
into  the  American  colonies,  but  its 
culture  has  not  as  yet  risen  in  the 
New  World  to  great  proportions, 
though  the  manufacture  of  silk  from 
imported  material  is  at  the  present 
day  an  important  American  industry. 
The  culture  of  silk  is  an  industry 
which  might  be  best  undertaken 
and  maintained  in  the  Southern  States  of  the  American  Union, 
where  climatic  conditions  are  wholly  favorable  to  it.  The  Caro- 
linas  and  Georgia  appear  to  fur- 
nish the  best  climate  for  the 
development  of  this  industry,  and 
it  is  believed  by  those  who  are 
most  conversant  with  the  matter 
that  in  time  the  rearing  of  the  silk- 
worm may  become  in  these  States 
an  exceedingly  important  and 
profitable  branch  of  industry. 
Southern  California  and  Arizona 
are  also  likely  to  become  centres  in  which  the  growing  of  raw 
silk  may  be  successfully  pursued. 


FIG.  193.— Moth  of  B.  mori. 
(After  Riley.) 


THE  HISTORY  OF  SILK-CULTURE 

The  greater  portion  of  the  silk  of  commerce  is  produced 


by  the  larvse  of  the  moth  known  as  Bombyx  mori. 

316 


The  in- 


Bombycidae 

sect,  through  ages  of  human  culture,  has  become  thoroughly 
domesticated.  It  has  been  wrongly  maintained  that  the  moth 
known  as  Tbeopbtla  huttoni,  and  which  is  found  in  China  and 
western  India,  is  the  ancestral  or  feral  form  from  which  the 
domesticated  Bombyx  mori  has  been  derived.  The  common  silk- 
worm does  not  exist  in  a  wild  state  anywhere  so  far  as  is  known, 
and  is  as  much  a  domestic  animal  as  the  Jersey  cow  or  the  grey- 
hound. Chinese  literature  clearly  shows  that  the  silk-industry 
originated  in  that  country.  The  Emperor  Hwang-Ti,  whose 
reign  was  in  the  eighteenth  century  B.C.,  fostered  the  culture  of 
silk,  and  his  empress,  Si-Ling-Chi,  who  gave  her  personal  atten- 
tion to  the  breeding  of  silk-worms  and  the  manufacture  of  silk, 
was  deified  in  consequence,  and  is  reputed  to  be  "the  goddess 
of  silk-worms."  The  methods  of  securing  the  silk  and  weaving 
fabrics  from  it  were  held  secret  by  the  Chinese  for  nearly  two 
thousand  years,  and  only  after  ages  was  a  knowledge  of  the  art 
transmitted  to  Corea,  and  thence  to  Japan.  Silk  in  very  small 
quantities  was  imported  into  Greece  and  Rome  from  China  by 
way  of  Persia.  Aristotle  was  the  first  writer  in  Europe  to  give  a 
correct  account  of  the  manner  in  which  silk  is  produced.  He  is 
supposed  to  have  derived  his  information  from  those  who  had 
accompanied  Alexander  the  Great  on  his  victorious  march  into 
India.  The  price  of  silken  fabrics  in  the  West  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Christian  era,  owing  to  the  cost  of  transportation,  was  so 
great  that  only  the  very  rich  could  possess  garments  of  this 
material.  Their  use  was  restricted  to  wealthy  women.  For  a 
man  to  use  silken  clothing  was  esteemed  a  sign  of  luxurious 
effeminacy.  Under  the  reigns  of  Tiberius,  Vespasian,  and 
Diocletian  the  use  of  silken  apparel  by  men  was  positively  inter- 
dicted; but  gradually,  with  the  increase  of  importation  of  raw 
silk  from  Persia  and  its  manufacture  into  stuffs  in  Asia  Minor  and 
elsewhere,  the  habit  of  using  it  grew,  and  its  cost  was  slowly 
lowered.  Under  the  reign  of  the  Emperor  Justinian,  in  the  sixth 
century,  positive  steps  to  foster  sericulture  as  an  imperial  monop- 
oly were  taken.  Silk-looms  operated  by  women  were  estab- 
lished in  the  palace  at  Constantinople,  and  Justinian  endeavored, 
in  view  of  the  loss  of  the  supply  of  raw  silk  brought  about  by  a 
war  with  Persia,  to  induce  the  Prince  of  Abyssinia  to  secure  to 
him  supplies  of  the  article  by  a  circuitous  route.  Relief  was  finally 


Bombycidae 

brought  to  the  embarrassed  imperial  manufacturer  when  two 
Nestorian  monks,  who  had  lived  long  in  China  and  had  learned 
all  the  processes  of  silk-culture,  were  induced  to  go  back  to  that 
far-away  land  and  bring  to  Constantinople  a  stock  of  the  eggs  of 
the  silk-worm.  As  it  was  among  the  Chinese  a  capital  offense  to 
reveal  the  secrets  of  the  trade  or  to  export  the  eggs  from  which 
the  worms  are  hatched,  the  two  priests  had  to  proceed  with  the 
utmost  caution.  They  concealed  the  eggs  in  the  hollows  of  the 
bamboo  staffs  which  they  carried  as  pilgrims.  From  these  eggs, 
thus  transported  to  Constantinople  in  A.D.  555,  all  of  the  silk- 
worms in  Europe,  Africa,  Asia  Minor,  and  America  until  as 
recently  as  1865  were  descended.  It  was  not  until  the  last-men- 
tioned year  that  any  importation  of  fresh  eggs  of  the  silk-worm 
from  China  took  place.  Those  two  bamboo  sticks  held  within 
themselves  the  germ  of  a  vast  industry,  countless  costly  ward- 
robes, the  raiment  of  kings,  queens,  and  emperors,  and  untold 
wealth. 

From  the  time  of  Justinian  onward  the  growth  of  silk-culture 
in  Greece  and  Asia  Minor  was  rapid.  It  was  introduced  into 
Spain  by  the  Saracens  at  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century.  It 
found  lodgment  in  Sicily  and  Naples  in  the  twelfth  century,  and 
in  the  next  century  was  taken  up  in  Genoa  and  Venice.  It  was 
not  begun  in  France  until  the  latter  part  of  the  sixteenth  century, 
but  in  the  seventeenth  century  it  made  great  progress  in  France, 
as  well  as  in  Belgium  and  Switzerland.  The  weaving  of  silk  had 
begun  at  an  earlier  date  than  this  in  France,  Germany,  and  Eng- 
land. Attempts  made  to  introduce  the  culture  of  the  mulberry- 
tree  and  of  the  silk-worm  in  Great  Britain  have  always  signally 
failed.  The  climate  appears  to  be  against  the  industry.  James  I, 
who  had  failed  in  his  attempts  to  foster  sericulture  in  England, 
undertook  to  plant  the  industry  in  Virginia  AH  1609.  But  the  eggs 
and  mulberry-trees  he  sent  out  were  lost  by  shipwreck.  In  1619 
and  the  years  immediately  following  the  attempt  was  renewed, 
and  the  raising  of  silk-worms  was  enjoined  by  statute  and  en- 
couraged by  bounties.  In  spite  of  every  effort,  little  came  of  the 
attempt,  the  colonists  finding  the  growth  of  tobacco  to  be  far 
more  profitable.  In  Georgia  and  the  Carolinas  similar  attempts 
were  made,  and  from  1735  to  1766  there  were  exported  to  Eng- 
land considerable  quantities  of  raw  silk  from  these  colonies.  From 


Bombycidac 

1760  onward  the  industry  declined.  Sericulture  was  at  this  time 
taken  up  in  Connecticut  and  flourished  there  more  than  anywhere 
else  for  many  years,  though  the  raw  silk  was  not  exported,  but 
woven  on  the  spot  into  various  fabrics.  The  production  of  raw 
silk  in  Connecticut  for  many  years  amounted  to  a  sum  of  not  less 
than  $200,000  annually.  In  1830  an  effort  was  made  to  introduce 
into  the  United  States  the  so-called  Chinese  mulberry  (Morus 
multicaulis}.  A  popular  craze  in  regard  to  this  plant  and  the 
profits  of  silk-culture  was  begotten.  Fabulous  prices  were  paid 
for  cuttings  of  the  Morus  multicaulis,  as  much  even  as  five  dol- 
lars for  twigs  less  than  two  feet  in  length.  Hundreds  of  people 
came  to  believe  that  the  possession  of  a  grove  of  these  trees  would 
be  the  avenue  to  fortune.  But  in  1839  the  bubble  burst,  and 
many  persons  who  had  invested  the  whole  of  their  small  earnings 
were  ruined.  It  was  discovered  that  the  trees  would  not  with- 
stand frost  and  were  practically  worthless,  as  compared  with  the 
white  mulberry  (Morus  alba).  "Colonel  Mulberry  Sellers"  re- 
mains in  American  literature  a  reminder  of  those  days,  and  of  the 
visionary  tendencies  of  certain  of  our  people. 

The  manufacture  of  silk  thread  and  of  silken  fabrics  was  begun 
in  the  United  States  at  an  early  date.  Machinery  for  reeling, 
throwing,  and  weaving  silk  was  invented,  and  the  importation  of 
raw  silk  was  begun.  The  industry  has  steadily  grown  until  at 
the  present  time  silk-manufacture  has  come  to  be  an  important 
industry,  in  which  nearly  a  hundred  millions  of  dollars  are  in- 
vested. The  annual  production  of  silken  goods  amounts  to  a 
sum  even  greater  than  the  capital  employed  and  gives  employ- 
ment to  seventy-five  thousand  persons.  So  much  for  the  indus- 
trial importance  of  one  small  species,  of  those  insects  to  which 
this  volume  is  devoted. 


It  was  brown  with  a  golden  gloss,  Janette, 

It  was  finer  than  silk  of  the  floss,  my  pet ; 

'T  was  a  beautiful  mist  falling  down  to  your  wrist, 

'T  was  a  thing  to  be  braided,  and  jewelled,  and  kissed — 

'T  was  the  loveliest  hair  in  the  world,  pet." 

CHARLES  G.  HALPINE.  —Janette's  Hair. 


FAMILY   PLATYPTERYGID/E 

"Above  the  wet  and  tangled  swamp 
White  vapors  gathered  thick  and  damp, 
And  through  their  cloudy  curtaining 
Flapped  many  a  brown  and  dusky  wing- 
Pinions  that  fan  the  moonless  dun, 
ut  fold  them  at  the  rising  sun." 

WHITTIER. 

The  family  has  been  described  as  follows  by  Sir  George  F. 
Hampson,  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  326: 

"Small  or  moderate-sized  moths  of  somewhat  slender  build, 
generally  with  the  apex  of  the  fore  wing  falcate. 

Palpi  slender  and  slightly  scaled,  often  very  minute.  Fore 
wing  with  vein  \b  forked  at  the  base;  \c  absent;  5  from  close  to 
the  lower  angle  of  cell.  Hind  wing  with  one  or  two  internal 
veins;  \a  short  when  present;  5  from  near  lower  angle  of  cell; 
the  discocellulars  angled ;  the  origin  of  veins  6  and  7  before  the 
angle  of  cell;  8  bent  down  and  nearly  or  quite  touching  7. 

Larva  smooth,  with  the  anal  prolegs  absent,  except  in  the 
genus  Euchera;*  the  anal  somite  usually  with  a  long  process, 
the  others  often  humped. 

Cocoon  spun  among  leaves." 

Genus  EUDEILINEA  Packard 

The  only  species  of  the  genus  known  in  our 
fauna  is  the  one  named  herminiata  by  Guenee. 
It  is  a  rather  rare  little  moth  in  collections,  being 
probably  overlooked  by  collectors  on  account  of 
its  insignificant  size  and  its  general  resemblance  to 
FIG.  194.— £.  commoner  species.  It  is  found  in  the  Appalachian 

herminiata,  $  .  \.         , 

1    subregion. 

*  Not  American. 
320 


Platypterygidae 

Genus  ORETA  Walker 

(1)  Oreta  rosea  Walker,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  24,  ?. 

Syn.  americana  Herrich-Schaeffer ;  formula  Grote. 

The  moth  js  a  native  of  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 

(2)  Oreta  irrorata  Packard,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  6,  ? . 

The  range  of  this  species  is  coincident  with  that  of  the  last. 

Genus  DREPANA  Schrank 
(i)  Drepana  arcuata  Walker,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  23,  $. 

Syn.  fabiila  Grote. 

Form  genicula  Grote,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  22,  $ . 

The  species,  which  is  dimorphic,  inhabits  the  Appalachian 
subregion.  The  form  genicula  occurs  in  the  spring,  the  form 
arcuata  in  the  summer. 

Genus  FALCARIA  Haworth 

The  genus  is  common  to  both  hemispheres, 
(i)  Falcaria  bilineata  Packard,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  7,  ?. 
The  insect,  which  is  by  no  means  common,  is  a  native  of  the 
eastern  portion  of  our  territory. 

TRANSFORMATION 

"  Who  that  beholds  the  summer's  glistering  swarms, 
Ten  thousand  thousand  gaily  gilded  forms, 
In  volant  dance  of  mix'd  rotation  play, 
Bask  in  the  beam,  and  beautify  the  day ; 
Who  'd  think  these  airy  wantons,,  so  adorn, 
Were  late  his  vile  antipathy  and  scorn, 
Prone  to  the  dust,  or  reptile  thro'  the  mire, 
And  ever  thence  unlikely  to  aspire  ? 
Or  who  with  transient  view,  beholding,  loaths 
Those  crawling  sects,  whom  vilest  semblance  cloaths ; 
Who,  with  corruption,  hold  their  kindred  state, 
As  by  contempt,  or  negligence  of  fate ; 
Could  think,  that  such,  revers'd  by  wondrous  doom, 
Sublimer  powers  and  brighter  forms  assume ; 
From  death  their  future  happier  life  derive, 
And  tho'  apparently  entomb'd,  revive; 
Chang'd,  thro'  amazing  transmigration  rise, 
And  wing  the  regions  of  unwonted  skies ; 
So  late  depress'd,  contemptible  on  earth, 
Now  elevate  to  heaven  by  second  birth." 

HENRY  BROOKE.  —  Universal  Beauty. 

321 


FAMILY  GEOMETRID/E 

"...  The  sylvan  powers 
Obey  our  summons ;  from  their  deepest  dells 
The  Dryads  come,  and  throw  their  garlands  wild 
And  odorous  branches  at  our  feet ;  the  Nymphs 
That  press  with  nimble  step  the  mountain-thyme 
And  purple  heath-flower  come  not  empty-handed, 
But  scatter  round  ten  thousand  forms  minute 
Of  velvet  moss  or  lichen,  torn  from  rock 
Or  rifted  oak  or  cavern  deep :  the  Naiads  too 
Quit  their  loved  native  stream,  from  whose  smooth  face 
They  crop  the  lily,  and  each  sedge  and  rush 
That  drinks  the  rippling  tide :  the  frozen  poles, 
Where  peril  waits  the  bold  adventurer's  tread, 
The  burning  sands  of  Borneo  and  Cayenne, 
All,  all  to  us  unlock  their  secret  stores 
And  pay  their  cheerful  tribute." 

J.  TAYLOR.  —  Norwich,  1818. 

The  Geometridce  are  a  very  large  and  universally  distributed 
family  of  moths.  There  is  no  country  where  there  is  any  vege- 
tation where  they  do  not  occur.  Even  in  the  inhospitable  re- 
gions of  the  far  North,  upon  the  verge  of  the  eternal  ice,  they  may 
be  found.  They  are  more  or  less  frail  in  their  habit,  with  con- 
siderable expanse  of  wing  in  proportion  to  the  size  of  the  body. 
They  are  semidiurnal  or  crepuscular.  They  have  been  character- 
ized as  follows  by  Sir  George  F.  Hampson: 

".  .  .  Proboscis  present  or  rarely  absent.  Legs  and  tarsi 
slender,  elongate,  and  naked,  or  slightly  clothed  with  hair.  Fore 
wing  with  vein  la  forming  a  fork  with  \b.  \c  absent;  vein  5 
from  or  from  above  middle  of  the  discocellulars,  7  rising  from  8, 
9.  Hind  wing  with  the  frenulum  usually  present,  but  absent  in 
a  few  genera.  Vein  \a  very  short,  apparently  absent  in  some 
forms;  vein  \b  running  to  anal  angle;  \c  absent.  8  with  a  well- 
developed  precostal  spur. 

322 


Geometric!  se 

Larvce  with  the  three  anterior  pairs  of  abdominal  claspers  to- 
tally aborted,  and  progressing  by  bringing  the  posterior  somites 
close  to  the  thoracic,  looping  the  medial  somites..  In  a  few  an- 
cestral forms  there  is  tendency  to  develop  additional  prolegs  and 
to  a  more  ordinary  mode  of  progression." 

The  larvae,  which  are  commonly  known  as  "measuring- 
worms,"  "span-worms,"  or  "  loopers,"  have  the  power  in  many 
cases  of  attaching  themselves  by  the  posterior  claspers  to  the 
stems  and  branches  of  plants,  and  extending  the  remainder  of  the 
body  outwardly  at  an  angle  to  the  growth  upon  which  they  are 
resting,  in  which  attitude  they  wonderfully  resemble  short  twigs. 
Dichromatism  is  often  revealed  among  them,  part  of  a  brood  of 
caterpillars  being  green  and  the  remainder  brown  or  yellowish. 
Various  explanations  of  this  phenomenon  have  been  suggested. 
In  not  a  few  cases  the  females  are  wingless. 

Over  eight  hundred  species  of  Geometridce  are  known  to 
occur  within  the  limits  of  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
when  the  region  shall  have  been  exhaustively  explored,  there  is 
little  doubt  that  this  number  will  be  greatly  increased.  It  is  im- 
possible within  the  limits  of  this  book  to  mention  and  depict  all 
of  these  species.  We  have  therefore  confined  ourselves  to  the 
description  through  our  plates  of  one  hundred  and  seventy  spe- 
cies, which  are  either  more  commonly  encountered,  or  are  pos- 
sessed of  some  striking  character.  Incidentally  occasion  has  been 
taken  to  figure  a  few  of  the  types  of  species  in  the  collection  of 
the  author  which  have  never  before  been  delineated. 

The  student  who  desires  to  familiarize  himself  with  the  fam- 
ily with  which  we  are  now  dealing  will  derive  much  assistance 
from  the  writings  of  Packard  and  Hulst,  the  titles  of  which  he 
will  find  in  the  portion  of  the  Introduction  of  this  book  devoted 
to  the  literature  of  the  subject. 

SUBFAMILY   DYSPTERIDIN/E 
Genus  DYSPTERIS  Hubner 

(i)  Dyspteris  abortivaria  Herrich-Schseffer,  Plate  XLII,  Fig. 
21,  $  .  (The  Bad-wing.) 

This  pretty  little  moth  may  be  easily  recognized  by  the  facl 
that  the  hind  wings  are  so  much  smaller  than  the  fore  wings. 


Geometridae 

It  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  found  within  our  territory.     It 
is  not  uncommon  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  NYCTOBIA  Hulst 

Three  species  belong  to  this  genus.  One  of  them  is  selected 
for  illustration. 

(i)  Nyctobia  limitata  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  22,  $. 

Syn.  lobophorata  Walker ;  vemata  Packard. 

The  habitat  of  this  moth  is  identical  with  that  of  the  last-men- 
tioned species.  It  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  CLADORA  Hulst 

(i)  Cladora  atroliturata  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  23,  $. 
(The  Scribbler.) 

Syn.  geminata  Grote  &  Robinson. 

A  neatly  marked  species,  which  is  the  sole  representative  of 
the  genus  in  our  fauna.  The  moths  may  be  found  in  the  early 
spring  seated  upon  the  trunks  of  trees  in  the  forest.  It  is  a  native 
of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  RACHELA  Hulst 

Four  species  of  this  genus  have  been  characterized  by  the  late 
Dr.  Hulst.  The  only  one  which  occurs  in  the  eastern  portions 
of  the  continent  we  figure. 

(i)  Rachela  bruceata  Hulst,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  24,  $. 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  northern  Atlantic  States.  It  is  not 
uncommon  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

SUBFAMILY   HYDRIOMENIN^E 
Genus  PALEACRITA  Riley 

There  are  reputed  to  be  three  species  of  the  genus  found  in 
the  United  States.  Only  one  of  them,  because  of  its  economic 
importance,  has  received  much  attention  thus  far. 

(i)  Paleacrita  vernata  Peck,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  25,  $  ,  Fig.  26, 
?  .  (The  Spring  Canker-worm.) 

Syn.  sericeiferata  Walker ;  autumnata  Packard ;  merricata  Dyar. 

There  are  two  insects  known  as  canker-worms.  One  of 
these,  the  smaller  of  the  two,  is  properly  named  the  Spring 

324 


FIG.  195.  —Paleacrita  ver- 
nata.  a,  mature  larva;  b,  egg, 
magnified,  natural  size  shown  in 
mass  at  side;  c,  enlarged  seg- 
ment of  larva,  side  view;  d, 
do.,  viewed  dorsally.  (After 
Riley.) 


Geometridae 

Canker-worm,  because  the  great  majority  of  the  moths  issue 
from  the  ground  in  the  spring.  It  has  been  a  great  pest  in 
orchards,  and  formerly  in  our  East- 
ern cities  was  a  nuisance,  not  only 
because  of  the  injury  which  it  inflicted 
upon  the  foliage  of  shade-trees,  but 
because  of  the  annoying  manner  in 
which  the  larvae,  pendent  from  the 
branches  by  long  threads  of  silk,  were 
blown  about  over  things  and  persons 
beneath  them.  It  was  to  effect  their  de- 
struction that  the  English  sparrow  was 
originally  imported  into  this  country. 
The  ravages  of  the  insects  upon  the 
foliage  of  trees  in  parks  and  gardens  have  measurably  decreased 
since  this  step  was  taken,  but  in  the  open  country,  especially  in 

the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi, 
the  insects  are  still  numerous 
enough  to  do  much  harm 
to  orchards.  The  females 
being  apterous,  the  best 
method  of  preventing  the 
multiplication  of  the  insects 
upon  trees  is  to  prevent 
them  from  climbing  up 
upon  the  foliage  and  ovipositing.  A  simple  device,  which  has 
proved  very  effective,  is  to  tie  a  piece  of  rope  about  the  trunk 
of  the  tree  which  it  is  intended  to  protect,  and  to  insert  between 
the  rope  and  the  bark  strips  of  tin,  which,  having  been  put  into 
place,  should  be  bent  downwardly  and  outwardly,  so  as  to  form 
a  collar  with  a  downward  flare.  The  insects  have  been  found 
not  to  be  inclined  to  pass  such  a  barrier,  and  they  will  congregate 
just  below  it,  and  may  there  be  captured  and  destroyed.  Birds 
are  the  chief  enemies  of  the  canker-worm,  and  every  wise  or- 
chardist  will  see  'to  it  that  all  species  of  insectivorous  birds  are 
not  molested  in  his  neighborhood,  but  are  encouraged  to  find  in 
his  -trees  a  hospitable  welcome.  The  small  amount  of  fruit 
which  the  birds  take  as  toll  is  amply  compensated  for  by  the 
work  which  they  perform  in  keeping  down  insect  pests,  such  as 

325 


FIG.  196. — Paleacrita  vemata.  a,  male;  b, 
female ;  c,  joint  of  antenna ;  d,  joint  of  ab- 
domen; e,  ovipositor.  (After  Riley.) 


Geometridae 

the  one  under  consideration.     It  is  the  part  of  wisdom  in  every 
way  to  protect  the  birds. 

The  canker-worm  is  widely  distributed  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific. 

Genus  ALSOPHILA  Hubner 

Only  one  species  of  the  genus  occurs  within  our  limits. 

(i)  Alsophila  pometaria  Harris.     (The  Fall  Canker-worm.) 

Syn.  restituens  Walker. 

The  Fall  Canker-worm  in  many  respects  closely  resembles 
the  preceding  species,  but  a  critical  eye  can  at  once  detect  great 
differences  both  in  the  form  and  markings  of  the  caterpillar  and 
of  the  mature  insect.  The  moths  generally  emerge  from  the 

pupal  state  in  the  late  fall,  or 
during  mild  spells  of  weather 
in  the  winter,  and  may  even 
continue  to  come  forth  until 
the  spring  is  well  advanced. 
The  eggs  are  not  laid  as  those 
of  the  preceding  species,  sin- 
gly under  the  scales  of  bark, 
but  are  deposited  in  a  com- 
pact mass  fastened  to  the 
twigs  by  a  strong  gluey  se- 
cretion, and  are  loosely  cov- 
ered with  gray  hairs,  which  the  female  rubs  from  her  abdomen. 
The  caterpillars  are  not  ornamented  on  the  back  by  a  multitude 
of  fine  lines,  but  have  a  broad  brown  stripe  along  the  dorsal  line. 
The  moths  are  larger  than  those  of  the  Spring  Canker-worm,  and 
have  a  distinct  whitish  spot 
on  the  costa  of  the  primaries 
near  the  apex.  The  cater- 
pillar undergoes  but  two 
molts,  and  matures  very 
rapidly.  It  has  rudimentary 
prolegs  on  the  eighth 
somite.  The  precautionary 
measures  which  have  proved  effective  in  combating  the  Spring 
Canker-worm  are  not  efficacious  in  dealing  with  this  species. 
To  effectively  destroy  them  the  best  means  is  to  spray  the  foil- 

326 


FlG.  197.—  Alsophila  pometaria.  a,  egg, 
side  view;  b,  do.,  top  view;  c,  side  view 
of  segment  of  larva;  d,  top  view  of  seg- 
ment of  larva ;  f,  mature  larva ;  g,  pupa ; 
h,  cremaster.  (After  Riley.) 


FlG.  198.—^.  pometaria.  a,  male;  b,  fe- 
male ;  f,  female  antenna ;  d,  segment  of  body 
of  female,  enlarged.  (After  Riley.) 


Geometric!  se 

age,  just  as  the  buds  are  opening,  with  some  one  of  the  poisonous 
mixtures  which  are  prepared  as  insecticides.  One  of  the  very 
best  means  of  keeping  down  the  ravages  of  the  insects  is  to 
encourage  the  cherry-birds  (Ampelis)  to  stay  about  the  place. 
They  wage  relentless  war  upon  the  pests. 

Genus  EUDULE  Hiibner 

(1)  Eudule  mendica  Walker,  Plate  XL1I,  Fig.  27,  3.     (The 

Beggar. ) 

Syn.  biseriata  Herrich-Schseffer. 

This  delicate  little  moth  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the 
Appalachian  subregion.  It  has  been  commonly  placed  in  the 
genus  Eupbanessa. 

(2)  Eudule  unicolor  Robinson,    Plate  XLII,    Fig.   38,    $. 
(The  Plain-colored  Eudule.) 

The  insect,  which  has  been  in  most  lists  attributed  to  the 
genus  Ameria,  ranges  from  Colorado  to  Texas  and  Arizona. 

Genus  NANNIA  Hulst 

(i)  Nannia  refusata  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  31,9.  (Har- 
vey's Geometer.) 

Syn.  harveiata  Packard. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  spring  of  the  year  in  the 
northern  Atlantic  States. 

Genus  HETEROPHLEPS  Herrich-Schaeffer 

(i)  Heterophleps  triguttaria  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLII, 
Fig.  29,  $.  (The  Three-spotted  Fillip.) 

Syn.  quadrinotata  Walker ;  hexaspilata  Walker. 

This  pretty  little  moth  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the 
entire  United  States,  and  is  very  generally  associated  with  the 
preceding  species  in  locality  and  time  of  appearance. 

Genus  TEPHROCLYSTIS  Hubner 

This  is  a  very  extensive  genus,  composed  for  the  most  part  01 
small  and  inconspicuous  species.  It  is  found  in  both  hemispheres. 
We  select,  for  purposes  of  illustration,  one  of  the  commoner 
species,  which  is  found  in  both  Europe  and  America. 


Geometridas 

(i)  Tephroclystis  absinthiata  Glerck,  Plate  XL1I,  Fig.  32, 
$.  (The  Absinth.) 

Syn.  minutata  Treitschke ;  notata  Stephens ;  etongata  Haworth ;  absynthiata 
Guenee;  coagulata  Guenee;  geminata  Packard. 

This  inconspicuous  little  creature  illustrates  the  truth  of  the 
remark,  already  made,  that  the  smaller  the  insect  the  more  and 
the  lengthier  the  names  which  it  bears  or  which  have  been  im- 
posed upon  it. 

Genus  EUCYMATOGE  Hubner 
(i)  Eucymatoge  intestinata  Guenee,  Plate  XL1I,  Fig.  30,  ?. 

Syn.  impleta  Walker ;    indoctrinata  Walker. 

The  moth  is  almost  universally  distributed  throughout  the 
United  States.  It  is  found  in  the  spring  of  the  year  seated  upon 
the  trunks  of  trees,  the  gray  bark  of  which  it  assimilates  in 
color. 

Genus  VENUSIA  Curtis 

The  genus  is  common  to  both  hemispheres.  Venusia  cam- 
brica  Curtis  is  found  in  Europe  and  the  United  States.  Two 
other  species  of  the  genus  occur  in  our  territory,  and  of  both  of 
these  we  give  figures. 

(1)  Venusia   duodecimlineata   Packard,    Plate  XLIII,    Fig. 
15.5. 

The  moth  is  very  widely,  if  not  universally,  distributed 
throughout  temperate  North  America. 

(2)  Venusia  comptaria  Walker,  Plate  XL1I,  Fig.  33,  6  . 

Syn.  fondensata  Walker;  inclituitaria  Walker;  inclinata  Hulst;  perlineata 
Packard. 

The  species  is  common  in  the  eastern  portions  of  the  United 
States. 

Genus  EUCHCECA  Hubner 

(1)  Euchceca  albovittata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  19,   $. 
(The  White-striped  Black.) 

Syn.  propriaria  Walker ;  reciprocata  Walker. 

The  moth  is  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  and  ranges 
well  up  into  Alaska,  whence  I  have  obtained  specimens  taken  at 
Sitka  and  on  Lake  Labarge,  in  the  Valley  of  the  Yukon. 

(2)  Euchceca  californiata  Packard,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  20,  $. 
(The  Galifornian  Black.) 

The  moth  .inhabits  the  Pacific  States. 
328 


Geometridae 

(3)  Euchoeca  lucata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  6,  $  .  (The 
Woodland  Black.) 

The  insect  is  distributed  from  western  Pennsylvania  and  West 
Virginia  to  Illinois,  and  northward  to  Manitoba.  It  is  not  rare 
about  Pittsburgh. 

Genus  HYDRIA  Hiibner 

4(i)  Hydria  undulata  Linnaeus,  Plate  XLfl,  Fig.  34,  ?.  (The 
Scallop-shell  Moth.) 

This  neatly  marked  species  is  found  in  both  Europe  and 
America.  It  is  the  only  species  of  the  genus  in  the  United  States. 

Genus  PHILEREME  Hubner 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  all  Western  in  their  habitat, 
(i)  Philereme  californiata  Packard,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  36,  $. 
The  specimen  figured  was  taken  on  the  slopes  of  Mt.  Shasta. 

Genus  EUSTROMA  Hubner 

This  is  quite  an  extensive  genus  found  in  both  the  New  World 
and  the  Old.  Of  the  nine  species  recognized  thus  far  as  occurring 
within  the  United  States,  we  figure  three. 

(1)  Eustroma  diversilineata  Hubner,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  42,  $  . 
(The  Diverse-line  Moth.) 

The  moth  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Eustroma  prunata  Linnaeus,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  53,  <3  .    (The 
Plum  Moth.) 

Syn.  ribesiaria  Boisduval ;   triangulatum  Packard ;  montanatum  Packard. 

The  insect  is  found  in  both  Europe  and  North  America. 

(3)  Eustroma  atrocolorata  Grote,   Plate  XLII,  Fig.  43,   $ . 
(The  Dark-banded  Geometer.) 

A  denizen  of  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
beautiful  of  the  geometrid  moths  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Genus  RHEUMAPTERA  Hubner 

A  genus  of  moderate  size,  the  species  of  which  are  found  in 
the  temperate  and  boreal  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 

(i)  Rheumaptera  hastata  Linnaeus,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  40,  '$ , 
Fig.  41,  $,  var.  (The  Spear-mark.) 

The  species  is  very  variable,  and  half  a  dozen  forms  have  been 
named.  The  only  differences  existing  between  these  forms  are 

329 


Geometridse 

in  the  relative  amount  of  black  and  white  upon  the  upper  side  of 
the  wings.  The  moth  is  found  all  through  northern  Europe  and 
Asia,  and  is  widely  distributed  through  the  northern  United  States 
and  Canada  as  far  west  as  Alaska,  where  it  is  very  common. 

(2)  Rheumaptera  luctuata  Denis  &  Schiffermuller,  Plate XL11, 

Fig.  39>  <$  • 

The  remarks  made  as  to  the  preceding  species  apply  equally 
well  to  the  present.  I  have  received  it  in  recent  years  in  great 
numbers  from  Alaska. 

(3)  Rheumaptera  rubrosuffusata  Packard,  Plate  XLII,  Fig. 
38,  $. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Pacific  States. 

Genus  PERCNOPTILOTA  Hulst 

This  genus  is  represented  in  North  America  by  a  single  species, 
Percnoptilota  fluviata  Hiibner,  which  is  shown  on  Plate  XLII, 
Fig.  48,  by  a  male  specimen.  The  moth  also  occurs  in  'Europe 
and  northern  Asia,  and  has  been  described  under  at  least  fifteen 
different  names.  The  synonymy  is  too  extensive  to  burden  the 
pages  of  this  book  with  it. 

Genus  MESOLEUCA  Hiibner 

This  is  an  extensive  genus  found  in  the  temperate  regions  of 
the  northern  hemisphere  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

(1)  Mesoleuca  ruficillata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  21,  $. 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  northern  United  States  and 

southern  Canada. 

(2)  Mesoleuca  gratulata  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  47,  $  . 

Syn.  brunneiciliata  Packard. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Pacific  subregion. 

(3)  Mesoleuca  lacustrata  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  50,  $ . 
This  is  not  an  uncommon  species  in  Europe  and  the  northern 

portions  of  the  United  States  and  in  Canada. 

(4)  Mesoleuca  intermediata  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  49,  $  . 
The  moth  occurs  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(5)  Mesoleuca  hersiliata  Guenee,  Plate  XLH,  Fig.  46,  $  . 

Syn.  flammifera  Walker. 

The  home  of  the  species  is  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. It  is  not  uncommon  in  Colorado. 

S  )y> 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLII 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  Collection  of  W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Palthis  asopialis  Guenee,    9  • 

2.  Gaberasa  ambigualis  Walker,  tf. 

3.  Bomolocha  manalis  Walker,    9  . 

4.  Bomolocha  baltimoralis  Guenee,    9 . 

5.  Bomolocha  abalinealis  Walker,   <5>. 

6.  Bomolocha  madefactalis  Guenee,  <J*. 

7.  Bomolocha  bijugalis  Walker,   tf. 

8.  Bomolocha  deceptalis  Walker,  <^. 

9.  Bomolocha  toreuta  Grote,  c?. 

10.  Bomolocha  scutellaris  Grote,   9  • 

11.  Bomolocha  edictalis  Walker,  J. 

12.  Hypena  humuli  Harris,   <3*. 

13.  Hypena  humuli  var.,  <$. 

14.  P  lathy  pena  scabra  Fabricius,  <5*. 

15.  Nycteola  lintnerana  Speyer,   tf. 

16.  Brsphos  infans  Moeschler,   9  • 

17.  Calledapteryx  dryopterata  Grote,    tf . 

18.  Melanchrom  geometroides  Walker,  $. 

19.  Melanchroia  cephise  Cramer,  $. 

20.  Sphacelodes  vulneraria  Hubner,  (J1. 

21.  Dyspteris  abortivaria  Herrich-SchagfTer,  cf. 

22.  Nyctobia  limitata  Walker,  tf. 

23.  Cladora  atroliturata  Walker,   (J*. 

24.  Rachela  bruceata  Hulst,   c?- 
25..  Paleacrila  vernaia  Peck,  <j\ 

26.  Paleacrita  vernata  Peck,    9  • 

27.  Eudule  mendica  Walker,   <5\ 

28.  Eudule  unicolor^  Robinson,  J*. 

29.  Heterophleps  triguttaria  Herrich-Schaeffer,  (J1. 

30.  Eucymatoge  intestinata  Guen6e,  9  • 

31.  Nannia  refusata  Walker,  c?. 

32.  Tephroclystis  absinthiata  Clerck,    <J*. 

33.  Venusia  comptaria  Walker,  ^. 

34.  Hydria  undulata  Linnaeus,    9  • 

35.  Hydriomena  latirupta  Walker,   tf. 

36.  Philereme  calif orniata  Packard,  cf. 

37.  Gypsochroa  sitellata  Guenee,  $. 

38.  Rheumaptera  rubrosuffusata  Packard,  c?. 

39.  Rheumaptera  btctttata   Denis  &  Schiffermuller,  J». 

40.  Rheumaptera  hastata  Linnaeus,  cJ1. 

41.  Rheumaptera  hastata  Linnaeus,  var.   tf. 

42.  Eustroma  diversilineata  Hubner,   <?. 

43.  Eustroma  atrocolorata  Grote,  tf. 

44.  Gypsochroa  designata  Hufnagel,    <5*. 

45.  Trtphosa  progressata  Walker,  J1- 

46.  Mesoleuca  hersiliata  Guen6e,  cJ1. 

47.  Mesoleuca  gratulata  Walker,   c?. 

48.  Percnoptilota  fluriata  Hubner,  (?. 

49.  Mesoleuca  intermediata  Guen6e,  <5*. 

50.  Mesoleuca  lacustrata  Guenee,    9  • 

51.  Hydriomena  autumnalis  Stromeyer,  $. 

52.  Hydriomena  speciosata  Packard,   (J4. 

53.  Eustroma  prunata  Linnaeus,  cJ*. 

54.  Hydriomena  sordidata  Fabricius,  (51. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK. 


PLATE  XLII. 


." 

;?..  f 


T 


•>* 


*V,, 


Geometridae 

Genus  HYDRIOMENA  Hubner 

This  is  a  very  extensive  genus,  which  is  well  represented  in 
the  temperate  portions  of  both  the  Eastern  and  the  Western 
Hemisphere.  There  are  nearly  thirty  species  which  have  been 
reported  to  occur  in  our  fauna. 

(1)  Hydriomena  sordidata  Fabricius,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  54,  ?. 

Syn.  rectangulata  Fabricius ;  bicolorata  Borkhausen ;  birivata  Borkhausen. 

The  insect  is  found  all  over  the  northern  United  States  and 
Canada,  and  is  common  in  Europe.  Various  varietal  forms  have 
been  described,  based  upon  differences,  more  or  less  constant,  in 
the  markings  of  the  wings. 

(2)  Hydriomena  autumnalis   Stromeyer,  Plate  XLII,   Fig. 
51,5. 

This  is  another  species  which  is  found  in  Europe,  and  also 
occurs  in  the  Pacific  subregion  of  North  America.  It  has  an  ex- 
tensive synonymy,  for  a  knowledge  of  which  the  student  may 
refer  to  Staudinger  &  Rebel's  Catalogue  of  the  Moths  of  the  Palae- 
arctic  Region,  or  to  Dyar's  List. 

(3)  Hydriomena  speciosata  Packard,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  52,  $  . 

The  home  of  this  pretty  species  is  in  the  southwestern  por- 
tions of  the  United  States.  It  occurs  in  Texas,  Arizona,  and 
southern  California. 

(4)  Hydriomena  latirupta  Walker,  Plate  XLII;  Fig.  35,  $ . 

Syn.  lascinata  Zeller. 

The  insect  is  found  almost  everywhere  in  the  United  States 
and  Canada. 

(5)  Hydriomena  custodiata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  10, 
$  ,  upper  side ;  Fig.  1 1,  $  ,  under  side. 

Syn.  gueneata  Packard. 

The  moth  is  an  inhabitant  of  the  Pacific  subregion. 

Genus   TRIPHOSA   Stephens 
(i)  Triphosa  progressata  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig-  45,  3. 

Syn.  indubitata  Grote ;   dubitata  Packard. 

The  species  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Pacific 
subregion. 

"  Soft-buzzing  Slander ;  silly  moths  that  eat 
An  honest  name."     THOMSON.—  Liberty,  Pt.  IV,  609. 


Geometridae 

Genus  CCENOCALPE  Hubner 

This  is  a  moderately  large  genus,  almost  all  the  species  of 
which  are  found  in  the  Pacific  subregion  or  in  the  southwestern 
portions  of  the  United  States. 

(1)  Coenocalpe  gibbocostata  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  16,  $  . 

Syn.  costinotata  Walker ;  strigularia  Minot ;  ceneiformis  Harvey. 

The  moth  is  one  of  the  few  species  of  the  genus  found  in  the 
Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Coenocalpe  fervifactaria  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  4,  $  . 
This  rather  pretty  insect  is  found  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky 

Mountains. 

Genus   MARMOPTERYX   Packard 

(i)  Marmopteryx  marmorata  Packard,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig. 
i,  $.  (The  Marble-wing.) 

The  insect  ranges  from  Colorado  in  the  east  to  California  in 
the  west. 

Genus   GYPSOCHROA   Hubner 

(1)  Gypsochroa  designata  Hufnagel,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  44,  $  . 

Syn.  propugnata  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller ;  propugnaria  Treitschke. 

The  moth  occurs  in  both  Europe  and  North  America. 

(2)  Gypsochroa  sitellata  Guenee,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  37,  $  . 

Syn.  hcesitata  Guene'e ;  impauperata  Walker ;  albosignata  Packard. 

The  species  is  quite  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United 
States. 

SUBFAMILY  MONOCTENIIN^E 
Genus   PAOTA   Hulst 

(i)  Paota  fultaria  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  27,  <$  . 
The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Arizona. 

Genus   H^MATOPSIS   Hubner 

(i)  Haematopsis  grataria  Fabricius,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  2,  $  . 
(The  Chick  weed  Moth.) 

Syn.  saniara  Hubner ;  successaria  Walker. 

This  common  but  none  the  less  beautiful  little  moth  is  often 
seen  by  the  roadsides,  where  it  has  the  habit  of  clinging  to  the 
stems  of  grasses,  and  of  flying  up  when  the  footsteps  of  the 
passer-by  approach.  It  is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion, 


Geometridse 

and  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi  and  beyond. 
The  larva  feeds  on  chickweed. 

SUBFAMILY  STERRHIN^ 
Genus   ERASTRIA   Hiibncr 

(i)  Erastria  amaturaria  Walker,  Plate  XL1II,  Fig.  22,  $. 

This  insect,  which  is  not  likely  to  be  mistaken  for  anything 
else,  is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It  is  common  in 
Pennsylvania. 

Genus   PIGEA   Guen6e 

(i)  Pigea  mutilineata  Hulst,  Plate  XL1I1,  Fig.  3,  $. 

The  insect  is  found  in  Arizona.  The  specimen  figured  is  one 
of  the  types  of  the  species  which  was  loaned  to  Dr.  Hulst,  and 
upon  which  he  based  his  description. 

Genus   COSYMBIA    Hubner 
(i)  Cosymbia  lumenaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  12,  ?. 

Syn.  pcndulinaria  Guenee ;  quadriannulata  Walker. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 
Genus   SYN  ELYS   Hulst 

This  is  a  small  genus  containing  eight  or  nine  species,  all  of 
which  are  found  in  the  Southern  States,  except  two. 

(i)  Synelys  alabastaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  5,  ?. 

Syn.  reconditaria  Walker ;  ennucleata  Packard  (non  Guene'e). 

The  moth  is  very  common  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
Genus   LEPTOMERIS   Hubner 

(1)  Leptomeris  quinquelinearia  Packard,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig. 
9,  ?.     (The  Five-lined  Geometer.) 

A  common  species  everywhere  in  the  United  States. 

(2)  Leptomeris  sentinaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  14,  $  . 

Syn.  spuraria  Christoph ;  gracilior  Butler. 

The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  the  northern  portion  of  the  Ap- 
palachian subregion. 

(3)  Leptomeris  magnetaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  8,  $  . 
(The  Magnet  Moth.) 

Syn.  rubrolintaria  Packard;  rubrolineata  Packard. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Pacific  subregion. 
333 


Geometridae 

Genus   EOIS   Hubner 

(i)  Eois  ptelearia  Riley.     (The  Herbarium  Moth.) 
The  moth  which  is  the  subject  of  consideration  is  interesting 
because  of  the  fact  that  in  recent  years  it  has  become  known  as  a 
destructive  herbarium  pest.     The  larvae  attack  the  flowers,  to 


FIG.  199.—  Eois  ptelearia.  a,  larva,  from  side;  b,  do.,  from 
above;  c,  side  view  of  abdominal  segment ;  d,  tubercle  of  same;  e, 
pupa;/^  cremaster ;  g,  abdominal  projection.  All  figures  greatly 
enlarged.  (After  C.  V.  Riley,  "  Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  109.) 

some  extent  the  leaves,  and  also  to  a  less  extent  the  hard  fruits 
and  seeds  of  specimens  collected  in  the  Southwestern  States 
and  in  Mexico.  Their  ravages  were  first  detected  at  the 
United  States  National  Museum  in  the  year  1890.  Strangely 
enough,  they  show  no  appetite  for  species  belonging  to  the  flora 
of  the  Eastern  and  Northern  States.  It  is  believed  that  the  insect 
is  native  to  the  region  the  plants  of  which  it  devours,  but  thus 
far  no  entomologist  has  reported  its  occurrence  in  the  section  of 
country  from  which  it  is  supposed  to  come.  The  damage  it 
is  able  to  inflict  upon  specimens  is  very  great,  because  of  the 
very  rapid  multiplication  of  individuals  which  takes  place. 

An   exceedingly   interesting  account  of  the  insect   and   its 

334 


Geometric!  ae 

destructive  work  was  given  by  the  late  Professor  C.  V.  Riley  in 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  108  et  seq.  From  this  article  the  cuts 
which  are  herewith  given  have 
been  extracted.  Botanists  can- 
not too  carefully  guard  against 
this  and  other  insect  plagues 
which  multiply  in  their  collec- 
tions. A  solution  of  corrosive 
sublimate  and  arsenic,  such  as 
is  commonly  employed  for 
poisoning  herbarium  speci- 
mens, will  do  much  to  prevent 
the  ravages  of  the  larvse;  but, 
as  is  pointed  out  by  Professor 
Riley  in  the  article  to  which 
reference  has  been  made,  addi- 
tional safety  from  attack  will  be 
secured  if  all  specimens,  as  they 
are  received  in  the  herbarium, 
are  subjected  to  at  least  twenty- 
four  hours'  exposure  to  the 
fumes  of  bisulphide  of  carbon 
in  an  air-tight  box  or  receptacle. 
This  substance,  as  experience 
has  shown,  is  destructive  to  all  forms  of  insect  life.  Care  should, 
however,  be  exercised  in  its  use,  as  the  fumes  mixed  with  atmo- 
spheric gases  make  a  highly  explosive  compound.  The  opera- 
tion should  never  be  undertaken  in  the  presence  of  flame.  It  is 
not  even  safe  to  allow  the  fumes  of  carbon  bisulphide  to  mingle 
in  large  quantity  with  the  atmosphere  of  an  apartment  which  is 
lighted  by  electricity.  Accidental  sparking,  owing  to  some  de- 
fect of  the  wires,  may  cause  an  explosion.  Several  bad  accidents 
have  occurred  from  the  use  in  careless  hands  of  this  otherwise 
most  valuable  insecticide. 

(2)  Eois  ossularia  Hubner,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig..7,  $  . 

The  moth,  which  has  an  extensive  synonymy,  which  we  will 
omit,  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States. 

(3)  Eois  inductata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  6,  $ . 

Syn.  consecutaria  Walker ;  sobria  Walker ;  suppressaria  Walker. 


FIG.  200. — Eois  ptelearia.  a,  larva; 
b,  cocoon ;  c,  moth ;  d,  egg.  All  figures 
greatly  enlarged.  (After  C.  V.  Riley, 
"  Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  no.) 


Geometridae 

The  species  is  indigenous  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
(4)  Eois  sideraria  Guenee,  Plate  XLI1I,  Fig.  1 3,  $  . 

Syn.  californiaria  Packard ;  californiata  Packard ;  padficaria  Packard. 

The  species  ranges  over  the  northern  portions  of  the  United 
States. 

SUBFAMILY   GEOMETRIN^E 
Genus  CHLOROCHLAMYS   Hulst 

(i)  Chlorochlamys  chloroleucaria  Guenee,  Plate  XL1II, 
Fig.  17,  ?. 

Syn.  indiscriminaria  Walker ;  densaria  Walker ;  deprivata  Walker. 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  It  is  freely 
attracted  to  light  in  the  evening. 

Genus   EUCROSTIS   Hiibner 
(i)  Eucrostis  incertata  Walker,  Plate  XLI1I,  Fig.  18,  $  . 

Syn.  oporaria  Zeller ;  gratata  Packard. 

Not  at  all  uncommon  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus   RACHEOSPILA   Guenee 

A  small  genus,  characteristic  of  the  hot  lands  of  the  American 
continents.  One  species,  R.  lixaria,  is  found  in  the  Appalachian 
subregion  as  far  north  as  the  Middle  States;  the  four  remaining 
species  found  within  our  territory  have  thus  far  been  reported  only 
from  Florida. 

(1)  Racheospila  hollandaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  19,  ?. 
The  specimen  depicted  on  the  plate  is  the  type  of  the  species, 

which  was  taken  by  the  writer  on  the  upper  waters  of  the  St. 
Johns  River. 

(2)  Racheospila   saltusaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  20,  $ . 
The  specimen  depicted  on  the  plate  is  likewise  the  type  of 

the  species  and  came  from  the  same  locality  as  the  preceding 
species. 

Genus   SYNCHLORA   Guenee 
(i)  Synchlora  liquoraria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  23,  $. 

Syn.  tricoloraria  Packard. 

A  species  which  is  very  widely  distributed  throughout  the 
United  States. 


Geometridae 

Genus   ANAPLODES   Packard 
(i)  Anaplodes  iridaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLII1,  Fig.  24,  <$ . 

Syn.  rectaria  Grote. 

The  moth  ranges  from  Colorado  to  California. 

SUBFAMILY   FERNALDELLINy€ 
Genus   FERNALDELLA   Hulst 

The  genus  is  the  only  representative  of  the 
subfamily.  There  are  two  species  in  the  genus, 
both  of  them  natives  of  the  region  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains.  One  of  these,  originally  named 
fimetaria  by  Grote  &  Robinson,  and  subse- 
quently  named  balesaria  by  Zeller,  is  repre-  **&"*"*>  $  -  i- 
sented  in  the  accompanying  cut.  It  is  a  very  common  insect  in 
central  Texas  as  well  as  in  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

SUBFAMILY   ENNOMIN^E 

Genus   EPELIS   Hulst 

(i)  Epelis  truncataria  Walker,  Plate  XLI11,  Fig.  26,  9. 

Syn.  faxoni  Minot. 

This  species,  the  only  representative  of  the  genus,  ranges 
through  the  northern  and  cooler  portions  of  the  Appalachian 
subregion,  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus   EUFIDONIA   Packard 
(i)  Eufidonia  notataria  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  25,  $  . 

Syn.  discopilata  Walker ;  fidoniata  Walker ;  bicolorata  Minot ;  quadripunctaria 
Morrison. 

This  neatly  marked  moth  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
It  is  the  only  species  in  the  genus. 

Genus  ORTHOFIDONIA  Packard 

(1)  Orthofidonia    semiclarata   Walker,   Plate  XLIII,    Fig. 
30,  9. 

Syn.  viatica  Harvey. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Orthofidonia  vestaliata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  31,  $. 

Syn.  junctaria  Walker. 

337 


Geometric!  ae 

The  habitat  of  this  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species,  but  it  ranges  a  little  farther  to  the  West,  and  has  been 
reported  from  Colorado. 

Genus   DASYFIDONIA   Packard 

(i)  Dasyfidonia  avuncularia  Guenee,  Plate  XL1II,  Fig. 
}2,$. 

This  very  pretty  moth  occurs  from  Colorado  to  California.  It 
is  the  sole  species  in  the  genus. 

Genus   HELIOMATA   Grote 

There  are  reputed  to  be  three  species  in  this  genus.  Two  of 
them  we  figure. 

(1)  Heliomata  infulata  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  28,  ?. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  Atlantic  region  of  the 
continent. 

(2)  Heliomata  cycladata  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  29,  6  . 
The  moth  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  States  westward  as  far  as 

Montana.     It  is  nowhere  very  common. 

Genus    MELLILLA   Grote 
(i)   Mellilla  inextricata  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  33,  6  . 

Syn.  xanthometata  "\Yalker;  snoviaria  Packard. 

The  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

Genus   CHLORASPILATES   Packard 

(i)  Chloraspilates  bicoloraria  Packard,  form  arizonaria, 
Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  34,  <5 . 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus    PHYSOSTEGANIA  Warren 

.  (i)  Physostegania   pustularia    Guenee,    Plate    XLIII,   Fig. 
35.3. 

A  native  of  the  Atlantic  States,  ranging  westward  into  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Genus   DEILINEA    Hubner 
(i)  Deilinea  variolaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  36,  ?. 

Syn.  inletltata  Packard. 

338 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XL/Ill 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  Collection  of  W.   J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Marmopteryx     marmorata  32.  Dasyfidonia  avuncularia 

Packard,  c?.  Guenee,  tf. 

2.  Haematopis  grataria  Fabricius,  33.  Mellilla   xanthometata    Walker, 

d1-  d1- 

3.  Pigea    multilineata    Hulst,    cT .  34-  Chloraspilates  arizonaria  Grote, 

Type.  tf . 

4.  Triphosa  fervifactaria  Grote,  c? .  35.  Physo  stegania      pustularia 

5.  Synelys  alabastaria  Hubner,  9-  Guenee,   ci\ 

6.  Eois  inductata  Guenee,  J1.  36.  Deilinea  variolaria  Guenee,  9. 

7.  Eois  ossularia  Hubner,  <J*.  37.  Sciagra phagranitata Guenee,  cT- 

8.  Leptomeris  magnetaria  Guenee,  38.  Deilinea  behrensaria  Hulst,  <5\ 

d1  •  Type. 

9.  Leptomeris    quinquelinearia  39.  Philobia  enotata  Guenee,  J1. 

Packard,  9  •  4°-  Macaria  proeatomata  Haworth, 

10.  Hydriomena  custodiata  Guenee,  9  • 

d1.  41.  Sciagrapha  heliothidata  Guenee , 

11.  Hydriomena  custodiata  Guen6e,  9- 

d*i  lower  side.  42.  Sciagrapha  mellislrigata  Grote, 

12.  Cosymbia  lumenaria  Hubner,  9  .  d*- 

13.  Eois  sideraria  Guenee,  (J1.  43.  Macaria  s-signata  Packard,  d1- 

14.  Leptomeris   sentinaria   Hubner,  44.  Macaria  eremiata  Guen6e,  d- 

cJ*.  45.  Cymatophora  ribearia  Fitch,  9« 

1 5 .  Venusia     duodecimlineata  46.  Cymatophora  inceptaria  Walker , 

Packard,  d1-  d1- 

16.  Triphosa gibbicostata  Walker,  <j\  47.  Macaria  hypathrata  Grote,  d . 

17.  Chlorochlamys  chloroleucaria  48.  Cymatophora  successaria 

Guenee,  9  .  Walker,  9  - 

1 8.  Eucrostis  incertata  Walker,   J1.  49.  Cymatophora  coortaria  Hulst,  (J1. 

19.  Racheospila  hollandaria   Hulst,  50.  Cymatophora  tenebrosata  Hulst, 

9  ,  Type.  d .  ?>/*?. 

20.  Racheospila     saltusaria    Hulst,  51.  Sympherta    tripunctaria 

c?,  Type.  Packard,   9. 

21.  Mesoleuca    rufocillata    Guenee,  52.  A pacasia  defluata  Walker,  cJ1. 

J1.  53.  Catopyrrha  dissimilaria 

22.  Erastria  amaturaria  Walker,  <J* .  Hubner,  c?. 

23.  Synchlora  liquoraria  Guenee,  <J*.  54.  Catopyrrha  color  aria  Fabricius, 

24.  Anaplodes  iridaria  Guenee,  c?.  d* 

25.  Eufidonia  notataria  Walker,  (J1.  55.  Enemera  juturnaria  Guenee,  J1. 

26.  Epelis  truncataria  Walker,    9.  56.  Platea  trilinearia  Packard,  J1. 

2 7 .  Paota  fultaria  Grote .J*.  57.  Platea  californiaria    Her rich- 

28.  Heliomata  infulata  Grote,  9.  Schaeffer,  J*- 

29.  Heliomata  cyclada ta  Grote,  c?.  58.  Caripeta  divisata  Walker,  tf . 

30.  OrthofidoniasemiclarataWafeer,  59.  Philedia    punctomacularia 

9  .  Hulst,  d1 »  Type. 

31.  Orthofidonia  vestaliata  Guenee,  60.  Nepytia    semiclusaria    Walker, 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


COPYRIGHTED  3'  W     J.   HOLL 


Geometridae 

The  moth  occurs  q.uite  commonly  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 
(2)  Deilinea  behrensaria  Hulst,  Plate  XL1I1,  Fig.  38,  $. 
A  native  of  the  Pacific  subregion.     The  specimen  figured  is 
one  of  the  types. 

Genus   SCIAGRAPHIA   Hulst 

(1)  Sciagraphia  granitata  Guenee,  Plate  XL1I1,  Fig.  37,  <$  . 
(The  Granite  Moth.) 

This  small  moth,  which  is  a  common  species  in  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion,  has  been  described  under  no  less  than  nineteen 
names  by  various  authors.  The  student  who  is  curious  as  to  the 
synonymy  may  consult  Dyar's  List. 

(2)  Sciagraphia  heliothidata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  41, 
9  .     (The  Sun-flower  Moth.) 

Syn.  ocellinata  Guenee;  restorata  Walker;  stibcolumbata  Walker;  duplicaia, 
Packard. 

The  moth  occurs  throughout  the  region  of  the  Great  Plains 
and  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

(3)  Sciagraphia  mellistrigata  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  42,  6  . 
(The  Honey-streak.) 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  United 
States,  and  ranges  westward  and  southward,  being  not  at  all 
uncommon  in  northern  Texas  and  in  Colorado. 

Genus    PHILOBIA   Duponchel 
(i)  Philobia  enotata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  39,  c5 . 

Syn.  (Ztnulataria  Walker;  sectomaculata  Morrison;  notata  Cramer  (nan 
Linnseus). 

The  insect  appears  to  be  common  everywhere  throughout  the 
United  States  and  Canada. 

Genus   MACARIA   Curtis 

A  considerable  genus,  represented  in  both  hemispheres. 

(1)  Macaria  s-signata  Packard,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  43,  <3 . 
The  species  occurs  from  Colorado  westward  to  California. 

(2)  Macaria  eremiata  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  44,  $  . 

Syn.  retectata  Walker;  gradata  Walker;  retentata  Walker;  subcinctaria 
Walker. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(3)  Macaria  hypsethrata  Grote,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  47,  $  . 

339 


Geometridae 

The  insect  flies  in  Colorado  and  adjoining  States. 

(4)  Macaria  praeatomata  Haworth,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  40,  2. 

Syn.  consepta  Walker. 

Not  a  rare  species  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(5)  Macaria  glomeraria  Grote,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  3,  ? . 
The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding. 


FIG.  202.  —  Cymatophora  ri- 
bearia,  <j>  .  \.  (After  Riley.) 


Genus  -CYMATOPHORA  Hiibner 

(i)  Cymatophora  ribearia  Fitch,   Plate  XLIII,   Fig.  45,   ? . 
(The  Gooseberry  Span-worm.) 

Syn.  sigmaria  Guene"e;  annisaria  Walker;  aniusaria  Walker;  grossulariata 
Saunders. 

The  gooseberry  and  the  currant  are  subject  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada  to  the  attack  of  various  insects,  which  do  a 
great  deal  of  damage  to  them.  One  of  the  most  frequent  causes 
of  injury  to  these  plants  are  the  larvae  of 
the  Gooseberry  Span-worm,  which  is 
represented  in  Fig.  204.  It  is,  when 
mature,  about  an  inch  in  length,  bright 
yellow  in  color,  marked  with  dark-brown 
spots  upon  the  segments.  The  eggs, 
which  are  laid  by  the  mature  female  at 
the  end  of  June  or  the  beginning  of  July, 
are  very  minute,  but  upon  examination 
under  the  microscope  are  seen  to  be  beautifully  ornamented  with 
deep  pits  or  sculpturings.  They  are  pale  bluish-green.  The  eggs 
are  attached  by  the  female  to  the  stems  and  branches  of  the  plants, 
not  far  from  the  ground.  Being  almost 
microscopic  in  size,  they  readily  elude 
observation,  and  this,  it  is  known,  accounts 
for  the  fact  that  the  insects  are  often,  by  the 
transplantation  of  the  shrubs,  transferred 
from  one  locality  to  another  in  which  they 
have  been  previously  unknown.  The  eggs, 
having  been  laid,  remain  through  the  sum- 
mer and  fall  and  all  of  the  succeeding  winter 
in  a  dormant  state,  and  do  not  hatch  until 
early  in  the  following  spring,  when  the 
leaves  are  beginning  to  put  out  upon  the  bushes.  As  soon  as  the 

340 


FIG.  203.  —  Egg  of 
Gooseberry  Span-worm. 
a,  enlarged ;  b,  natural 
size.  (After  Riley.) 


Geometridse 

eggs  are  hatched,  the  larvae  begin  to  feed  upon  the  young  leaves, 
and  they  mature  very  quickly,  the  rate  of  their  development  being 
marked  by  a  correspond- 
ing devastation  of  the 
plants  upon  which  they 
have  established  them- 
selves. Pupation  takes 
place  at  the  end  of  May 
or  in  the  beginning  of 
June.  The  caterpillar  bur- 
rows into  the  loose  soil 
about  the  roots  of  the 
bushes,  or  simply  crawls 
under  loose  leaves,  and, 
without  spinning  a  co- 
coon, undergoes  transfor- 
mation into  a  chrysalis, 
which  is  smooth  and  of  a 
shining  mahogany  color. 
In  this  state  the  insects 
remain  for  about  two 
weeks,  when  they  emerge 
as  moths,  and  the  cycle 
of  life  is  repeated. 

The  most  effectual  method  of  combating  the  larvae  is  to 
sprinkle  the  bushes  with  powdered  white  hellebore.  This  is  a 
good  remedy,  not  only  for  the  species  we  are  considering,  but  for 
several  other  insects  which  are  likely  to  occur  upon  the  plants  at 
the  same  time. 

(2)  Cymatophora  inceptaria  Walker,  Plate  XLI1I,  Fig.  46,  6  . 

Syn.  argillacearia  Packard;   modestaria  Hulst. 

A  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(3)  Cymatophora   successaria   Walker,    Plate   XLIII,    Fig. 
48,  9. 

Syn.  perarcuata  Walker. 

Form  coortaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  49,  $ . 
A  widely  distributed  species,  which  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in 
the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

(4)  Cymatophora  tenebrosata  Hulst,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  50,  &  . 

341 


FIG.  204. — Gooseberry  Span-worm,  a,  b,  larvae; 
c,  pupa.     (After  Riley.) 


Geometridae 

The  specimen  represented  upon  the  plate  is  one  of  Dr.  Hulst's 
types.  The  moth  is  found  in  Arizona. 

Genus  SYMPHERTA  Hulst 

u)  Sympherta  tripunctaria  Packard,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  51,  ?  . 
The  moth  is  found  in  northern  California,  and  ranges  north- 
ward into  British  Columbia. 

Genus  AP^CASIA  Hulst 
(i)  Apsecasia  defluata  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  52,  £  . 

Syn.  subaquaria  Walker. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  the  northern  portion  of  the 
Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  CATOPYRRHA  Hubner 
(i)  Catopyrrha  coloraria  Fabricius,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  54,  6  . 

Syn.  accessaria  Hubner;  cruentaria  Hubner;  atropunctaria  Walker. 

Form  dissimilaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  53,  6  . 

The  insect,  which  in  the  mature  form  presents  many  varietal 
differences,  due  to  variation  in  the  form  and  shade  of  the  mark- 
ings, is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  ENEMERA  Hulst 

(i)  Enemera  juturnaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  55,  6. 
The  moth  is  found  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
westward  to  California  and  northward  to  Alaska. 

Genus  CARIPETA  Walker 

(1)  Caripeta  divisata  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  58,  6. 

Syn.  albopunctata  Morrison. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Caripeta  angustiorata  Walker,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  2,  $ . 

Syn.  piniaria  Packard. 

The  moth,  which  is  as  yet  quite  rare  in  collections,  is,  like  the 
preceding  species,  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  PLATEA  Herrich-Schaeffer 
(i)  Platea  californiaria  Herrich-Schaeffer,   Plate  XLIII,  Fig. 

57.  t. 

Syn.  uncnnaria  Guenee. 

342 


Geometridae 

The  moth  flies  from  Colorado  to  California. 

(2)  Platea  trilinearia  Packard,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  56,  $  . 

Syn.  dukearia  Grote. 

The  insect  ranges  from  northern  Wyoming  to  Arizona. 

Genus  PHILEDIA  Hulst 

(i)  Philedia  punctomacularia  Hulst,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  59,  $  . 
The  insect,  which  is  found  in  the  Pacific  States,  is  represented 
on  the  plate  by  a  figure  of  the  type. 

Genus  NEPYTIA  Hulst 

(1)  Nepytia  nigrovenaria  Packard,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  15,  9. 
The  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Pacific  subregion. 

(2)  Nepytia  semiclusaria  Walker,  Plate  XLIII,  Fig.  60,  $  . 

Syn.  pulchraria  Minot;  pellucidaria  Packard;  pinaria  Packard. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States. 

Genus  ALCIS  Curtis 

(1)  Alcis  sulphuraria  Packard,  form  baltearia  Hulst,  Plate 
XLIV,  Fig.  1,3. 

This  insect,  which  is  somewhat  variable,  is  represented  in 
the  plate  by  the  type  of  the  form  to  which  the  Rev.  Dr.  Hulst 
applied  the  name  baltearia.  The  species  is  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  United  States. 

(2)  Alcis  metanemaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  5,  <5  . 

The  moth  occurs  in  Arizona  and  southern  California.  The 
figure  on  the  plate  is  that  of  the  type  of  the  species. 

Genus  PARAPHIA  Guende 
(i)  Paraphia  subatomaria  Wood,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  10,  $. 

Syn.  nubecularia  Guenee ;  mammurraria  Guenee ;  impropriata  Walker ;  ex- 
superata  Walker. 

Form  unipuncta  Ha  worth,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  n,    ?. 

Syn.  unipunctata  Guenee;   triplipunctaria  Fitch. 

The  moth,  which  is  variable  in  the  shade  of  the  wings  and 
the  markings,  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  PTEROSPODA  Dyar 

(i)  Pterospoda  opuscularia  Hulst,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  18,  ?. 
The  insect  is  a  native  of  California.     The  specimen  figured  on 

343 


Geometric!  ae 

the  plate  is  the  type  upon  which  Dr.  Hulst  based  the  description 
of  the  species. 

Genus  CLEORA  Curtis 

(1)  Cleora  pampinaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  4,  $  . 

Syn.  sublunaria  Guenee ;  frugallaria  Guenee ;  collecta  Walker ;  tinctaria 
Walker ;  fraudulentaria  Zeller. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion,  ranging 
from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi  and  beyond. 

(2)  Cleora  atrifasciata  Hulst,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  8,  ?. 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  is  the  unique  type  which 
was  described  by  Hulst  in  "  Entomologica  Americana,"  Vol.  Ill, 
p.  214.  The  species  has  been  overlooked  in  Dyar's  List. 


Genus  MELANOLOPHIA  Hulst 
(i)  Melanolophia  canadaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  7,  $  . 

Syn.  signataria  Walker;  imperfectaria  Walker;  contribuaria  Walker. 

A  common  species  in  the  early  spring  throughout  the  United 
States. 

Genus  ECTROPIS  Hiibner 

(i)  Ectropis  crepuscularia  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller,  Plate 
XLIV,  Fig.  9,  6  . 

This  species,  which  is  found  alike  in  Europe  and  America, 
has  an  extensive  synonymy,  for  a  knowledge  of  which  the  student 
may  refer  to  Dyar's  List  or  to  Staudinger  &  Rebel's  Catalogue. 
The  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  continent  of 
North  America. 

Genus  EPIMECIS  Hubner 

(i)  Epimecis  virginaria  Cramer,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  28,  $, 
Fig.  29,  ? . 

Syn.  hortaria  Fabricius ;  liriodendraria  Abbot  &  Smith ;  disserptaria  Walker ; 
amplaria  Walker. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  but  is  far 
more  common  in  the  South  than  in  the  North.  I  have  taken  it 
in  Pennsylvania  on  rare  occasions,  but  it  has  been  found  in  great 
abundance  by  me  in  Florida. 

344 


Geometridae 

Genus  LYCIA  Hubner 

(i)  Lycia  cognataria  Guenee,  Plate  I,  Fig.  17,  larva;  Plate 
XLIV,  Fig.  13,6. 

Syn.  sperataria  Walker. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  States.  The  larva 
depicted  on  the  plate  is  brown.  In  every  brood  there  are  many 
specimens  of  the  larvae  which  are  green,  and  some  are  even  yel- 
lowish. The  moth  has  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburgh  latterly  shown 
a  fondness  for  ovipositing  upon  imported  rhododendrons,  and  the 
caterpillars  have  proved  troublesome. 

Genus  NACOPHORA  Hulst 
(i)  Nacophora  quernaria  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig. 

14,?- 

The  species  is  not  as  common  as  the  last,  but  is  not  rare.  It 
has  the  same  habitat,  being  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  APOCHEIMA  Hubner 

The  genus  is  found  in  the  boreal  regions  of  both  hemispheres. 
Only  one  species  occurs  in  our  fauna. 

(i)  Apocheima  rachelae  Hulst,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  12,  $. 
(Rachel's  Moth.) 

The  moth  is  found  in  Montana,  Assiniboia,  and  northward  to 
Alaska. 

Genus  CONIODES  Hulst 

(i)  Coniodes  plumigeraria  Hulst.  (The  Walnut  Span- 
worm.) 

In  recent  years  the  groves  of  English  walnuts  in  southern  Cal- 
ifornia have  been  found  to  be  liable  to  the  attack  of  a  span-worm, 
which  previously  had  been  unknown  or  unobserved.  The  trees 
had  up  to  that  time  been  regarded  as  singularly  immune  from  the 
depredations  of  insect  pests,  and  considerable  alarm  and  appre- 
hension were  felt  when  it  was  found  that  a  small  caterpillar  had 
begun  to  ravage  them.  The  insect  feeds  also  upon  the  leaves  of 
various  rosaceous  plants,  and  upon  the  oak.  The  taste  for  the 
foliage  of  the  English  walnut  has  evidently  been  recently  acquired. 

An  excellent  article  upon  these  insects  was  published  in  1897 

345 


Geometridae 

by  D.  W.  Coquillet  in  the  "  Bulletins  of  the  United  States  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture,"  New  Series,  No.  7,  p.    64.      From   this 


FIG.  205.  —  C.  phimigeraria.     a,  male;  b,  female,  magnified.     (After 
Coquillet,  "  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,"  New  Series,  No.  7,  p.  66.) 

article  we  have  taken  the  accompanying  cuts,  and  from  it  we 
draw  some  of  the  facts  herein  set  forth.  In  describing  the  insect 
Mr.  Coquillet  says:  "The  color  of  the  caterpillar  is  a  light  pinkish 
gray,  varied  with  a  darker  gray  or  purplish,  or  sometimes  with 

black  and  yellow,  but  never 
marked  with  distinct  lines; 
the  piliferous  spots  are  black 
or  dark  brown,  and  the  spir- 
acles are  orange  yellow,  ringed 
with  black,  and  usually  situ- 
ated on  a  yellow  spot.  The 
worms  become  full  grown  in 
the  latter  part  of  April  or  dur- 
ing the  month  of  May;  they 

nf^.-     fKP     p-irth     to     n 

nt 

of    from    tWO    tO    four 

p  itlcheS   and   f°rm    Sma11    CelIS' 

but  do    not    spin    cocoons. 

The  change  to  the  chrysalis  takes  place  shortly  after  the  cells  are 
completed,  and  the  chrysalis  remains  unchanged  throughout  the 
entire  summer  and  until  early  in  the  following  year,  when  they 
are  changed  into  moths,  which  emerge  from  the  ground  from  the 
first  week  in  January  to  the  last  week  in  March.  The  male  moth 

346 


FIG.  206.  —  C.  plumigeraria.  a,  larva, 
magnified;  b,  segment  viewed  laterally;  ct 
do.  viewed  dorsally.  (After  Coquillet,  depth 


Geometric!  ae 

is  winged,  but  the  female  is  wingless  and  is  so  very  different  in 
appearance  from  the  male  that  no  one  not  familiar  with  the  facts 
in  the  case  would  ever  suspect  both  belong  to  the  same  species." 
The  best  means  of  combating  these  pests  has  been  found  to 
be  to  spray  the  trees,  when  the  caterpillars  are  just  hatching,  with 
a  solution  of  Paris  green  and  water,  one  pound  of  the  poison  to 
two  hundred  gallons  of  water. 

Genus  PHIGALIA  Duponchel 
(i)  Phigalia  titea  Cramer,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  16,  $  . 

Syn.  titearia  Guenee;  revocata  Walker;  strigataria  Minot. 

The  species  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  and  is 
very  common  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  ERANNIS  Hiibner 

(i)  Erannis  tiliaria  Harris,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  17,6.  (The 
Linden  Moth.) 

The  species  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains. 

Genus  CINGILIA  Walker 

(i)  Cingilia  catenaria  Drury,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  21,6.  (The 
Chain-streak  Moth.) 

Syn.  humeralis  Walker. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  much  the  same  as  that  of  the  one 
which  has  just  been  mentioned  above. 

Genus  SICYA  Guenee 

(i)  Sicya  macularia  Harris,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  22,  $  ,  Fig.  23, 
? ,  var. 

This  species  has  an  extensive  synonymy,  the  insects  being 
variable  in  the  amount  of  red  which  they  show  on  the  yellow 
ground-color  of  the  wings.  The  student  who  wishes  to  go  into 
these  matters  may  consult  Dyar's  List.  The  insect  is  very  gen- 
erally distributed  throughout  our  territory. 

Genus  THERINA  Hiibner 

(i)  Therina  endropiaria  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XLIV. 
Fig.  26,  $ . 

347 


Geometriflae 

A  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Therina  athasiaria  Walker,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  27,  $  . 

Syn.  siccaria  Walker;  seminudata  Walker;    seminudaria  Packard;  bibularia 
Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding. 

(3)  Therina  fiscellaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  25,  3 . 

Syn.  flagitaria  Guene'e ;  panisaria  Walker ;  aqualiaria  Walker. 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  Colorado. 

(4)  Therina  fervidaria  Hiibner,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig,  24,  $ . 

Syn.  pultaria  Guenee ;  sciata  Walker ;  invexata  Walker. 

The  moth  is  quite  common  in  the  Atlantic  States, 

Genus  METROCAMPA  Latreille 

(i)  Metrocampa  praegrandaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig. 
30,  $. 

Syn.  perlata  Guenee ;  perlaria  Packard ;  viridoperlata  Packard. 

The  home  of  the  species  is  the  northern  part  of  the  United 
States  and  southern  Canada. 

Genus  EUGONOBAPTA  Warren 

(i)  Eugonobapta  nivosaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  31,  &  . 
(The  Snowy  Geometer.) 

Syn.  nivosata  Packard. 

This  is  a  very  common  species  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
It  is  particularly  abundant  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  ENNOMOS  Treitschke 

The  genus  is  found  in  both  Europe  and  America.     Three  spe- 
cies are  attributed  to  our  fauna,  two  of  which  we  figure. 

(1)  Ennomos  subsignarius  Hubner,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  35,  &. 

Syn.  niveosericeata  Jones. 

The   moth    ranges    from    the  Atlantic  westward    as  far   as 
Colorado. 

(2)  Ennomos  magnarius  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  34,  o  . 
(The  Notch-wing.) 

Syn.  alniaria   Packard  (non  Linnaeus) ;  antumnaria  Mreschler  (tion  Werne- 
burg) ;  lutaria  Walker. 

This  is  one  of  the  larger  and  more  conspicuous  species  of  the 
family.    It  is  rather  a  common  insect  in  the  northern  United  States, 

348 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLIV 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in  the  collection  of   W.  J. 
Holland.) 

1.  Alcis  baltearia  Hulst,  ft,  Type.  21.  Cingilia  catenaria  Drury,  c?. 

2.  Caripeta    angustiorata   Walker,  22.  Sicya  macularia  Harris,  c?. 

9  •  23.  Sicya  macularia   Harris,    var., 

3.  Macaria  glomeraria  Grote,   9  .  9 

4.  Cleora  pampinaria  Guenee,  c?.  24.    Therina  fervidaria  Hiibner,  $. 

5.  Alcis    metanemaria   Hulst,    <j\  25.   Therina  fiscellaria  Guenee,  c?. 

Type.  26.   Therina    endropiaria    Grote    & 

6.  Euchceca  lucata  Guenee,  (J1.  Robinson,  tf . 

7.  Melanolophia      canadaria  2  7 .    Therina  athasiaria  Walker,  tf  . 

Guen6e,  <5*.  28.  Epimecis     virginaria     Cramer, 

8.  Cleora    atrifasciata    Hulst,     9,  d1. 

Type.  29.  Epimecis     virginaria     Cramer, 

9.  Ectropis  crepuscularia  Denis  &  9  • 

Schiffermuller,  c? .  30.  Metro  cam  pa    pragrandaria 

10.  Par  aphia    subatomaria    Wood,  Guenee,  (?. 

d1.  31.  Eugonobapta  nivosaria  Guenee, 

11.  Par  aphia  unipuncta  Havvorth,  d1- 

9  .  32.  Plagodis    emargataria    Guenee, 

12.  Apocheima  rachelae  Hulst,  d-  9  • 

13.  Lycia  cognataria  Guenee,  tf .  33.  Plagodis  serinaria  Herrich- 

14.  Nacophora  quernaria  Abbot  &  Schasffer,  <^. 

Smith,  9  •  34-  Ennomos    magnarius    Guenee, 

15.  Nepytia  nigrovenaria  Packard,  <?. 

9  •  35-   Ennomos  subsignarius  Hiibner, 

1 6.  Phigalia  titea  Cramer,  tf .  $• . 

17.  Erannis  tiliaria  Harris,  <?.          .36.   Plagodis  keutzingi  Grote,  c?. 

18.  Pterospoda    opuscularia   Hulst,  37.  Ania  limbata  Haworth,   9  • 

9  ,  Type.  38.  Hyperitis     amicaria     Herrich- 

19.  Euchceca     albovittata     Guenee,  Schasffer,  (J1. 

(J1.  39.  Xanthotype    crocataria 

20.  Euchceca  californiata   Packard,  Fabricius,  tf. 

J*.  40.  Xanthotype  ccelaria  Hulst,  c?. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


-    - 

f    *      \  A 


UGHTEO  BY  W.  0.   HOU.AN3 


Geometridae 

and  appears  on  the  wing  most  abundantly  in  the  late  summer  and 
early  fall. 

Genus   XANTHOTYPE   Warren 

(i)  Xanthotype  crocataria  Fabricius,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  39, 
$  .  (The  Crocus  Geometer.) 

Syn.   citrina  Hiihner. 

Form  cselaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  40,  $ . 

Quite  a  common  species  in  the  Appalachian  subregion.  The 
insect  shows  great  variability  in  the  amount  of  the  dark  spots 
and  cloudings  upon  the  upper  side  of  the  wings. 

Genus  PLAGODIS  Hiibner 

(1)  Plagodis  serinaria  Herrich-Schaeffer,   Plate  XLIV,  Fig. 

33>  *• 

Syn.  subprivata  Walker ;  floscularia  Grote. 

A  common  species  of  the  Appalachian  subregion,  particularly 
abundant  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains. 

(2)  Plagodis  keutzingi  Grote,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  36,  $  . 

Syn.  keutzingaria  Packard. 

The  habitat  of  this  species  is  identical  with  that  of  the 
preceding. 

(3)  Plagodis  emargataria  Guenee,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  32,  ? . 

Syn.  arrogaria  Hulst. 

The  range  of  the  moth  is  throughout  the  northern  portions  of 
the  Atlantic  subregion. 

Genus    HYPERITIS   Guene"e 

(i)  Hyperitis  amicaria  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig. 
38,5. 

Syn.  nyssaria  Guene"e;  exsimaria  Guene"e;  insinuaria  Guene"e;  laticincta 
Walker ;  subsimtaria  Guene"e ;  neoninaria  Walker ;  neonaria  Packard ;  (?sionaria 
Walker. 

A  very  variable  species,  which  has  a  wide  distribution 
throughout  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 

Genus   ANIA   Stephens 
(i)  Ania  limbata  Haworth,  Plate  XLIV,  Fig.  37,  ?. 

Syn.  vestitar'u*  Herrich-Schseffer ;  resistaria  Herrich-Schaeffer ;  filimentaria 
Guenee. 

By  no  means  rare  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 
349 


Geometridae 


Genus   GONODONTIS   Hubner 


(1)  Gonodontis  hypochraria  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLV, 
Fig.  1,6. 

Syn.  refractaria  Guenee ;  mestusata  Walker. 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  coast  to  the  central  por- 
tions of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  is  very  variable  in  color  and 
in  the  distribution  of  the  spots  and  markings. 

(2)  Gonodontis  duaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  2,  ? . 

Syn.   hamaria  Guenee ;  agreasaria  Walker;  adustaria  Walker. 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  coincident  with  that  of  the 
preceding. 

(3)  Gonodontis  obfirmaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  14,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States.     It  is  common  in 

western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus   EUCHLAENA   Hubner 

(1)  Euchlaena  serrata  Drury,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  4,$.     (The 
Saw-wing.) 

Syn.  serrataria  Packard ;  concisaria  Walker. 

This  rather  large  and  showy  species  is  not  at  all  uncommon 
in  the  eastern  portions  of  the  region  with  which  this  book  deals. 

(2)  Euchlaena  obtusaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  3,  $ . 

Syn.  propriaria  Walker ;  decisaria  Walker. 

Like  the  preceding  species,  a  native  of  the  eastern  half  of  the 
continent. 

(3)  Euchlaena  effectaria  Walker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  24,  $  . 

Syn.  muzaria  Walker. 

A  denizen  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(4)  Euchlaena  amcenaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  7,  $ . 

Syn.  deplanaria  Walker ;  arefactaria  Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  habitat  of  the  insect  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding 
species. 

(5)  Euchlaena  astylusaria  Walker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  8,  $  . 

'    Syn.  madusaria  Walker ;  oponearia  Walker ;  vinosaria  Grote  &  Robinson. 

A  native  of  the  Atlantic  States. 

(6)  Euchlaena  pectinaria  Denis  &  Schiffermuller,  Plate  XLV 

Fig.  25,  $  . 

Syn.  deductaria  Walker. 

Found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Mississippi. 


Geometric!  ae 

Genus  EPIPLATYMETRA  Grote 

(i)  Epiplatymetra  coloradaria  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate 
XLV,  Fig.  15,  3. 

The  insect  is  common  in  Wyoming  and  Colorado. 

Genus  PHERNE  Hulst 

(1)  Pherne  parallelia  Packard,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  9,  ?. 

Syn.  paralleliaria  Packard. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Pacific  subregion. 

(2)  Pherne  jubararia  Hulst,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  20,  ?. 

The  insect  occurs  in  the  State  of  Washington.  The  specimen 
depicted  in  the  plate  is  the  type  of  the  species  originally  described 
by  Hulst. 

(3)  Pherne  placearia  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  21,6. 

Syn.  mellitularia  Hulst. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  California. 

Genus  METANEMA  Guen<5e 

(1)  Metanema  inatomaria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  13,  $. 
A   widely  distributed  species,  found   throughout  the  entire 

territory. 

(2)  Metanema  determinata  Walker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  12,  ?. 

Syn.  carnaria  Packard. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

(3)  Metanema  quercivoraria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  28,  ?  . 

Syn.  celiaria  Walker ;  trilinearia  Packard. 

The  insect  has  a  wide  range  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  PRIOCYCLA  Guende 

(i)  Priocycla  armataria  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLV,  Fig. 
6,3. 

Very  commonly  found  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 

Genus  STENASPILATES  Packard 

(i)  Stenaspilates  zalissaria  Walker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  5,  ? . 
The  moth  occurs  in  the  region  of  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  is 
common  in  Florida. 

351 


Geometridae 

Genus  AZELINA  Guene"e 
(i)  Azelina  ancetaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  23,  $. 

Syn.  hubneraria  Guenee ;  hubnerata  Packard ;  honestaria  Walker ;  peplaria 
Hubner;  stygiaria  Walker;  atrocolorata  Hulst;  morrisonata  Henry  Edwards. 

A  very  common  and  a  very  variable  species,  which  is  widely 
distributed  throughout  the  entire  continent,  except  in  the  colder 
portions. 

Genus  SYSSAURA   Hubner 

(i)  Syssaura  infensata  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  10,  ?,  var. 
biclaria  Walker. 

Syn.  ephyrata  Guenee ;  olyzonaria  Walker ;  cequosus  Grote  &  Robinson ;  ses- 
quilinea  Grote ;  Ktnearia  Walker;  puber  Grate  &  Robinson;  varus  Grote  &  Robin- 
son ;  juniperaria  Packard. 

This  species,  which  has  a  very  extensive  range  in  the  southern 
Atlantic  and  Gulf  States,  has  been  frequently  redescribed,  as  a 
reference  to  the  above  synonymy  will  show. 

Genus   CABERODES   Guene"e 

(1)  Caberodes  confusaria  Hubner,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  29,  $. 

Syn.  remissaria  Guenee;  imbraria  Guenee;  superaria  Guene"e;  ineffusaria 
Guenee ;  floridaria  Guenee ;  phasianaria  Guenee ;  interlinearia  Guenee ;  varadaria 
Walker ;  arburaria  Walker ;  amyrisaria  Walker ;  myandaria  Walker,  etc. 

This  is  a  very  common  moth,  universally  found  throughout  the 
temperate  portions  of  the  territory  with  which  this  book  deals. 
It  is  somewhat  variable,  but  there  is  hardly  any  excuse  for  the 
application  to  it  of  the  multitude  of  names  which  have  been 
given.  The  student  is  likely  to  recognize  it  in  any  of  its  slightly 
varying  forms  from  the  figure  we  have  supplied  in  our  plate. 

(2)  Caberodes  majoraria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  31,  ?. 

Syn.  pandaria  Walker. 

This  is  a  larger  species  than  the  preceding,  with  more  delicate 
wings.  It  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Rocky  Mountains. 

Genus   OXYDIA   Guene"e 

(^i)  Oxydia  vesulia  Cramer,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  n,  &. 

This  moth  has  a  very  lengthy  synonymy,  which  we  will  not 
attempt  to  give.  It.  is  one  of  the  larger  species  found  within  our 
territory,  and  ranges  from  Florida  and  Texas  southward  to  the 
Valley  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  in  South  America. 

352 


Geometridae 

Genus   TETRACIS   Guen<£e 
(i)  Tetracis  crocallata  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  16,  $. 

Syn.  allediusaria  Walker ;  aspilata  Guenee. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Atlantic  subregion. 

Genus   SABULODES   Guenee 

(1)  Sabulodes  sulphurata  Packard,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  18,  ?. 

Syn.  imitata  Henry  Edwards. 

A  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Sabulodes  arcasaria  Walker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  17,  $. 

Syn.  depontanata  Grote. 

The  moth  has  the  same  habitat  as  the  preceding  species. 

(3)  Sabulodes  lorata  Grote,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  19,  $ . 
Common  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 

(4)  Sabulodes  truxaliata  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  26,  ? . 
The  insect  ranges  from  Colorado  to  California. 

(5)  Sabulodes  transversata  Drury,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  34,  ? . 

Syn.  transmutans  Walker;  contingens-'WaSkeT}  Iran  sfindens  Walker  ;  goniata 
Guen6e ;  transvertens  Walker ;  transposita  Walker ;  incumata  Guenee. 

This  is  one  of  the  commonest  species  which  are  found  in  the 
Atlantic  subregion.  It  is  very  abundant  in  Pennsylvania  in  the 
late  summer  and  early  autumn.  There  is  also  a  brood  which 
appears  in  the  early  summer. 

(6)  Sabulodes  politia  Cramer,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  30,  $ . 

The  moth,  which  is  found  in  Florida,  and  southward  through 
the  warmer  portions  of  America,  has  a  very  extensive  synonymy, 
which  will  be  found  in  Dyar's  List. 

Genus   ABBOTANA   Hulst 

(i)  Abbotana   clemataria  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XLV,  Fig. 

32,  ?  ,  Fig.  33,  6  ,  var. 

Syn.  transferens  Walker ;  transducens  Walker. 

A  somewhat  variable  species,  which  is  widely  distributed 
through  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
Pennsylvania. 

"  Moths,  which  the  night-air  of  reality  blows  to  pieces." 

CLIVE  HOLLAND.— My  Japanese  Wife. 

353 


Geometridae 

SUBFAMILY   MECOCERATIN/E 
Genus    MECOCERAS    Guene"e 
(i)  Mecoceras  nitocris  Cramer,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  22,  $. 

Syn.  nitocraria  Hiibner ;  peninsularia  Grote. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Florida. 

Genus   ALMODES   Guene~e 
(i)  Almodes  terraria  Guenee,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  27,  $  . 

Syn.  stelliJaria  Guenee;  squamigera  Felder ;  balteolata  Herrich-Schaeffer ; 
assecoma  Druce;  calvina  Druce;  rlvularia  Grote. 

This  is  a  tropical  species,  the  sole  representative  of  its  genus 
found  within  our  borders.  It  ranges  from  Florida  southward 
into  Central  and  South  America. 

SUBFAMILY   PALYADIN^E 

Genus  PALYAS   Guen6e 

(i)  Palyas  auriferaria  Hulst,  Plate  XLV,  Fig.  36,  $. 
The  specimen  figured  in  the  plate  is  the  type  which  was 
loaned  by  the  writer  to  the  author  of  the  species. 

Genus   PHRYGIONIS   Hiibner 
(i)  Phryigonis  argenteostriata  Strecker,  Plate  XLV,  Fig. 

35,?- 

Syn.  cerussata  Grote ;  obrussata  Grote. 

This  moth,  like  the  preceding  species,  is  a  native  of  Florida. 

SUBFAMILY  SPHACELODIN/E 
Genus   SPHACELODES   Guen<§e 
(i)  Sphacelodes  vulneraria  Hubner,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  20,  $  . 

Syn.  floridensis  Holland. 

.  The  moth  is  found  from  the  southern  portions  of  North  Caro- 
lina along  the  Atlantic  coast  to  Florida,  and  ranges  southward 
into  South  America. 

SUBFAMILY   MELANCHROIIN^E 

Genus   MELANCHROIA   Hubner 

(i)  Melanchroia  cephise  Cramer,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  19,  $ . 

354 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLV 

(The  specimens  figured  are  contained  in   the  collection  of  W.   J 
Holland.) 

1.  Gonodontis  hypochraria  Herrich-Schasffer,   J1. 

2.  Gcnodontis  duaria  Guenee,    9  . 

3.  Euchlcena  obtusaria  Hiibner,   tf . 

4.  Euchlcena  serrata  Drury,  tf . 

5.  Stenaspilates  zalissaria  Walker,    9  • 

6.  Priocycla  armataria  Herrich-Schaeffer,   tf. 

7.  Euchlcena  amcenaria  Guenee,  <J*. 

8.  Euchlcena  astylusaria  Walker,  (J1. 

9.  Pherne  parallelia  Packard,    9  • 

10.  Syssaura  infensata  Guenee,  var.  biclaria  Walker,    9  • 

11.  Oxydla  vesulia  Cramer,   (51. 

12.  Metanema  determinata  Walker,    9  • 

13.  Metanema  inatomaria  Guenee,   J1. 

14.  Gonodontis  obfirmaria  Hiibner,   cJ1. 

15.  Epiplatymetra  coloradaria  Grote  &  Robinson,  & . 

1 6.  Tetrads  crocallata  Guen6e,  cT- 

17.  Sabulodes  arcasaria  Walker,  tf . 

1 8.  Sabulodes  sulphurata  Packard,    9- 

19.  Sabulodes  lorata  Grote,  c?. 

20.  Pherne  jubararia  Hulst,    9  ,  Type. 

21.  Pherne  placearia  Guenee,   <J*. 

22.  Mecoceras  nitocris  Cramer,  tf. 

23.  Azelina  ancetaria  Hiibner,   (J*. 

24.  Euchlcena  effectaria  Walker,   c?. 

25.  Euchlxna  pectinaria  Denis  &  Schiffermtiller,  <?. 

26.  Sabulodes  truxaliata  Guenee,    9  • 

27.  Altnodes  terraria  Guen6e,   tf . 

28.  Metanema  quercivoraria  Guen6e,    9  • 

29.  Caberodes  confusaria  Hiibner,    J*. 

30.  Sabulodes  politia  Cramer,   tf . 

31.  Caberodes  major  aria  Guenee,    9  • 

32.  Abbotana  clemitaria  Abbot  &  Smith,   9  . 

33.  Abbotana  clemitaria  Abbot  &  Smith,  cj\  var. 

34.  Sabulodes  transversata  Drury,    9  • 

35.  Phrygionis  argenteostriata  Strecker,    9  • 

36.  Palyas  auriferaria  Hulst,  <?,  Type. 


Qeometridae 

Found  throughout  the  region  ot  tne  Gulf  southward  to  South 
America. 

(2)  Melanchroia  geometroides  Walker,  Plate  XLII,  Fig. 
1 8,  3; 

Syn.  man  Lucas. 

The  moth  occurs  in  Florida  and  southern  Texas,  and  ranges 
thence  southward  into  Brazil. 

SUBFAMILY   BREPHIN/E 
Genus    BREPHOS   Ochsenheimer 

(i)  Brephos  infans  Moeschler,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  16,  ?.  (The 
Infant.) 

This  is  a  boreal  insect  which  occurs  upon  the  White  Moun- 
tains in  New  Hampshire,  in  northern  Maine,  and  ranges  thence 
northwardly  to  Labrador. 


LIVING   AND    DYING 

"  Then  let  me  joy  to  be 

Alive  with  bird  and  tree, 
And  have  no  haughtier  aim  than  this, 
To  be  a  partner  in  their  bliss. 

So  shall  my  soul  at  peace 

From  anxious  carping  cease, 
Fed  slowly  like  a  wholesome  bud 
With  sap  of  healthy  thoughts  and  good 

That  when  at  last  I  die 

No  praise  may  earth  deny, 
But  with  her  living  forms  combine 
To  chant  a  threnody  divine." 

EDMUND  GOSSE. — The  Farm. 


355 


FAMILY  EPIPLEM1D/E 

"  And  I  will  purge  thy  mortal  grossness  so, 
That  thou  shall  like  an  airy  spirit  go. 
Peaseblossom!  Cobweb!  Moth!  and' Mustardseed!" 

SHAKESPEARE. — Midsummer  Nighfs  Dream,  III,  i. 

This  is  a  family  of  small  moths  in  many  respects  closely  allied 
to  the  Geometridce,  so  far  as  the  structure  and  general  appearance 
of  the  mature  insects  are  concerned.  The  larvae  are,  however, 
quite  different.  The  family  has  been  described  as  follows  by 
Hampson,  "The  Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  Ill,  p.  121: 

"  Proboscis  and  frenulum  present.  Fore  wing  with  vein  \a 
separate  from  \b;  \c  absent;  5  from  or  from  above  the  middle  of 
the  discocellulars;  7  widely  separated  from  8,  and  usually  stalked 
with  6.  Hind  wing  with  two  internal  veins;  vein  5  from  or  from 
above  the  middle  of  the  discocellulars;  8  free  from  the  base. 

Larvce  with  five  pairs  of  prolegs  and  sparsely  clothed  with 
hair." 

The  family  is  much  better  represented  in  the  tropics  of  the 
New  World  than  in  our  territory,  and  even  better  represented  in 
the  tropics  of  the  Old  World  than  of  the  New.  Only  four  genera 
are  known  to  occur  within  the  United  States,  Philagraula,  Cal- 
li^ia,  Calledapteryx,  and  Schidax.  Of  these  we  have  selected  one 
for  purposes  of  illustration. 

Genus  CALLEDAPTERYX  Grote 
(i)  Calledapteryx  dryopterata  Grote,  Plate  XLII,  Fig.  17,  $> . 

Syn.  erosiata  Packard. 

This  little  moth,  which  may  easily  be  distinguished  by  its 
deeply  eroded  or  scalloped  wings,  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion.  It  has  the  habit  of  alighting  upon  old  rails 
and  the  trunks  of  trees,  and,  before  composing  itself  on  its  new 
station,  of  waving  its  wings  three  or  four  times  upward  and 
downward.  This  peculiar  habit  enables  the  collector  to  quickly 
recognize  it. 

356 


FAMILY  NOLID/E 

"  I  would  bee  unwilling  to  write  anything  untrue,  or  uncertaine  out  of  mine 
owne  invention ;  and  truth  on  every  part  is  so  deare  unto  mee,  that  I  will  not  lie  to 
bring  any  man  in  love  and  admiration  with  God  and  his  works,  for  God  needeth 
not  the  lies  of  men."— TOPSELL,  writing  upon  the  Unicorn  in  The  Historic  of  Four- 
footed  Beasts. 

This  is  a  small  family  of  quite  small  moths,  which  have  by 
many  authors  been  associated  with  the  Lithosiidce.  They  are 
characterized  by  the  presence  of  ridges  and  tufts  of  raised  scales 
upon  the  fore  wings.  They  frequent  the  trunks  of  trees,  and  the 
larvae  feed  upon  lichens  growing  upon  the  bark.  The  caterpillars 
have  eight  pairs  of  legs  and  are  thinly  clad  with  minute  hairs. 
Four  genera  occur  within  the  limits  with  which  this  book  deals. 

Genus  CELAMA  Walker 

Seven  species  occurring  within  our  territory  are  attributed  to 
this  genus. 

(1)  Celama  triquetrana  Fitch,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  25,  $  . 

Syn.  trinotata  Walker ;   sexmaculata  Grote. 

The  moths  may  be  found  in  the  early  spring  of  the  year,  sitting 
upon  the  trunks  of  trees  in  the  forest.  They  are  easily  recognized 
by  the  three  black  tufts  of  raised  scales  upon  the  costa  of  the  fore 
wing. 

(2)  Celama  pustulata  Walker,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  26,  $  . 

Syn.  nigrofasciata  Zeller ;  obaurata  Morrison. 

This  species,  like  the  preceding,  is  common  in  the  Appalachian 
subregion.  It  may  be  at  once  distinguished  from  the  former  by 
the  wide  black  band  running  across  the  middle  of  the  primaries. 

Genus  NOLA  Leach 

There  are  three  species  of  the  genus  found  within  our  fauna. 
We  select  the  commonest  for  purposes  of  illustration, 
(i)  Nola  ovilla  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  24,  3 . 

357 


Nolidae 

The  habits  of  this  insect  are  much  like  those  of  the  species  de- 
scribed under  the  preceding  genus.  It  is  found  associated  with 
them  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  localities.  The  moth  has 
a  considerable  range  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  is  always  very 
abundant  in  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  early  spring.  It 
seems  to  prefer  the  trunks  of  beeches  and  oaks. 

Genus  RCESELIA  Hiibner 
(i)  Roeselia  fuscula  Grote,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  27,  ?. 

Syn.  conspicua  Dyar. 

This  moth  is  a  native  of  Colorado,  where  it  is  not  uncommon. 
An  allied  species,  Roeselia  minuscula  Zeller,  is  found  in  the  At- 
lantic States. 

Genus  NIGETIA  Walker 

(i)  Nigetia  formosalis  Walker,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  32,  $. 

Syn.  melanopa  Zeller. 

This  rather  pretty  little  creature  is  common  in  the  woodlands 

of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
It  is  freely  attracted  to  sugar, 
and  when  sugaring  for  moths 
in  southern  Indiana  I  have 
taken  it  very  frequently.  In 
fact,  it  appears  to  be  commoner 

FIG.  207.  —  N.  formosalis,  $  .  f .          in   southern    Indiana    than   in 

(After  Hampson.)  any     Qther      jocajjty     where      ] 

have  found  it,  though  it  is  by  no  means  rare  in  Pennsylvania. 


'      ...     all  you  restless  things, 
That  dance  and  tourney  in  the  fields  of  air : 

Your  secret 's  out !      I  know  you  for  the  souls 
Of  all  light  loves  that  ever  caused  heartache, 
Still  dancing  suit  as  some  new  beauty  toles! 
Nor  can  you  e'er  your  flitting  ways  forsake, 
Till  the  just  winds  strip  off  your  painted  stoles, 
And  sere  leaves  follow  in  your  downward  wake." 

EDITH  M.  THOMAS. 


358 


FAMILY   LACOSOMID^E 

"  Everything  lives  by  a  law;   a  central  balance  sustains  all." 

C.    L.    VON  KUEBEL. 

This  is  a  small  family  of  moths  peculiar  to  the  Western  Hemi- 
sphere. While  the  perfect  insects  show  structural  resemblances 
to  the  Platypterygidce,  the  caterpillars,  which  have  the  habit  of 
constructing  for  themselves  portable  cases  out  of  leaves,  which 
they  drag  about  with  them,  resemble  in  some  respects  the 
Psychidce.  The  young  larva  of  Cicinnus  melsbeimeri,  imme- 
diately after  hatching,  draws  together  two  small  leaves  with 
strands  of  silk,  and  makes  between  them  its  hiding-place. 
Afterward,  when  more  mature,  it  detaches  two  pieces  of  leaves 
and  makes  out  of  them  a  case  which  it  carries  about  with  it,  and 
which  it  can  desert  at  will.  When  at  rest  it  ties  the  case  to  a 
station  selected  with  a  few  strands  of  silk,  which  it  bites  off 
when  it  desires  again  to  start  on  a  journey  among  the  branches. 
The  larva  of  Lacosoma  makes  a  case  by  doubling  a  leaf  at  the 
midrib,  cutting  it  off  at  the  petiole,  and  taking  it  with  it  as  a 
portable  house.  There  are  only  two  genera  of  this  family  in  our 
fauna.  It  is  more  abundantly  represented  in  the  tropics  of  South 
America. 

Genus    CICINNUS    Blanchard 

(i)  Cicinnus  melsheimeri  Harris,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  17,  ?. 
(Melsheimer's  Sack-bearer.) 

Syn.  egenaria  Walker. 

The  species  occurs  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 
It  is  not  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania. 

Genus   LACOSOMA   Grote 

(i)  Lacosoma  chiridota  Grote,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  21,  <$ . 
(The  Scalloped  Sack-bearer.) 

The  distribution  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
foregoing.  It  occurs  quite  frequently  in  western  Pennsylvania. 
Specimens  from  Florida  in  the  possession  of  the  author  are 
smaller  and  much  darker  in  color. 

359 


FAMILY  PSYCHID^E 

"  The  habits  of  insects  are  very  mines  of  interesting  knowledge,  and  it  is  im- 
possible carefully  to  watch  the  proceedings  of  any  insect,  however  insignificant, 
without  feeling  that  no  writer  of  fiction  ever  invented  a  drama  of  such  absorbing 
interest  as  is  acted  daily  before  our  eyes,  though  to  indifferent  spectators." 

J.  G.  WOOD. 

A  family  of  small  or  medium-sized  moths,  the  larvae  of  which 
feed  in  a  case  composed  of  silk  covered  with  bits  of  leaves,  grass, 
twigs,  or  other  vegetable  matter,  which  are  often  arranged  in  a 
very  curious  manner.  From  this  fact  has  arisen  the  custom  of 
calling  the  caterpillars  "  basket-worms."  In  certain  species  found 
in  Asia  and  Africa,  these  "baskets,"  or  "cases,"  are  spiral  in 
form,  and  so  closely  resemble  the  shells  of  snails  that  they  were, 
in  fact,  originally  sent  to  the  British  Museum  as  shells  by  the  first 
person  who  collected  them.  The  pupa  is  formed  within  the 
larva-case.  The  males  are  winged,  but  the  females  are  without 
wings.  The  female  in  almost  all  of  the  genera  is  possessed  of  a 
very  lowly  organization,  being  maggot-like,  and  in  truth  being 
little  more  than  an  ovary.  She  is  known  to  deposit  her  eggs  in 
the  larval  skin  which  lines  the  sack  in  which  she  was  developed. 
Copulation  takes  place  through  the  insertion  of  the  abdomen  of 
the  winged  male  into  the  sack  where  the  female  is  concealed. 
Parthenogenesis  is  ascertained  to  occur  in  one  at  least  of  the 
genera.  The  moths  are  obscurely  colored.  The  wings  of  the 
males  have  numerous  scales  upon  them,  but  they  are  in  many 
species  so  loosely  attached  that  they  are  lost  in  the  first  few 
moments  of  flight.  In  consequence  the  male  insects  appear  to 
have  diaphanous  wings. 

Eight  genera,  including  the  genus  Solenobia,  which  has  by 
most  authors  heretofore  been  reckoned  among  the  Timidce,  are 
attributed  by  Dyar  to  this  family  as  occurring  within  our  territory. 
Much  remains  to  be  learned  both  as  to  the  structure  and  the  life- 
history  of  these  interesting,  but  obscure,  moths. 

360 


Psychidae 


FIG.     208.— 
Oiketicus    abboti, 


Genus   OIKETICUS   Guilding 

The  genus  is  found  in  the  hotter  parts  of  Amer- 
ica, the  typical  species  having  originally  been 
found  in  Central  America.  It  is  also  represented 
in  southern  Asia  and  in  Australia.  Three  species 
occur  in  the  United  States — one  in  southern  Cali- 
fornia, another  in  New  Mexico,  and  a  third  in 
Florida.  The  latter  species  was  named  abboti  by 
Grote,  and  the  male  is  delineated  in  Fig.  208. 
The  wings  are  pale  smoky  brown,  with  darker 
maculation  at  the  end  of  the  cell  and  just  beyond  in  the  primaries. 

Genus   THYRIDOPTERYX   Stephens 
(i)  Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis  Ha  worth,  Plate  XLI> 
Fig.  12,  $. 

Syn.  coniferarum  Packard. 

The  common  "Bag-worm,"  as  it  is  usually  called,  occurs 
throughout  the  Appalachian  subregion,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 


c  f 

FIG.  209.  —  Thyridopteryx  ephemer&formis.  (Bag-worm.) 
<r,  larva ;  b,  male  pupa ;  c,  female  pupa ;  </,  male  moth ;  e, 
female  chrysalis  in  cocoon,  showing  eggs  in  situ  ;  f,  full-grown 
larva ;  g,  young  larvae  with  small  cones  of  silk  over  them. 
(After  Riley.) 

borders  of  the  Great  Plains.     It  is  a  very  promiscuous  feeder, 
attacking  trees  and  shrubs  of  many  genera,  but,  so  far  as  is 

361 


Psychidse 

known,  abstaining  from  the  Graminece.  It  evinces  special  fond- 
ness for  the  conifers,  and  above  all  for  the  red  cedar  and  arbor- 
vitae.  It  has  proved  very  injurious  to  shade-trees  in  some  of  our 
cities,  and  its  ravages  in  St.  Louis  and  Washington  have  been 
made  the  subject  of  repeated  comment  in  the  literature  of  eco- 
nomic entomology.  A  very  full  and  interesting  account  of  the 
habits  of  this  peculiar  insect  was  published  by  the  late  Professo. 
C.  V.  Riley  in  the  "First  Annual  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist 
of  Missouri, "  to  which  the  reader  will  do  well  to  refer.  The  ' '  bag, " 
or  "basket,"  of  the  male  insect  is  smaller  than  that  of  the  female. 
The  males  escape  from  the  lower  end  of  the  case  in  the  winged 
form,  and  having  copulated  with  the  females,  which  remain  in 
their  cases  and  are  apterous  and  sluggish,  die.  The  female  de- 
posits her  eggs,  which  are  soft  and  yellow,  in  the  sack  where  she 
has  her  home,  and  ends  her  existence  by  leaving  what  little  of  her 
body  remains  after  the  ova  have  been  extruded,  as  a  sort  of  loose 
plug  of  desiccated  tissue  at  the  lower  end  of  the  sack.  The  eggs 
remain  in  the  case  till  the  following  spring,  when  they  hatch. 
The  young  larvse  emerge,  and  placing  themselves  upon  the 
leaves,  where  they  walk  about  on  their  fore  feet,  with  their  anal 
extremities  held  up  perpendicularly,  proceed  to  construct  about 
themselves  little  cones  of  vegetable  matter  mixed  with  fine  silk. 
After  a  while  they  cease  to  hold  these  cones  erect,  and  seizing 
the  leaves  and  branches  with  their  feet,  allow  the  bag  to  assume 
a  pendant  position.  They  moult  within  their  cases  four  times 
before  reaching  maturity  and  pupating. 

The  remedy  for  these  insects  is  to  simply  collect  the  cases 
which  may  be  found  in  the  fall  and  winter  hanging  from  the 
branches,  and  burn  them.  In  one  of  the  parks  in  St.  Louis  sev- 
eral years  ago,  the  superintendent  caused  the  cases  to  be  col- 
lected, and  they  were  destroyed  by  the  bushel,  with  great  benefit 
to  the  trees  the  next  summer. 

Genus   EURYCYTTARUS    Hampson 

This  is  a  small  genus  of  very  small  case-bearing  moths,  twc 
species  of  which  are  known  to  occur  in  the  United  States.  E. 
carbonaria  is  found  in  Texas.  The  other  species,  which  we  figure, 
is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

362 


Psychidae 

(i)  Eurycyttarus  confederata  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  I, 
Fig.  16,  larval  case;  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  8,  <5  . 

The  insects  feed  upon  grasses  and  herbaceous  plants  in  the 
larval  state.  When  ready  to  pupate  they  attach  their  cases  to 
the  under  side  of  rails,  the  stringers  of  fences,  and  fallen  branches 
of  trees.  The  insect  is  very  common  in  western  Pennsylvania 
and  in  the  city  of  Pittsburgh. 

FAR    OUT   AT   SEA 

"  Far  out  at  sea— the  sun  was  high, 

While  veered  the  wind  and  flapped  the  sail ; 
We  saw  a  snow-white  butterfly 
Dancing  before  the  fitful  gale 
Far  out  at  sea. 

The  little  wanderer,  who  had  lost 

His  way,  of  danger  nothing  knew; 
Settled  a  while  upon  the  mast ; 

Then  fluttered  o'er  the  waters  blue 
Far  out  at  sea. 

Above,  there  gleamed  the  boundless  sky; 

Beneath,  the  boundless  ocean  sheen ; 
Between  them  danced  the  butterfly, 

The  spirit-life  of  this  vast  scene, 
Far  out  at  sea. 

The  tiny  soul  that  soared  away, 

Seeking  the  clouds  on  fragile  wings, 
Lured  by  the  brighter,  purer  ray 

Which  hope's  ecstatic  morning  brings— 
Far  out  at  sea. 

Away  he  sped,  with  shimmering  glee, 

Scarce  seen,  now  lost,  yet  onward  borne! 
Night  comes  with  wind  and  rain,  and  he 

No  more  will  dance  before  the  morn, 
Far  out  at  sea. 

He  dies,  unlike  his  mates,  I  ween 

Perhaps  not  sooner  or  worse  crossed ; 
And  he  hath  felt  and  known  and  seen 
A  larger  life  and  hope,  though  lost 
Far  out  at  sea." 

R.  H.  HORNE.  —  Genius. 

363 


FAMILY   COCHLIDIID/E 

"The  rearing  of  larvae  .  .  .  when  joined  with  the  entomological  collection, 
adds  immense  interest  to  Saturday  afternoon  rambles,  and  forms  an  admirable 
introduction  to  the  study  of  physiology." 

HERBERT  SPENCER,  in  Education. 

This  family,  which  has  generally  been  known  as  the  Limaco- 
didce,  is  described  as  follows  by  Hampson,  "The  Moths  of 
India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  371 : 

"Fore  wing  with  two  internal  veins;  vein  \b  forked  at  the 
base.  Hind  wing  with  vein  8  arising  free,  then  bent  down  and 
usually  anastomosing  shortly  with  7  near  the  base  of  the  cells; 
three  internal  veins. 

Larva  limaciform,  and  either  bearing  series  of  spinous  sting- 
ing tubercles,  or  smooth  and  segmented,  or  unsegmented  with 
very  thick  transparent  cuticle;  the  head,  legs,  and  claspers  small 
and  often  retractile. 

Cocoon  hard  and  compact;  round  or  oval  in  shape,  with  a 
lid  for  the  escape  of  the  imago  prepared  by  the  larva." 

These  curious  insects,  the  larvae  of  which  are  commonly 
known  as  "slug-caterpillars,"  are  better  represented  in  the  tropics 
of  both  hemispheres  than  in  the  more  temperate  regions.  Never- 
theless our  fauna  contains  quite  a  large  number  of  genera  and 
species.  Of  the  majority  of  these  we  give  illustrations. 

Genus  SIBINE  Herrich-Schaeffer 

(i)  Sibine  stimulea  Clemens,  Plate  I,  Fig.  6,  larva;  Plate 
XLVII,  Fig.  9,  $  .  (The  Saddle-back.) 

Syn.  ephippiatus  Harris. 

The  green  caterpillars  with  their  little  brown  saddle  on  the 
back  are  familiar  to  every  Southern  boy  who  has  wandered  in  the 
corn-fields,  and  many  a  lad  can  recall  the  first  time  he  came  in 
contact  with  the  stinging  bristles  as  he  happened  to  brush  against 
the  beastie.  Nettles  are  not  to  be  compared  in  stinging  power  to 
the  armament  of  this  beautifully  colored  larva. 

364 


Cochlidiidae 

Genus  EUCLEA  Hiibner 
(j)  Euclea  nanina  Dyar,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  25,  6. 

Syn.  nana  Dyar  (non  Herrich-Schaeffer). 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  Florida.  The  writer  took  it  in  some 
numbers,  in  the  spring  of  the  year  1884,  on  the  upper  waters  of 
the  St.  Johns. 

(2)  Euclea  delphkiii   Boisduval,    Plate  XLVII,   Fig.  24,  ?. 
(The  Spiny  Oak-slug.) 

Syn.  strigala  Boisduval;  qnercicola  Herrich-Schseffer;  tardigrada  Clemens; 
ferruginea  Packard ;  argentatus  Wetherby. 

Form  viridiclava  Walker,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  23,  <5 . 

Syn.  monitor  Packard. 

Form  paenulata  Clemens,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  5,  $ . 
This  is  a  very  variable  species.    It  occurs  in  the  eastern  portion 
of  our  territory,  and  is  not  at  all  uncommon. 

(3)  Euclea  indetermina  Boisduval,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  10,  6  . 

Syn.  vernata  Packard. 

The  species  is  found  in  the  States  of  the  Atlantic  seaboard. 

(4)  Euclea  chloris  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLVH,  Figs.  15 

and  29,  ?  ,  Fig.  26,  $  . 

Syn.  viridis  Reakirt ;  fraterna  Grote. 

The  insect  has  the  same  range  as  the  species  last  mentioned. 

Genus  MONOLEUCA  Grote  &  Robinson 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  genus  are  subtropical  so  far  as 
they  are  known  to  occur  in  the  United  States.  The  genus  is  well 
represented  in  Central  and  South  America. 

(i)  Monoleuca  semifascia  Walker,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  22,  $  . 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  Gulf  States. 

Genus   ADONETA   Clemens 

(1)  Adoneta  spinuloides    Herrich-Schaeffer,    Plate   XLVII, 
Fig-  3,  <$  • 

Syn.  valuta  Clemens  ;  ferrigera  Walker ;  nebulosus  Wetherby. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  western  Pennsylvania,  and  is 
widely  distributed  through  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Adoneta  pygmaea  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig 
19,  3.     (The  Pygmy  Slug.) 

The  moth  has  thus  far  been  found  only  in  Texas. 
365 


Cochlidiidae 

Genus   SISYROSEA   Grote 

(i)  Sisyrosea  textula  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig. 
14.  9- 

Syn.  inornata  Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  insect  occurs  in  the  eastern  portion  of  our  territory.  It  is 
not  rare  about  Pittsburgh. 

Genus   NATADA  Walker 

(i)  Natada  nasoni  Grote,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  13,  $  .  (Nason's 
Slug.) 

Syn.  daona  Druce ;  rude  Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  ranges  from  the  southern  portions  of  the  Atlantic 
coast  westward  and  southward  to  Texas  and  Mexico. 

Genus    PHOBETRON    Hubner 

(i)  Phobetron  pithecium  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  I,  Fig.  14, 
larva;  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  6,  6  ,  Fig.  7,  ?  .  (The  Monkey  Slug.) 

Syn.  abbotana  Hubner;  nigricans  Packard;  hyalinus  Walsh;  tetradactylus 
Walsh ;  nondescriptus  Wetherby. 

The  perfect  insects  are  quite  dissimilar  in  the  two  sexes.  The 
larva,  which  is  a  very  curious  object,  feeds  upon  the  Rosacece,  the 
Cupuliferce,  and  .various  low-growing  shrubs,  as  the  sassafras, 
alder,  and  Spircea.  The  species  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  sub- 
region,  and  was  quite  common  in  western  North  Carolina  in 
former  years,  and  may  be  so  still.  The  larvae  are  generally  to  be 
found  close  to  the  ground. 

Genus   ISOCH/ETES   Dyar 

(i)  Isochaetes  beutenmiilleri  Henry  Edwards,  Plate 
XLVII,  Fig.  17,  ?. 

This  is  a  rare  little  insect,  which  has  practically  the  same  dis- 
tribution as  the  preceding  species. 

Genus   ALARODIA   Mceschler 

(i)  Alarodia  slossonise  Packard,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  18,  ?. 
(Slosson's  Slug.) 

This  remarkable  little  species  inhabits  in  the  larval  stage  the 
mangroves  which  grow  in  the  swampy  lands  on  the  southern 
coast  of  Florida.  A  good  account  of  its  habits  has  been  pub- 

366 


Cochlidiidae 

lished  by  Dr.  Dyar  in  the  "Journal  of  the  New  York  Entomologi- 
cal Society,"  Vol.  V,  and  indeed  the  student  who  desires  to 
know  about  the  habits  of  this  and  all  other  species  of  the  Cocbli- 
diidce  found  in  North  America  must  consult  the  writings  of  this 
author,  who  has  made  these  insects  the  subject  of  special  and  ex- 
haustive inquiry. 

Genus  PROLIMACODES 

(i)  Prolimacodes  scapha  Harris,  Plate  1,  Fig.  9,  larva;  Plate 
XLVI1,  Fig.  8,  ?  .  (The  Skiff  Moth.) 

Syn.  undifera  Walker. 

The  moth  has  a  wide  distribution  throughout  the  Appalachian 
subregion.  The  larva  feeds  upon  a  great  variety  of  shrubs  and 
trees.  It  appeared  to  me  in  my  boyhood,  when  I  reared  it  often, 
to  have  a  particular  fondness  for  the  leaves  of  the  sycamore 
(Platanus). 

Genus  COCHLIDION  Hiibner 

(1)  Cochlidion  biguttata  Packard,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  4,  ?. 

Syn.  tetraspilaris  Walker. 

A  native  of  the  eastern  portions  of  the  region. 

(2)  Cochlidion  rectilinea  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XLVII, 
Fig.  27,6. 

The  insect  is  quite  common  locally,  and  has  the  same  distri- 
bution as  the  preceding  species. 

(3)  Cochlidion  y-inversa  Packard,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  21,6. 
The  distribution  of  the  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  two 

preceding.     The  larva  frequents  hickory. 

Genus  LITHACODES  Packard 

(i)  Lithacodes  fasciola  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig. 

2,6. 

Syn.  divergens  Walker. 

The  caterpillar  feeds  on  a  great  variety  of  low  shrubs  and  trees ; 
it  is  especially  fond  of  the  leaves  of  the  various  species  of  wild 
cherry.  It  is  common  in  western  Pennsylvania,  and  is  well  dis- 
tributed throughout  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  PACKARDIA  Grote  &  Robinson 
(i)  Packardia  elegans  Packard,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  16,  ?. 

Syn.  nigripunctata  GoodelL 


Megalopygidae 

The  larvae  feed  upon  a  great  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs,  and 
are  commonly  found  in  the  deep  glens  and  ravines  of  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion,  where  there  is  much  shade  and  moisture.  The 
insect  is  not  uncommon  in  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburgh. 

(2)  Packardia  geminata  Packard,  Plate  XLV1I,  Fig.  i,$. 

The  larvae  frequent  places  exactly  opposite  in  character  to 
those  resorted  to  by  the  previous  species,  being  fond  of  dry  open 
woods,  and  living  upon  low  shrubs  and  bushes.  The  insect  is 
a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  HETEROGENEA  Knoch 

(i)  Heterogenea  shurtleffi  Packard,  Plate  XLV11,  Fig.  20,  $  . 

This,  which  is  one  of  the  very  smallest  of  all  the  Cochlidiida, 
feeds  in  its  larval  stage  upon  black  oak,  chestnut,  beech,  and 
ironwood.  The  genus  is  found  both  in  the  Old  World  and  the 

New. 

Genus  TORTRICIDIA  Packard 

(1)  Tortricidia  flexuosa  Grote,  form  caesonia  Grote,  Plate 
XLVII,  Fig.  12,?. 

A  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion,  the  larva  feeding  on 
chestnut,  oak,  hickory,  and  wild  cherry.  It  is  not  uncommon  in 
western  Pennsylvania. 

(2)  Tortricidia    testacea  Packard,   Plate  I,   Fig.    19,   larva; 
Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  n,6. 

The  insect,  which  has  the  same  habitat  as  the  preceding 
species,  feeds  upon  the  same  species  of  plants.  It  is  not  uncom- 
mon at  light  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

FAMILY   MEGALOPYGID/E 

"  Simple  and  sweet  is  their  food:  they  eat  no  flesh  of  the  living." 

C.    L.    VON    KUEBEL. 

This  is  a  small  family  characteristic  of  the  neotropical  regions, 
and  represented  by  three  or  four  genera,  which  have  a  foothold 
in  the  southern  portions  of  our  territory. 

Genus  CARAMA  Walker 
(i)  Carama  cretata  Grote,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig.  22,  $ . 

Syn.  pura  Butler. 


Dalceridae 

The  insect  feeds  in  its  larval  stage  upon  the  red-bud  (Cercis). 
The  caterpillars  are  gregarious  at  first,  but  during  the  later  part 
of  their  life  separate.  The  cocoon  is  made  in  the  ground.  The 
insect  occurs  from  New  Jersey  and  southern  Pennsylvania  south- 
ward in  the  Appalachian  region  at  comparatively  low  elevations. 

Genus  MEGALOPYGE  Hiibner 

(i)  Megalopyge  opercuiaris  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXVIII, 
Fig.  25,  6  . 

Syn.   lannginosa  Clemens ;  subcitrina  Walker. 

The  moth  is  found  in  Georgia  and  the  region  of  the  Gulf 
States. 

Genus  LAGOA  Harris 

(1)  Lagoa  crispata   Packard,    Plate  XXXVIII,    Fig.    23,  $. 
(The  White  Flannel-moth.) 

The  caterpillar  feeds  upon  the  flowering  blackberry  (Rubus 
villosus),  and  ranges  from  Massachusetts  southward  along  the 
coast. 

(2)  Lagoa  pyxidifera  Abbot  &  Smith,  Plate  XXXVIII,  Fig. 
24,  $  .     (The  Yellow  Flannel-moth.) 

This  is  a  rare  moth  in  collections.  It  is  no  doubt  common 
enough  in  its  proper  locality,  but  thus  far  few  collectors  have 
succeeded  in  finding  it.  Its  home  is  on  the  seaboard  of  the 
Southern  States. 

FAMILY   DALCERID^E 

"  So  man,  the  moth,  is  not  afraid,  it  seems, 
To  span  Omnipotence,  and  measure  night 
That  knows  no  measure,  by  the  scanty  rule 
And  standard  of  his  own,  that  is  to-day, 
And  is  not  ere  to-morrow's  sun  go  down." 

COWPER.  —  The  Task,  VI,  211. 

This  is  another  family  which  is  represented  in  our  fauna  only 
by  a  small  number  of  species.  Besides  the  insect  known  as 
Dalcerides  ingenita  Henry  Edwards,  there  is  only  one  other 
species  referable  to  the  family  known  to  occur  within  the  Unite  I 
States.  This  insect  is  Pinconia  coa  Schaus,  a  moth  which  is 
not  uncommon  in  Mexico,  and  occurs  in  Arizona  as  a  straggler 
into  our  territory.  Dalcerides  ingenita  is  likewise  an  inhabitant 

369 


Epipyropidae 

of  Arizona.  In  Central  and  South  America  the  Dalceridae  are 
more  numerously  found.  Of  Pinconia  coa  we  give  a  represen- 
tation on  Plate  VIM,  Fig.  6. 


FAMILY   EPIPYROPIDAE 

"  So,  naturalists  observe,  a  flea 
Has  smaller  fleas  that  on  him  prey ; 
And  these  have  smaller  still  to  bite  'em, 
And  so  proceed  ad  infinitum." 

SWIFT.  —  A  Rhapsody, 

The  Epipyropidce  are  a  very  remarkable  little  family  of  para- 
sitic moths,  of  which,  as  yet,  comparatively  little  is  known. 
Professor  J.  O.  Westwood  of  Oxford,  in  the  year  1876,  pub- 
lished an  account  of  a  lepidopterous  insect,  the  larva  of  which 
lived  upon  Fulgora  candelaria,  the  great  tree-hopper,  which  is 
abundant  at  Hong-Kong  and  elsewhere  iri  southeastern  Asia. 
The  caterpillar,  according  to  Westwood,  feeds  upon  the  white, 
cottony  secretion,  which  is  found  at  the  base  of  the  wings  of 
Fulgora.  In  1902  Dr.  Dyar  described  another  species,  the  moth 
of  which  was  bred  from  a  larva  which  was  found  attached  to  the 
body  of  a  tree-hopper  belonging  to  the  genus  Issus.  The  speci- 
men came  from  New  Mexico,  and  was  taken  at  Las  Vegas  Hot 
Springs.  The  moth,  cocoon,  and  an  alcoholic  specimen  of  the 
larva  are  preserved  in  the  United  States  National  Museum.  Mr. 
Champion,  the  veteran  explorer  of  Central  America,  who  has  done 
so  much  to  instruct  us  as  to  the  biology  of  those  lands,  has  re- 
corded in  a  note  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Entomological  Society 
of  London  for  1883,  p.  xx,  that  a  similar  phenomenon  was 
observed  by  him  while  collecting  in  Central  America.  There  is 
here  a  field  of  interesting  study  for  some  patient  observer  whose 
home  is  in  New  Mexico.  Dr.  Dyar  named  the  New  Mexican 
insect  Epipyrops  barberiana. 

"  The  little  fleas  that  do  so  tease, 
Have  smaller  fleas  that  bite  'em, 
And  these  again  have  lesser  fleas, 
And  so  ad  infinitum. " 

SWIFT.     As  popularly  but  incorrectly  quoted. 

370 


Zygaenidae 


FAMILY   ZYG/ENID^E 

"  Every  traveller  is  a  self-taught  entomologist." 

OLIVER  WENDELL  HOLMES.  —  The  Autocrat  of  the  Breakfast-table. 

The  Zygcenidce  are  not  very  well  represented  in  the  fauna  of 
North  America.  They  are  more  numerous  in  the  Old  World  than 
in  the  New,  and  the  genera  found  in  the  New  World  are  mainly 
aberrant.  The  family  has  been  characterized  as  follows  by 
Hampson,  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  228:  "Closely  allied  to 
the  Syntomidce,  but  distinguished  by  vein  \a  of  the  fore  wing 
being  present,  except  in  Anomoeotesl\  vein  8  of  the  hind  wing 
present  and  connected  with  7  by  a  bar;  veinlets  in  the  cell  of  both, 
with  wings  generally  present.  Frenulum  present  except  in  Hi- 
mantopterus. l 

Larva  short  and  cylindrical. 

Pupa  in  a  silken  cocoon." 

Genus  ACOLOITHUS   Clemens 
(i)  Acoloithus  falsarius  Clemens,  Plate  XVI,  Fig.  14,3. 

Syn.  sanborni  Packard. 

The  larva  feeds  upon  the  grape  and  the  Virginia  creeper 
(Ampelopsis).  The  insect  is  not  scarce  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

Genus   PYROMORPHA   Herri ch-Schaeffer 
(i)  Pyromorpha  dimidiata  Herrich-Schaeffer,  Plate  XLVII, 
Fig.  33.^- 

Syn.  perlucidula  Clemens. 

The  insect  is  not  very  common.  It  is  a  native  of  the  eastern 
portions  of  the  territory  with  which  this  book  deals. 

Genus  TRIPROCRIS   Grote 

There  are  eight  species  assigned  to  this  genus  in  recent  lists. 
They  are  all  found  in  the  southwestern  portions  of  our  territory, 
(i)  Triprocris  rata  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XIII,  Fig.  4,  $ . 
A  native  of  Arizona. 

1  Genera  found  in  Asia  and  Africa. 
371 


Zygaenidae 

(2)  Triprocris   latercula    Henry    Edwards,  Plate   XIII,  Fig. 

5,  a. 

Has  the  same  habitat  as  the  preceding  species. 

(3)  Triprocris   constans   Henry   Edwards,  Plate    XIII,  Fig. 
16,3. 

The  moth  occurs  in  New  Mexico. 

(4)  Triprocris  smithsonianus  Clemens,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig. 

The  insect  is  not  uncommon  in  the  southern  portions  of  Col- 
orado, and  is  found  in  New  Mexico  and  northern  Texas. 

Genus    HARRISINA    Packard 

Three  species  belonging  to  the  genus  occur  within  the  United 
States.  Two  of  these  are  indigenous  to  Texas  and  Arizona.  The 
other  has  a  wide  range  through  the  Appalachian  subregion.  We 
have  selected  it  for  illustration. 

(i)  Harrisina  americana  Guerin-Meneville,  Plate  XLVII, 
Fig.  34.  $  • 

Syn.  texana  Stretch. 

The  habits  of  this  insect  have  been  so  well  described  by  Pro 
fessor  C.  V.  Riley  that  we  cannot  do  better  than  quote  sorm 

passages  from  his  account, 
which  is  to  be  found  in  the 
"  Second  Annual  Report  of  the 
State  Entomologist  of  Mis- 
souri," at  page  85.  He  says: 
"  During  the  months  of  July 
»^—  and  August,  the  leaves  of  the 

^7^f^^^fr^  If         I%I)M  r          ,        r 

grape-vine  may  often  be  found 
denuded  of  their  softer  parts, 

FIG.   210. -H.   americana       a,  larva;       wjth  nothing  but  the  Veins,  and 
6,  pupa;  c,  cocoon;  a,  e,  moths.     (After 

Riley.)  sometimes  only  a  few  of  the 

larger  ribs  left  skeleton-like,  to 

tell  the  mischief  that  has  been  done.  Very  frequently  only  por- 
tions of  the  leaf  will  be  thus  denuded,  and  in  that  event,  if  we 
examine  such  a  leaf  closely,  we  shall  find  the  authors  of  the  mis- 
chief drawn  up  in  line  upon  the  yet  leafy  tissue  with  their  heads 
all  toward  the  margin,  cutting  away  with  their  little  jaws  and 
retreating  as  they  feed. 

372 


Chalcosiidze 

These  soldier-like  files  are  formed  by  worms  in  black  and 
yellow  uniforms  which  produce  a  moth  popularly  known  as 
the  American  Procris. 
The  eggs  from  which 
they  hatch  are  laid  in 
small  clusters  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves, 
and  while  the  worms 
are  small,  they  leave  un- 
touched the  most  deli- 
cate veins  of  the  leaf, 
which  then  presents  the 
appearance  of  fine  net- 
work, as  shown  in  the 
right  of  the  figure  (211); 
but  when  they  become 
older  and  stronger  they 
devour  all  but  the  larger 
ribs,  as  shown  at  the 

.    ,.        .     .        .,  FlG.  2l\.—Ifarrisina  atnencana.      Larvae. 

left  of  the  figure.   .  .   .  (After  Riiey.) 

When       full      grown 

these  worms  disperse  over  the  vines  or  forsake  them  entirely, 
and  each  spins  for  itself  a  small,  tough,  whitish,  flattened  cocoon, 
within  which,  in  about  three  days,  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  three 
tenths  of  an  inch  long,  broad,  flattened,  and  of  a  light  shining 
yellowish-brown  color.  In  about  ten  days  afterwards  the  moths 
begin  to  issue." 

The  insect  is  double-brooded.  It  is  common  in  the  Appala- 
chian subregion,  ranging  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  borders  of  the 
Great  Plains  in  the  West. 


FAMILY   CHALCOSIID/E 

"  Daughters  of  the  air."— DE  LA  FONTAINE. 

This  family  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  but  a  single  insect, 
belonging  to  the  genus  Gingla,  established  by  Walker.  It  is  an 
obscure  little  moth  known  as  Gingla  laterculae  Dyar.  Its  habi- 
tat is  Arizona. 


313 


ThyrididJB 


FAMILY  THYRIDIDjE 

"  And  yet  I  will  exercise  your  promised  patience  by  saying  a  little  of  the 
Caterpillar,  or  the  Palmer-fly  or  worm,  that  by  them  you  may  guess  what  a  work  it 
were  in  a  discourse  but  to  run  over  those  very  many  flies,  worms,  and  little  living 
creatures  with  which  the  sun  and  summer  adorn  and  beautify  the  river-banks  and 
meadows,  both  for  the  recreation  and  contemplation  of  us  Anglers  :  pleasures  which, 
I  think,  myself  enjoy  more  than  any  other  man  that  is  not  of  my  profession." 

IZAAK  WALTON.  —  The  Compleat  Angler,  Chap.  V,  Pt.  I 

The  Thyrididce  are  a  small  family  of  moths  revealing  decided 
affinity  to  the  Pyralidce.  They  have  been  characterized  as  follows 
by  Hampson,  "Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  352:  "Moths  generally 
with  hyaline  patches  and  striae  on  the  wings.  Palpi  obliquely 
upturned  and  slender.  Antennae  almost  simple.  Fore  wing 
with  vein  \a  forming  a  fork  with  \b  at  base;  \c  absent;  5  from 
near  lower  angle  of  cell.  Hind  wing  with  two  internal  veins; 
vein  8  nearly  touching  vein  7  just  before  or  after  the  end  of 
the  cell.  Mid  tibia  with  one  pair  of  spurs;  hind  tibia  with  two 
pairs. 

Larva  pyraliform,  with  five  pairs  of  legs." 

Six  genera  are  attributed  to  this  family  in  the  last  list  of  the 
species  found  within  the  United  States  which  has  been  pub- 
lished. Of  four  of  these  we  give  illustrations. 

Genus   THYRIS    Laspeyres 

(1)  Thyris     maculata     Harris,    Plate     XL VI I,  Fig.  30,  8 . 
(The  Spotted  Thyris.) 

Syn.  perspicua  Walker. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Eastern  States.     It  is  not  common. 

(2)  Thyris  lugubris   Boisduval,  Plate   XLVII,  Fig.  31,   $. 
(The  Mournful  Thyris.) 

Syn.  sepulckralis  Boisduval ;  nevadce  Oberthur. 

The  range  of  the  species  is  coincident  with  that  of  its  only 
other  congener  in  the  United  States. 

Genus  DYSODIA  Clemens 

(i)  Dysodia  oculatana  Clemens,  Plate  III,  Fig.  10,  $.  (The 
Eyed  Dysodia.) 

374 


Cossidae 

Syn.  plena  Walker ;  fasciata  Grote  &   Robinson ;  motitana  Henry  Edwards ; 
aurea  Pagenstecher. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  entire  United 
States.     It  is  very  common  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  HEXERIS  Grote 
(i)  Hexeris  enhydris  Grote,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  35,  $. 

Syn.  reticulina  Beutenmiiller. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  subregion  of  the  Gulf. 

Genus  MESKEA  Grote 

(i)  Meskea  dyspteraria  Grote,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  36,  $ . 
The  moth  is  found  in  Florida  and  the  region  of  the  Antilles. 


FAMILY  COSSIDAE 

«•  Bright  insect,  ere  thy  filmy  wing, 
Expanding  on  the  breath  of  spring, 

Quivered  with  brief  enjoyment, 
'T  was  thine  for  years  immured  to  dwell 
Within  a  lone  and  gloomy  cell, 

To  eat,— thy  sole  employment."— Acheta  Domestica. 

The  Cossidce,  "Goat-moths,"  or  "Carpenter-worms,"  as  they 
are  familiarly  called,  have  sorely  puzzled  systematists.  Some 
writers  have  been  inclined  to  regard  them  as  allied  to  the  Tortri- 
cidce.  We  assign  them  the  position  in  the  linear  series  which  is 
accorded  them  by  Hampson  and  also  by  Dyar.  They  form  a  very 
distinctly  defined  group,  whatever  their  relationships  may  be. 
They  are  succinctly  described  by  Hampson  in  "The  Moths  of 
India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  304,  as  follows:  "Proboscis  absent;  palpi  usu- 
ally minute  or  absent;  antennae  bipectinated  to  tip  or  with  distal 
half  simple  in  both  sexes,  or  wholly  simple  in  female.  Tibiae  with 
spurs  absent  or  minute.  Fore  wing  with  vein  ib  forked  at  base; 
\c  present;  an  areole  formed  by  veins  7  and  10;  veins  7  and  8 
forking  after  the  areole;  the  inner  margins  usually  more  or  less 
lobed.  Hind  wing  with  three  internal  veins;  vein  8  free  from 
the  base  or  connected  with  7  by  an  erect  bar  at  end  of  cell.  Both 
wings  with  forked  veinlets  in  cell.  The  female  may  have  as 
many  as  nine  bristles  to  the  frenulum. 

375 


Cossidae 

Larva.  Smooth,  with  a  few  hairs;  internal  feeders,  boring 
galleries  in  wood  or  the  pith  of  reeds,  etc.,  and  often  doing  con- 
siderable damage. 

Pupa  in  a  cocoon  formed  of  silk  and  chips  of  wood." 
Six  genera  are  recognized  as  occurring  within  our  fauna. 

Genus  ZEUZERA  Latreille 

(i)  Zeuzera  pyrina  Linnaeus,  .  Plate  IX,  Fig.  9,  $.  (The 
Leopard-moth.) 

Syn.  hypocastrina  Poda ;  tzsculi  Linnaeus ;  hilaris  Fourcroy ;  decipiens  Kirby. 

This  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Old  World,  but  has  within  recent 
years  become  introduced  and  acclimated  on  Long  Island,  and  has 


FIG.  212.— The  Leopard-moth,  a,  dorsal  view  of  larva;  l>,  lateral  view  of  do.  ; 
c,  male;  d,  female;  e,  burrow  in  wood  made  by  larva.  (After  Pike,  "Insect  Life," 
Vol.  IV,  p.  317.) 

multiplied  to  a  great  extent  in  the  environs  of  the  city  of  Brooklyn. 
It  has  already  inflicted  much  damage  upon  trees,  and,  apparently 
being  firmly  established,  is  destined  to  work  still  greater  injury. 
It  is  a  promiscuous  feeder,  but  evinces  a  particular  fondness  for 
elms  and  maples. 

376 


Cossidae 

The  eggs  are  generaiiy  laid  near  the  crotch  of  the  tree,  and 
watch  should  be  kept  in  the  spring  of  the  year  to  detect  their 
presence  and  destroy  them  before  they  are  hatched. 

Genus   COSSUS    Fabricius 

The  genus  is  found  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  Cossus 
cossus  Linnaeus  is  a  large  species  which  does  great  damage  to 
trees  in  Europe.  As  I  am  writing,  my  friend,  Dr.  Ortmann,  relates 
that  when  he  was  a  boy  of  eleven,  living  in  his  native  village  in 
Thuringia,  his  attention  was  called  to  a  notice  posted  by  the 
Biirgermeister  offering  a  reward  for  information  which  would  lead 
to  the  detection  and  punishment  of  the  individuals  who  by  boring 
into  the  trunks  of  a  certain  fine  avenue  of  birch-trees,  upon  which 
the  place  prided  itself,  had  caused  great  injury  to  them.  Already 
the  instincts  of  the  naturalist  had  asserted  themselves,  and  the 
prying  eyes  of  the  lad  had  found  out  the  cause  of  the  trouble. 
He  went  accordingly  to  the  office  of  the  Biirgermeister  and  in- 
formed him  that  he  could  tell  him  all  about  the  injury  to  the  trees. 
The  official  sat  wide-mouthed  and  eager  to  hear.  "But  you 
must  assure  me,  before  I  tell  you,  that  the  reward  you  offer  will 
surely  be  paid  to  me."  "Yes,  yes,  my  little  man;  do  not  be  in 
doubt  on  that  score.  You  shall  certainly  be  paid."  "Well, 
then,  Herr  Burgermeister,  the  holes  from  which  the  sap  is  flowing 
were  not  made  by  boys  who  were  after  the  birch-sap  to  make  beer, 
but  by  the  Weidenbolrer. " l  A  small  explosion  of  official 
dignity  followed.  The  act  of  the  presumptuous  boy  was  reported 
to  a  stern  parent,  and  the  result  was,  in  Yankee  phrase,  a  "lick- 
ing," which  was  certainly  undeserved. 

(1)  Cossus  centerensis  Lintner,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  I,  $. 
The  insect  is  quite  rare.     It  is  found  in  the  Atlantic  States. 

(2)  Cossus  undosus  Lintner,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  9,  ?  . 

Syn.  brucel  French. 

The  moth  occurs  in  the  region  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The 
specimen  figured  was  taken  on  the  Arkansas  River  in  Colorado, 
near  Canyon  City. 

It  is  undoubtedly  the  most  attractively  marked  and  most  ele- 
gant species  found  in  our  territory. 

1  The  common  German  name  for  the  Cossus. 

377 


Cossidae 

Genus   PRIONOXYSTUS    Grote 

There  are  two  species  of  this  genus  found  in  the  United 
States.  One  of  them,  Prionoxystus  macmurtrei  Guerin-Mene- 
ville  =  querciperda  Fitch,  is  a  rather  rare  species.  It  bores  its  larval 
passages  in  oak.  The  female,  which  resembles  the  female  of  the 
other  species,  is  quite  large,  sometimes  four  inches  in  expanse  of 
wing.  The  male,  on  the  other  hand,  is  quite  diminutive.  I  have 
never  seen  a  male  much  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half  in  expanse 
of  wing.  The  species  has  been  taken  most  frequently  in  recent 
years  in  western  Pennsylvania  by  local  collectors.  The  other 
species,  Prionoxystus  robiniae  Peck,  is  very  common.  It  fre- 
quents various  trees,  but  shows  a  preference  for  the  wood  of  the 
common  locust  (Robinia  pseudacacia)  and  various  species  of 
the  genus  Populus.  The  male  is  depicted  on  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  1 1, 
and  the  female  by  Fig.  10  on  the  same  plate.  The  insect  is 
widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States.  I  have  found 
the  males  exceedingly  abundant  about  the  electric  lights  in  some 
of  our  Western  cities,  as  St.  Paul  and  Omaha. 

Genus   INGUROMORPHA   Henry  Edwards 

Two  species  of  this  genus  occur  within 
our  limits.  Both  are  found  in  the  extreme 
southern  portions  of  the  United  States.  /. 
arbeloides  Dyar  is  a  native  of  Arizona.  I. 
basalis  Walker,  which  is  shown  in  the  an- 
nexed figure,  is  found  in  Florida  and  Mexico. 

The  general  color  of  the  fore  wings  is  pale 
FIG.  2\$.—inguro-  ashen-gray,  with  the  outer  border  dull  ochre- 
ous>  marked  with  dark-brown  stride,  and 
broader  spots  and  blotches  toward  the  outer 
margin.  The  hind  wings  are  darker  gray. 


"  I  recognize 

The  moths,  with  that  great  overpoise  of  wings 
Which  makes  a  mystery  of  them  how  at  all 
They  can  stop  flying." 

E.  B.  BROWNING.  —Aurora  Leigh. 

378 


Genus   COSSULA   Bailey 

Only  one  species  of  this  genus  is  known  from  our  fauna.     Il 
occurs  in  Florida  and  Mexico.      It   was   named    magnifica  by 
Strecker,  and  subsequently  also 
by  Bailey.     Druce  in  the  year 
1891  applied  to  it  the  specific 
name  norax.     It  is  represented 
in  the  annexed  cut  one  third 
larger  than  the  size  of  life.     It 
is  as  yet  a  rare  insect  in  collec- 
tions,  only  a  few  specimens  hav-      FlG.  a,4._c«w&  magnifica,  $  .  f. 
ing  been  found.    No  doubt  it  is 

locally  common,  and  when  some  shrewd  observer  discovers  its 
haunts  and  mode  of  life,  we  shall  all  have  a  good  supply  of  speci- 
mens in  our  cabinets. 

Genus   HYPOPTA   Hubner 

Nine  species  are  said  to  belong  to  this  genus  and  are  reputed 
to  occur  within  our  territory.  They  are  all  Southern  or  South- 
western forms. 

(1)  Hypopta  bertholdi  Grote,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  2,  $  . 

The  specimen  figured  on  the  plate  came  from  California. 
The  author  has  also  received  it  from  Colorado. 

(2)  Hypopta  henrici  Grote,  Plate  XII,  Fig.  3,  $  . 
The  moth  is  found  in  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


FAMILY 

"  I  '11  follow  you,  I  '11  lead  you  about  a  round 
Through  bog,  through  bush,  through  brake,  through  brier." 

SHAKESPEARE.—  Midsummer  Night's  Dream,  III,  I. 

The  name  Sesia  being,  according  to  the  laws  of  priority, 
strictly  applicable  to  a  genus  of  the  Sphingidce,  as  has  been 
pointed  out  on  page  61,  the  name  of  the  family  which  we  are 
now  considering  must  be  that  which  is  given  above.  The  name 
"  Sesiidce"  must  yield  to  the  name  "  /Egerndce."  This  is  on 
some  accounts  regrettable,  as  the  former  name  has  for  many 
years  been  consistently  applied  to  the  family  by  many  authors. 

379 


The  name  which  we  use  has  also  been  applied  by  a  multitude 
of  writers,  and  is  already  well  established  in  use  in  certain 
quarters. 

The  /Egeriidce  are  diurnal  in  their  habits,  flying  in  the  hottest 
sunshine.  They  are  very  rapid  on  the  wing.  Their  larvae  are 
borers,  feeding  on  the  inner  bark  or  the  pith  of  trees  and  lesser 
plants.  The  pupae  are  generally  armed  with  hook-like  projec- 
tions, which  enable  them  to  progress  in  a  forward  direction  in 
the  galleries  in  which  they  are  formed.  Some  of  the  genera  have 
at  the  cephalic  end  a  sharp  cutting  projection,  which  is  used  to 
enable  the  insect  to  cut  its  way  out  of  the  chamber  before  the 
change  into  a  moth  takes  place.  The  moths  have  been  described 
as  follows  by  Hampson  in  "The  Moths  of  India,"  Vol.  I,  p.  189: 
"Antennae  often  dilated  or  knobbed.  Legs  often  with  thick 
tufts  of  hair;  mid  tibiae  with  one  pair  of  spurs;  hind  tibiae  with 
two  pairs.  Frenulum  present.  Wings  generally  more  or  less 
hyaline;  fore  wing  with  veins  \a  and  ib  forming  a  fork  at  base; 
\c  absent;  veins  4  to  1 1  given  off  at  almost  even  distances  from 
the  cell.  Hind  wing  with  three  internal  veins;  vein  8  coincident 
with  7." 

The  American  species  have  been  very  thoroughly  monographed 
by  Mr.  Beutenmiiller,  the  amiable  and  accomplished  Curator  of  the 
Section  of  Entomology  in  the  American  Museum  of  Natural  His- 
tory in  New  York.  It  is  through  his  kindness  that  the  author  is 
able  to  give  on  Plate  XLVI  of  the  present  volume  so  many  illus- 
trations of  the  species  which  are  found  in  our  fauna.  The  stu- 
dent who  desires  to  know  more  about  these  things  must  consult 
Mr.  Beutenmuller's  great  work. 

Genus  MELITTIA   Hiibner 

(i)  Melittia  satyriniformis  Hubner,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  i,  ?  . 

Syn.  cucurbitce  Harris;  ceto  Westwood;  anuzna  Henry  Edwards. 

The  larva  of  the  insect  is  commonly  known  as  the  "Squash- 
borer,"  or  the  "Pumpkin-borer."  The  insect  has  an  extensive 
range  from  New  England  to  the  Argentine  States.  It  attacks  the 
Cucurbitacece  generally,  laying  the  eggs  upon  all  parts  of  th* 
plant,  but  preferably  upon  the  stems,  into  which  the  caterpillai 
bores,  and  in  which  it  develops  until  the  time  of  pupation,  when 
it  descends  into  the  ground,  makes  a  cell  beneath  the  surface  in 

380 


^Egeriidse 

which  it  hibernates,  and  is  transformed  into  a  chrysalis  the  follow- 
ing spring.  The  moths  emerge,  according  to  locality,  from  June 
to  August.  It  is  said  to  be  double-brooded  in  the  southern  parts 
of  our  region,  but  is  single-brooded  in  the  Northern  States. 

(2)  Melittia  snowi  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  2,  $  . 
This  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  preceding,  but  the 

fore  wings  are  devoid  of  the  metallic  tints  which  appear  in  that 
species,  and  there  are  other  minor  differences  which  present 
themselves  upon  comparison  of  the  two  forms.  The  life-history 
remains  to  be  worked  out.  It  is  thus  far  known  only  from 
Kansas. 

(3)  Melittia  grandis  Strecker,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  3,  ? . 
The  insect  is  reported  to  occur  in  Texas  and  Arizona. 

Genus  GJEA  Beutenmuller 

(1)  Gaea  emphytiformis  Walker,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  5,  ?. 
The  types  of  this  species  are  found  in  the  British  Museum. 

Nothing  is  known  definitely  as  to  its  true  locality,  except  that  the 
specimens  came  from  the  United  States.  Of  course  the  life-history 
is  also  unknown.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  some  reader  of  this  book 
will  rediscover  the  species  and  let  us  all  know  its  true  history. 

(2)  Gaea  solituda  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  4,  $ . 
The  species  occurs  in  Kansas  and  in  Texas,  but  the  history  of 

its  mode  of  development  from  egg  to  imago  remains  to  be 
written. 

Genus  EUHAGENA  Henry  Edwards 

There  is  only  one  species  of  this  genus  known  at  the  present 
time.  It  was  named  nebraskse  by  Henry  Edwards  in  the  year 
1881.  A  male  specimen  is  depicted  on  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  34.  The 
species  may  easily  be  recognized  by  its  red  wings.  Its  early  his- 
tory is  unknown.  I  received  several  specimens  of  the  insect  some 
time  ago  from  a  friend  who  sent  them  to  me,  but  so  wretchedly 
packed  that  nothing  came  to  hand  but  fragments.  The  well- 
meaning  sender  had  done  them  up  in  cotton  as  if  they  were  birds' 
eggs,  and  of  course  they  were  all  smashed.  Never  wrap  cotton 
about  moths  or  butterflies,  and  then  ram  cotton  down  into  the 
box  to  make  the  specimens  ride  well.  Particularly  avoid  the 
"ramming"  process. 

381 


/Egeriidae 

Genus  ALCOTHOE  Henry  Edwards 

(i)  Alcothoe  caudata  Harris,.  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  6,  $  . 

The  larvae  bore  in  the  roots  of  various  species  of  clematis. 
The  insect  is  widely  distributed,  occurring  from  Canada  to  Florida, 
and  westward  to  the  Mississippi.  The  moths  come  out  in  April 
and  May  in  the  South,  and  from  June  to  August  in  the  North. 
The  larvae  hibernate  in  their  galleries  in  various  stages  of  growth. 

Genus  SAN  NINA  Walker 
(i)  Sannina  uroceriformis  Walker,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  7,  $ . 

Syn.  quinquecaudatus  Ridings. 

The  larva  feeds  on  the  tap-root  of  the  persimmon  (Diospyros) 
at  a  depth  of  from  eighteen  to  twenty-two  inches  under  the 
ground.  The  species  occurs  from  Virginia  to  Florida,  and  west- 
ward as  far  as  the  food-plant  ranges. 

Genus  PODOSESIA  Mceschler 
(i)  Podosesia  syringae  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  17,  ?. 

Syn.  longipes  Mceschler. 

The  larvae  feed  on  the  ash  and  the  lilac.  They  tunnel  their 
passages  straight  into  the  wood  for  many  inches.  They  cut  their 
way  out  almost  to  the  surface  just  before  pupating,  leaving  only 
a  thin  layer  of  fiber  to  close  the  end  of  the  gallery ;  this  is  broken 
through  by  the  emergent  pupa  as  it  comes  forth  from  its  cocoon, 
and  then  the  pupal  envelope  is  split  and  the  perfect  winged  insect 
appears.  The  moths  are  on  the  wing  in  western  Pennsylvania 
in  June,  and  are  to  be  found  on  the  blossoms  of  Syringa. 

Genus  MEMYTHRUS  Newman 

(1)  Memythrus  tricinctus  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  14,  ?. 
The  larvae  infest  the  small  trunks  of  willows  and  poplars. 

The  moths  appear  in  the  latter  part  of  June  and  the  beginning  of 
July;  the  caterpillars  hibernate  in  their  galleries.  Transformation 
occurs  in  a  tough  cocoon  located  at  the  outer  end  of  the  gallery. 
The  species  is  found  in  New  England  and  the  Middle  States, 
ranging  westward  as  far  as  Ohio  and  Michigan. 

(2)  Memythrus  polistiformis  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  n, 
3. Fig.  12,?. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLVI 

(The  figures  in  this  plate  are  taken  by  the  kind  permission  of  Mr. 
William  Beutenmuller  from  the  plates  illustrating  his  Monograph  of  the 
Sesiidae  of  North  America.) 

1.  Melittia  satyriniformis  Hubner,    9- 

2.  Melittia  sn~owi  Henry  Edwards,  (J1. 

3.  Melittia  grandis  Strecker,    9 . 

4.  Gaza  solituda  Henry  Edwards,  c?- 

5.  Gaea  emphytifonnis  Walker,    9  • 

6.  Alcathoe  caudata  Harris,    J*. 

7.  Sannina  uroceriforinis  Walker,    (J*. 

8.  ALgeria  apiformis  Linnaeus,    9  • 

9.  Bembecia  marginata  Harris,    9  • 

10.  Memythrus  simulans  Grote,    9  • 

11.  Memythrus  polistijormis  Harris,   $ . 

12.  Memythrus  polistiformis  Harris,    9- 

13.  Memythrus  admirandus  Henry  Edwards,   c?. 

14.  Memythrus  tricinctus  Harris,    9  • 

15.  Palmia  prcecedens  Henry  Edwards,   9  • 

1 6.  Parharmonia  pini  Kellicott,   tf. 

17.  Podosesia  syringa;  Harris,    9- 

1 8.  Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say.   cT. 

19.  Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say,    9  • 

20.  Vespamima  sequoia  Henry  Edwards,  $ . 

21.  Synanthedon  bassiformis  Walker,  cJ1. 

22.  Synanthedon  rileyana  Henry  Edwards,  (J1. 

23.  Synanthedon  rileyana  Henry  Edwards,    9  • 

24.  Synanthedon  pictipes  Grote  &  Robinson,    9  • 

25.  Synanthedon  pyri  Harris,    9  • 

26.  Synanthedon  tipuliformis  Clerck,    9  • 

27.  Synanthedon  albicornis  Henry  Edwards,   9  • 

28.  Synanthedon  acerni  Clemens,    9  • 

29.  Synanthedon  scitula  Harris,    9  . 

30.  Synanthedon  neglecta  Henry  Edwards,    9  • 

31.  Synanthedon  rutilans  Henry -Ed  wards,  (J1. 

32.  Synanthedon  rutilans  Henry  Edwards,    9  • 

33.  Synanthedon  aureopurpurea  Henry  Edwards,  (J1. 

34.  Euhagena  nebraskce  Henry  Edwards,  $. 

35.  Paranthrene  heucherce  Henry  Edwards,   <?. 

36.  Calasesia  coccinea  Beutenmuller,   9  • 

37.  Albuna  pyrajnidalis ,  var.  montana  Henry  Edwards,  ^. 


THE  MOTH  BOOK 


»T*  6 


COPYRIGHTED  Br  W.  J.  HOL 


/Egeriida 

The  insect,  which  is  popularly  known  as  the  "Grape-root 
Borer,"  ranges  from  Vermont  to  the  Carolinas,  and  westward  as 
far  as  Missouri.  It  inflicts  considerable  damage  upon  both  wild 
and  cultivated  grape-vines.  The  moth  resembles  the  wasps  of 
the  genus  Polistes,  whence  the  name. 

(3)  Memythrus  simulans  Grote,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  10,  ? . 
The  insect,  which  is  known  to  occur  from  New  England  to 

Minnesota,  not  ranging  below  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio,  feeds 
in  its  larval  stage  upon  the  wood  of  the  red  oak. 

(4)  Memythrus  admirandus  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI, 
Fig.  13,3. 

The  habitat  of  the  species  is  Texas. 

Genus  PALMIA  Beutenmuller 
(i)  Palmia  prsecedens  Henry  Edwards,   Plate   XLVI,    Fig. 

IS  ?• 

The  moth  is  known  to  occur  in  North  Carolina.  It  is  very 
rare  in  collections  as  yet,  and  nothing  is  known  of  its  life-history. 

Genus  ^GERIA  Fabricius 
(i)  ^geria  apiformis  Clerck,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  8,  ?. 

Syn.  vespiformis  Hufnagei;  crabroni/ofmisDznis  &  Schiffermiiller. 

This  insect,  which  in  England  is  known  as  the  "Hornet- 
moth,"  because  of  its  resemblance  to  a  hornet,  is  found  abun- 
dantly in  Europe,  but  less  commonly  in  North  America.  Its 
larva  lives  in  the  roots  and  lower  portions  of  the  trunks  of  poplars 
and  willows,  and  requires  two  years  in  which  to  undergo  trans- 
formation. 

Genus  BEMBECIA  Hiibner 
(i)  Bembecia  marginata  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  9,  9  . 

Syn.  pleciaformis  Walker;  odyneripennis  Walker;  rubi  Riley;  flavipes  Hulst. 

The  insect,  which  is  popularly  known  as  the  "Blackberry- 
borer,"  is  not  at  all  uncommon.  The  grub-like  larvae  infest  the 
roots  of  blackberries  and  raspberries,  and  when  mature  eat  their 
way  up  about  three  inches  through  the  pith  of  the  dead  cane,  and 
cutting  their  way  outwardly,  leave  only  a  thin  layer  of  the  epi- 
dermis between  themselves  and  the  outer  air.  The  pupa  is  armed 
at  its  head  with  a  triangular  chisel-shaped  process,  with  which 

383 


^geriidae 

it  cuts  through  the  epidermis  of  the  plant,  and  then  wriggling 
forward,  until  half  of  the  body  is  extruded,  the  pupal  case  bursts, 
and  the  moth  emerges.  The  males  come  out  in  the  early  after- 
noon, the  females  about  four  o'clock,  copulation  occurs  almost 
immediately,  and  the  female  begins  to  oviposit  before  the  sun 
sets.  The  moths  appear  at  the  end  of  July  and  throughout 
August  in  Pennsylvania.  The  larvae  overwinter  in  the  canes. 

Genus  VESPAMIMA   Beutenmiiller 
(i)  Vespamima  sequoiae  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig. 

20,  $  . 

Syn.  pinorum  Behrens. 

This  species  is  said  to  be  very  destructive  to  coniferous  trees 
upon  the  Pacific  slope.  The  larvae  do  their  mischievous  work  at 
the  forking  of  the  branches. 

Genus   PARHARMONIA   Beutenmiiller 

(i)  Parharmonia  pini  Kellicott,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  16,  $. 

The  species  is  found  from  Canada  to  New  Jersey.  The  larvae 
live  under  the  bark  of  pine-trees.  The  moths  appear  in  July  and 
August. 

Genus   SANNINOIDEA   Beutenmiiller 

(i)  Sanninoidea  exitiosa  Say,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  18,  3,  Fig. 
19,  ?  • 

Syn.  persica  Thomas ;  pepsidiformis  Hiibner ;  xiphiaformis  Boisduval. 

This  is  the  well-known  "  Peach-borer."  The  larvae  infest  the 
trunks  of  peach-trees  and  wild  cherries  near  the  ground,  and  also 
attack  the  upper  roots.  The  species  ranges  from  Canada  to 
Florida,  and  westward  to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  does  a  large 
amount  of  damage  in  peach-orchards. 

Genus   ALBUNA   Henry   Edwards 

(i)  Albuna  pyramidalis  Walker,  form  montana  Henry  Ed- 
wards, Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  37,  $  . 

This  is  a  variable  species,  of  which  several  varieties  have  been 
described.  It  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  into  New  England,  and 
westward  to  the  Pacific  in  the  same  latitudes.  Nothing  is  known 
of  its  early  history  or  food-plants. 

384 


Ageriidae 
Genus   SYNANTHEDON    Hiibner 

(Stfs/Vz  auctorum.) 

The  name  Sesia  being  properly  restricted  to  a  genus  of  the 
Spbingidce,  we  apply  to  the  genus  the  name  proposed  by  Hubner 
in  the  "  Verzeichniss  Bekannter  Schmetterlinge,"  p.  129.  This 
appears  to  be  the  proper  and  logical  method  of  procedure  under 
the  circumstances. 

The  genus  is  very  extensive.  Fifty-eight  species  are  found  in 
our  fauna,  of  which  we  delineate  eleven. 

(1)  Synanthedon   rileyana    Henry   Edwards,  Plate   XLVI, 
Fig.  22,  $  ,  Fig.  23,  ?  . 

Syn.  brnnneipennis  Henry  Edwards ;  hyperici  Henry  Edwards. 

The  species  ranges  from  the  Virginias  and  Carolinas  west- 
ward through  Ohio  and  Illinois  as  far  as  California  and  Oregon. 

(2)  Synanthedon   rutilans    Henry   Edwards,    Plate   XLVI, 
Fig.  }i,  $,  Fig.  32,  ?. 

Syn.  aureola  Henry  Edwards;  hemizona  Henry  Edwards;  lupini  Henry  Ed- 
wards ;  perplexa  Henry  Edwards ;  impropria  Henry  Edwards ;  -washingtonia  Henry 
Edwards  ;  madarice  Henry  Edwards. 

This  insect  is  known  as  the  "Strawberry-borer."  It  not 
only  infests  the  crown  of  these  plants,  which  it  generally  destroys, 
but  also  frequently  attacks  raspberries  and  blackberries  at  the 
crown  of  the  roots.  It  ranges  from  Nova  Scotia  westward  across 
the  continent,  and  in  the  Mississippi  Valley  southward  into  north- 
ern Texas. 

(3)  Synanthedon   neglecta    Henry  Edwards,    Plate   XLVI, 
Fig.  30,  ? . 

The  insect  is  found  in  California  and  Washington.  Its  early 
stages  are  unknown. 

(4)  Synanthedon   bassiformis   Walker,    Plate   XLVI,   Fig. 
21,6. 

Syn.  lustrans  Grote;  consimilis  Henry  Edwards;  bolli  Henry  Edwards; 
eupatorii  Henry  Edwards  ;  sexfasdata  Henry  Edwards  ;  infirma  Henry  Edwards  ; 
imitata  Henry  Edwards. 

The  larva  feeds  in  the  stems  of  Eupatorium  purpureum.  The 
insect  ranges  from  New  England  to  Texas. 

(5)  Synanthedon   tipuliformis    Clerck,    Plate   XLVI,    Fig. 
26,?. 

The  insect,  which  is  found  in  Europe  and  Asia,  and  has  also 

385 


/Bgeriidje 

been  transported  to  Australia,  is  an  importation  into  this  country 
from  Europe.  It  feeds  in  the  stems  of  gooseberry-  and  currant- 
bushes. 

(6)  Synanthedon  pictipes  Grote  &  Robinson,   Plate  XLVI, 
Fig.  24,  ?. 

Syn.  inusitata  Henry  Edwards. 

The  larvae  feed  under  the  bark  of  plums,  wild  and  cultivated 
cherry-trees,  peach-trees,  the  June-berry  (Amelancbicr},  and  the 
chestnut.  The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  trunks  and  the  branches  of 
the  trees.  The  moths  are  on  the  wing  in  June  and  July. 

(7)  Synanthedon  acerni  Clemens,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  28,  ? . 

Syn.  acericolum  Gennadius. 

This  is  the  common  "  Maple-borer."  The  larvae  tunnel  in  the 
sap-wood  and  do  a  great  deal  of  damage  to  trees,  especially  in 
our -larger  cities.  At  times  trees  are  completely  girdled  by  the 
galleries  made  by  the  insects,  and 
are  thus  killed;  at  other  times  they 
are  so  weakened  that  on  the  occasion 
of  high  winds  or  storms  they  are 
broken  off  and  greatly  disfigured. 
The  insects  emerge  from  the  pupae 
early  in  the  morning,  and  may  be 
seen  at  times  in  small  swarms  about 
the  trunks  of  the  trees,  ovipositing 
upon  the  bark.  The  time  of  emer- 
gence is  the  latter  part  of  May  and 
the  beginning  of  June.  The  pupae 
are  formed  in  small  cocoons  com- 
posed of  silk  and  pellets  of  excre- 
ment interwoven  upon  the  surface. 
Just  before  the  moths  emerge,  the 
chrysalids  work  their  way  partially 
FIG.  215.— s.  acerni,  a,  larvae;  out  of  the  tunnels  in  which  they  are, 

b,  cocoons;   c,  male;  d,  pupa  pro-  ,     ,  ,  ,          ,  .  r  .. 

jecting  from  burrow.  (After  Riiey.)   and  then  the  outer  sheathing  of  the 
pupa    splits    open   and    the    perfect 

insect  crawls  forth,  in  a  few  moments  to  be  upon  the  wing;  foi 
the  development  of  the  power  of  flight  is  with  this  species,  as 
with  almost  all  the  ALgeriidce,  exceedingly  rapid. 

The  moth  is  found  from  New  England  as  far  west  as  Nebraska. 
386 


^geriidae 

(8)  Synanthedon   aureopurpurea   Henry   Edwards,    Plate 
XLVI,  Fig.  33,  $  . 

The  moth  occurs  in  Texas.  No  history  of  its  habits  has  as  yet 
been  written. 

(9)  Synanthedon  pyri  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  25,  ? . 

Syn.  kabelei  Henry  Edwards. 

This  is  a  common  species  everywhere,  infesting  the  bark  of 
pear-  and  apple-trees.  In  the  vicinity  of  Pittsburgh  many  trees 
have  been  killed  by  these  mischievous  little  creatures. 

(10)  Synanthedon  scitula  Harris,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig.  29,  ?. 

Syn.  gallivomm  Westwood ;  hospes  Walsh ;  amula  Henry  Edwards. 

The  larvae  inhabit  the  bark  of  chestnut,  dogwood,  oak,  willow, 
hickory,  and  the  galls  of  oaks.  The  moth  ranges  from  Canada  to 
Virginia,  and  westward  through  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio. 

(n)  Synanthedon  albicornis  Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI, 
Fig.  27,  ? . 

Syn.  proximo.  Henry  Edwards ;  modesta  Kellicott. 

The  moth  is  not  known  to  occur  south  of  the  Potomac  and 
the  Ohio.  It  ranges  from  New  England  to  Oregon.  The  larvae 
feed  upon  the  trunks  and  shoots  of  willows. 

Genus   CALESESIA   Beutenmuller 

(i)  Calesesia  coccinea  Beutenmuller,  Plate  XLVI,  Fig. 
^6,?. 

The  habitat  of  this  rare  insect  is  New  Mexico.  The  male  and 
the  early  stages  are  as  yet  unknown. 

Genus   PARANTHRENE   Hiibner 
(i)  Paranthrene  heucherse    Henry  Edwards,  Plate  XLVI, 

Fig.  35,  *  . 

There  are  several  species  in  the  genus  found  in  the  United 

States,  which  are  all,  as  yet,  rare  in  collections,  and  little  is  known 

as  to  their  life-history.     The  present  species  has  been  found  in 

New  Mexico. 

FAUNAL    SUBREGIONS 

This  volume  is  an  attempt  to  bring  together  into  compact 
form  an  account  of  the  commoner  and  more  striking  species  of 

.387 


^geriidae 

moths  which  are  found  in  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The 
area  is  vast,  and  zoologists  as  well  as  botanists  have  for  the  pur- 
poses of  science  subdivided  the  region  into  what  are  known  as 
"faunal  subregions,"  or  "botanical  subregions."  These  subdi- 
visions of  the  territory  are  entirely  natural  and  are  based  upon  a 
knowledge  of  the  flora  and  fauna  of  each  area.  Both  flora  and 
fauna  are  more  or  less  dependent  upon  conditions  of  soil,  rainfall, 
and  temperature. 

Beginning  with  the  Atlantic  coast,  we  find  a  large  area  ex- 
tending from  Nova  Scotia,  Quebec,  and  Ontario,  southward 
through  New  England,  the  Middle  States,  and  the  Eastern  Cen- 
tral States  as  far  south  as  the  Carolinas  and  northern  Georgia, 
Alabama,  and  Mississippi,  westward  into  Arkansas,  Missouri,  and 
eastern  Kansas,  then  northward  through  eastern  Iowa  and  Minne- 
sota, in  which,  with  some  slight  variations,  the  predominant  fea- 
tures of  the  vegetation  and  of  the  fauna  are  alike.  In  a  broad 
way  this  territory  is  known  as  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It 
has  been  subdivided  into  two  parts,  to  the  more  northern  of 
which  has  been  applied  the  name  Canadian,  and  to  the  southern 
the  name  Carolinian.  These  minor  subdivisions  of  the  broader 
subregion  are  quite  natural,  and  are  based  upon  the  fact  that  cer- 
tain groups  of  plants  and  animals  are  characteristic  of  the  one 
which  are  not  characteristic  of  the  other;  yet  upon  the  whole  the 
character  of  the  vegetation  and  of  the  animal  life  of  the  two  lesser 
areas  is  in  most  respects  quite  similar.  The  genera  are  practi- 
cally the  same  throughout  these  territories.  It  was,  when  the 
country  was  first  discovered  by  white  men,  a  region  of  trees, 
except  in  northern  Indiana  and  parts  of  Illinois,  Iowa,  and  Minne- 
sota, where  there  were  prairies;  but  on  these  prairies, where  trees 
grew,  they  were  for  the  most  part  representatives  of  the  same 
genera  which  were  found  through  the  eastern  parts  of  the  domain, 
and  in  many  cases  were  the  same  species.  Accompanying  the 
plants  are  the  insects  which  feed  upon  them. 

Beginning  on  the  extreme  southern  portions  of  the  coast  of 
North  Carolina  and  running  along  the  coast  of  South  Carolina 
through  eastern  and  southern  Georgia,  northern  Florida,  and 
westward  along  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  we  have  a  strip  of  territory 
preserving  many  of  the  floral  and  faunal  peculiarities  of  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion,  but  possessing  distinctive  features  of  its  own. 

388 


We  detect  here  the  influence  of  warmer  skies  and  the  life  of  the 
not-far-off  tropics.  It  is  the  region  of  the  long-leaved  pine,  the 
cypress,  the  live-oak,  the  evergreen  magnolia,  and  the  palmetto. 
It  is  the  subregion  of  the  Gulf.  It  has  a  fauna  of  its  own. 

In  the  extreme  southern  portion  of  Florida  and  on  the  out- 
lying islands  we  find  established  a  northern  offshoot  of  the  plant- 
life  and  of  the  fauna  of  the  West  Indies.  The  conditions  are  dis- 
tinctly tropical  here. 

A  sharp  division  takes  place  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  at 
those  points  where  the  heavily  wooded  lands  terminate  and  are 
succeeded  by  the  grassy,  woodless  plains,  which  lie  between  the 
western  borders  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  eastern 
ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  While  the  Great  Plains  are 
traversed  by  numerous  river  valleys,  in  which  there  is  abundant 
arboreal  vegetation,  nevertheless  the  whole  region  in  part  only 
preserves  the  faunal  and  floral  characteristics  of  the  Appalachian 
subregion.  The  southern  part  of  this  territory,  lying  in  New 
Mexico,  western  Texas,  and  Arizona,  with  which,  in  part,  south- 
ern California  is  identified,  has  a  large  number  of  genera  and 
species  which  range  southward  along  the  plateaus  and  treeless 
highlands  of  Mexico  and  Central  America.  This  may  be  called 
the  Arizonian  or  Sonoran  subregion. 

The  northern  half  of  the  belt  of  the  Great  Plains  is  invaded  by 
forms  of  both  plant  and  animal  life  which  are  related  to  types 
predominant  in  the  colder  regions  of  the  continent.  This  is 
especially  true  where  the  plains  reach  a  great  altitude  above  the 
level  of  the  sea.  This  subregion  may  be  called  the  Dakotan.  It 
stretches  from  northern  Colorado  northward  to  the  British 
provinces  of  Assiniboia  and  Alberta. 

West  of  the  Great  Plains  is  a  territory  traversed  from  north  to 
south  by  the  ranges  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  in  which  there 
occurs  a  commingling  of  genera  and  species,  some  coming  in 
from  the  far  north  on  the  higher  ranges,  others  coming  in  from 
the  south  on  the  lower  levels,  and  a  multitude  of  forms  mingling 
with  these  which  show  the  influence  of  migration  both  from  the 
Great  Plains  and  from  the  Pacific  slope.  The  region  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains  is  a  region  in  which  there  are  singular  com- 
plexities, owing  to  the  great  differences  in  elevation.  Species  of 
the  arctic  zone  may  be  found  having  their  habitat  within  a  few 

389 


/Egeriidae 

miles  of  species  which  are  in  many  cases  distinctly  subtropical. 
On  the  high  peaks  holarctic  genera  occur,  and  in  the  valleys  genera 
which  have  their  metropolis  in  Mexico.  In  a  general  sense  the 
territory  may  be  called  the  Coloradan  subregion. 

The  Pacific  subregion  includes  central  and  northern  California 
and  the  valleys  lying  between  the  coast  and  the  western  outliers 
of  the  central  Cordillera.  The  subregion  extends  northward  into 
British  Columbia.  There  is  shown  here  a  distinct  resemblance  to 
the  fauna  of  Europe  and  temperate  Asia. 

Beginning  in  Labrador  on  the  east  and  'extending  across  the 
entire  northern  portion  of  the  continent  into  Alaska  is  a  region 
which  we  may  call  the  Holarctic  subregion,  in  which  the  genera 
and  species  alike  of  plants  and  animals  are  for  the  most  part  the 
same  which  are  found  in  similar  latitudes  in  the  Eastern  Hemi- 
sphere. In  Alaska  there  is  evidence  of  a  distinct  connection  be- 
tween the  flora  and  fauna  of  Asia.  Greenland  and  Labrador, 
together  with  some  of  the  adjacent  islands,  show  remarkable 
affinities  to  the  flora  and  fauna  of  boreal  Europe  and  the  Alps. 

Various  subdivisions  of  these  broader  areas  have  been  sug- 
gested, but  in  the  main  the  subregions  which  the  writer  has 
indicated  suffice  to  show  the  differences  in  these  tracts. 


"...  From  every  chink 
And  secret  corner,  where  they  slept  away 
The  wintry  storms  — or  rising  from  their  tombs 
To  higher  life— by  myriads,  forth  at  once, 
Swarming  they  pour,  of  all  the  varied  hues 
Their  beauty-beaming  parent  can  disclose. 
Ten  thousand  forms  !  ten  thousand  different  tribes  ! 
People  the  blaze." 

THOMSON. —Summer, 


390 


FAMILY   PYRALID/E 

"  All  multiplicity  rushes  to  be  resolved  into  unity.  Anatomy,  osteology,  ex- 
hibit arrested  or  progressive  ascent  in  each  kind  ;  the  lower  pointing  to  the  higher 
forms,  the  higher  to  the  highest,  from  the  fluid  in  an  elastic  sack,  from  radiate, 
mollusk,  articulate,  vertebrate,  up  to  man ;  as  if  the  whole  animal  world  were  only 
a  Hunterian  Museum  to  exhibit  the  genesis  of  mankind."— EMERSON. 

The  Pyralidce  constitute  an  enormous  complex  of  subfamilies, 
genera,  and  species.  They  are  found  in  all  the  temperate  and 
tropical  parts  of  the  world,  but  are  more  numerous  in  hot  lands 
than  in  the  colder  portions  of  the  globe.  Nearly  eight  hundred 
species  belonging  to  this  family  are  already  known  to  occur 
within  the  United  States  and  Canada,  and  the  region  will 
undoubtedly  yet  yield  many  new  species  to  science.  We  cannot 
in  these  pages  undertake  to  give  even  an  outline  of  the  genera 
and  the  species,  but  we  have  selected  a  few  for  illustration  in 
order  that  the  student,  encountering  these  interesting  insects, 
may  be  able  to  at  least  recognize  their  relative  position  in  the 
great  suborder  with  which  this  book  deals. 

The  moths  of  this  family  are  described  as  follows  by  Sir 
George  F.  Hampson  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Zoological  Society 
of  London  for  1898,  page  590:  "Proboscis  and  maxillary  palpi 
usually  well  developed;  frenulum  present.  Fore  wing  with  vein 
\a  usually  free,  sometimes  forming  a  fork  with  \b\  \c  absent;  5 
from  near  lower  angle  of  cell;  8,  9  almost  always  stalked.  Hind 
wing  with  veins  \a,  b,  c  present;  5  almost  always  from  near 
lower  angle  of  cell;  8  approximated  to  7  or  anastomosing  with  it 
beyond  the  cell. 

Larva  elongate,  with  five  pairs  of  prolegs.  Pupa  with  seg- 
ments 9-1 1  and  sometimes  also  8  and  12  movable,  not  protruding 
from  cocoon  on  emergence." 

The  Pyralidce  have  been  divided  into  a  number  of  subfamilies. 
Of  the  subfamilies  represented  in  our  fauna,  we  shall  in  the  fol- 
lowing pages  give  illustrations  of  a  few  species  which  are  com- 


Pyralidae 

monly  encountered  or  possess  interesting  traits.  While  it  is  to 
be  wished  that  we  might  be  able  to  give  a  monographic  view  of 
the  entire  family,  such  a  procedure  is  wholly  out  of  the  question, 
in  view  of  the  limits  imposed  upon  us  in  the  matter  of  space  by 
such  a  volume  as  that  which  has  been  undertaken. 

SUBFAMILY   PYRAUSTIN^ 

The  genera  of  this  family  may  be  distinguished  by  the  fact 
that  the  median  nervure  is  not  pectinated  upon  the  upper  side,  or 
is  at  most  very  slightly  pectinated,  by  the  absence  of  tufts  of  scales 
in  the  cell  of  the  fore  wing,  and  by  the  further  fact  that  vein  10  of 
the  fore  wing  rises  from  the  cell.  In  the  hind  wing,  vein  7  and 
vein  8  almost  invariably  anastomose. 

Fifty-seven  genera  are  found  in  our  territory,  represented  by 
two  hundred  and  twenty-four  species. 

Genus  ZINCKENIA   Hiibner 
(i)  Zinckenia  fascialis  Cramer,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  28,  $. 

Syn.  angustalis  Fabricius  ;  recurvalis  Fabricius ;  diffascialis  Hiibner;  albifas- 
cialis  Boisduval. 

The  moth  is  found  all  over  the  temperate  and  subtropical 
regions  of  both  hemispheres.  It  is  common  in  the  southern  por- 
tions of  the  United  States. 

Genus   DESMIA  Westwood 

(i)  Desmia  funeralis  Hubner,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  37,  $. 
(The  Grape-leaf  Folder.) 

A 


FIG.  2\6.— Desmia  funeralis.  i,  larva  secreted  between  folds  of  leaf;  2, 
head  of  larva,  magnified;  3,  pupa;  4,  male  moth;  5,  female  moth.  (After 
Riley.) 

The  caterpillar  of  this  pretty  little  moth  feeds  upon  the  leaves 
392 


Pyralidae 

of  various  wild  and  cultivated  grapes,  showing  a  preference  for 
those  species  the  leaves  of  which  are  thin  and  tender.  The 
caterpillar  is  of  a  transparent  green  color,  and  is  very  lively  when 
disturbed.  The  insects,  which  do  considerable  damage  in  vine- 
yards, may  be  kept  down  by  crushing  the  larvae  and  the  pupae 
when  found  in  the  folded  leaves,  which  are  easily  detected.  The 
moth  is  found  from  Canada  to  the  Gulf  east  of  the  Great  Plains. 

Genus    SAMEA    Guenee 
(i)  Samea  ecclesialis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  2,  ?. 

Syn.  castellalis  Guenee ;  luccusalis  Walker ;  disertalis  Walker. 

The  insect  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  hotter  parts 
of  the  Western  Hemisphere.  It  is  common  in  Florida  and  ranges 
south  as  far  as  Argentina. 

Genus    DIASTICTIS   Hiibner 

(i)  Diastictis  fracturalis  Zeller,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  i,  3. 
This  is  a  neatly  marked  species,  which  is  found  in  Texas  and 
Arizona,  and  ranges  southward  into  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

Genus   CONCHYLODES    Guenee 
(i)  Conchylodes  platinalis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  60,  6  . 

Syn.  ffvulalis  Guent*e ;  erinalis  Walker ;  magicalis  Felder ;  concinnalis 
Hampson. 

The  moth  is  found  in  western  Pennsylvania  and  southward 
through  the  southern  portions  of  the  United  States  into  South 
America. 

Genus    PANTOGRAPHA   Lederer 

(i)  Pantographa  limata  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XLVII, 
Fig.  38,  $  • 

Syn.  suffusalis  Druce. 

The  insect  occurs  from  Maine  to  Patagonia. 

Genus  AGATHODES   Guene"e 
(i)  Agathodes  monstralis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  },  $. 

Syn.  designalis  Guenee ;  floridalis  Hulst. 

The  moth  ranges  from  Florida  to  the  Rio  de  la  Plata  in  South 
America. 

393 


Pyralida; 


Genus   GLYPHODES    Guenee 


This  is  a  large  genus,  represented  in  both  hemispheres  by 
numerous  species.  We  give  figures  of  three. 

(1)  Glyphodes   nitidalis   Stoll,    Plate    XLVII,    Fig.    43,    6. 
(The  Pickle-worm.) 

The  insect  feeds  in  its  larval  stage  upon  cucumbers  and 
melons,  into  which  the  caterpillar  bores.  A  good  account  of  its 
habits  is  given  by  Riley  in  the  "Second  Annual  Report  of  the 
State  Entomologist  of  Missouri, "  page  67.  It  has,  like  most  of  the 
Pyralidce,  a  wide  range,  and  extends  from  the  southern  portions 
of  the  United  States  to  the  southern  portions  of  South  America. 

(2)  Glyphodes  hyalinata  Linnaeus,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  39,  $  . 

Syn.  marginahs  Stoll;   lucernalis  Hubner;  hyalinatalis  Guenee. 

The  range  of  this  species  is  very  much  the  same  as  that  of 
the  last  mentioned. 

(3)  Glyphodes    quadristigmalis    Guenee.      (The    Privet- 
moth.) 


s 


FIG.  217.  —  Glyphodes  quadristigmalis.  «,  lateral  view  of  larva;  b,  dorsal  view; 
c,  cocoon ;  d,  moth ;  e,  lateral  view  of  two  segments  of  larva,  enlarged ;  /,  anal 
segment  of  pupa  from  below,  greatly  enlarged.  (After  Riley,  "  Insect  Life," 
Vol.  I,  p.  24.) 


This  moth  has  in  recent  years  proved  at  times  troublesome  as 
an  enemy  of  privet-hedges  in  the  southern  portions  of  the  country. 
As  many  as  four  broods  of  the  moths  have  been  detected  in  one 

394 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLVII 

(Unless   otherwise  indicated,   the   specimens   represented   are   con- 
tained in  the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 


Packardia    geminata    Packard, 

d1- 

Lithacodes     fasciola      Herrich- 
Schaeffer,   J1. 
Adoneta     spinuloides    Herrich- 

Schaeffer,   $. 

Cochlidion  biguttata  Packard,  9  . 
Euclea  pcenulata  Clemens,  <5*. 
Phobetron  pithecium  Abbot  & 

Smith,   <?. 
Phobetron  pithecium    Abbot    & 

Smith,   9. 

Prolimacodes  scapha  Harris,  9  • 
Sibine  stimulea  Clemens,  c?. 
Euclea   indetermina  Boisduval, 

d1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Tortricidia  testacea  Packard,  c?. 
Tortricidia   cazsonia   Grote,    $  , 

U.  S.  N.  M. 
Natada  nasoni  Grote,  tf,  U.  S. 

N.  M. 
Sisyrosea       textula        Herrich- 

Schaeffer,  9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M.   . 
Euclea  Moris  Herrich-Schaeffer, 

$,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Packardia  elegans  Packard,  9  . 
Isochcetes   beutenmulleri    Henry 

Edwards,    $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Alarodia  slossonice  Packard,  9  , 

U.  S.  N.  M. 
Adoneta      pygmcsa      Grote      & 

Robinson,  tf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Heterogenea   shurtleffi    Packard, 

tf,  U.  S.  N.  M. 
Cochlidion    y-inversa    Packard, 


22.  Monoleuca    semifascia  Walker,  ' 

d1- 

23.  Euclea   viridiclava  Walker,  <?. 

24.  Euclea  delphinii  Boisduval,  9  • 

25.  Euclea  nanina  Dyar,   J1. 

26.  Euclea  Moris  Herrich-Schaeffer, 

d1- 

27.  Cochlidion    rectilinea    Grote  & 

Robinson,   <5\ 


28.  Zinckenia  fascialis  Cramer,  tf. 

29.  Euclea  Moris  Herrich-Schasffer, 

9- 

30.  Thyris  maculata  Harris,   c?. 

31.  Thyris  lugubris  Boisduval,    d1- 
3  2 .  Triprocris    s  mith  s  o  nianus 

Clemens,  <?. 
33.  Pyromorpha  dimidiata  Herrich- 

Schasffer,  J>. 
34-  Harrisina  americana  Guerin- 

Meneville,   c?. 

35.  Hexeris  enhydris  Grote,  <5*. 

36.  Meskea  dy spier  aria  Grote,  $. 

37.  Desmia  funeralis  Hubner,  <$. 

38.  Pantographa    limata    Grote    & 

Robinson,  c?. 

39.  Glyphodes    hyalinata    Linnaeus, 

40.  Cindaphia    bicoloralis    Guenee, 

41.  Pyraus ta  insequalis  Guenee,  d1- 

42.  Pyrausta  niveicilialis  Grote,   9  . 

43.  Glyphodes  nitidalis  Stoll,  (J1. 

44.  Pyrausta  tyralis  Guenee,  d1- 

45.  Evergestis  straminalis   Hubner, 

d1- 

46.  Herculia  himonialis  Zeller,   9  • 

47.  Phlyctcenia  tertialis  Guen6e,   d1- 

48.  Pyrausta  illibalis  Hubner,   9  • 

49.  Pyrausta  orphisalis  Walker,  tf. 

50.  Pyrausta  funebris  Strom,  d*- 

51.  Pyrausta  unifascialis  Packard. 

52.  Pyrausta  langdonalis  Grote,  d1- 
•  53.  Pyralis  farinalis   Linnaeus,    9- 

54.  Pyrausta  pertextalis'Lederer,  $. 

55.  Pyrausta    fumalis    Guenee,   d1- 
'    56.  Pyrausta    unimacula    Grote   & 

Robinson,  c?. 

57.  Pyrausia  ochosalis  Fitch,    MS., 

58.  Eustixia  pupula  Hubner,  d1. 

59.  Hypsopygia   costalis  Fabricius, 

60.  Conchylodes  platinalis  Guenee, 


E  MOTH  BOOK 


Pyralidae 

summer  in  Washington,  D.  C.     The  insect  has  a  wide  range, 
being  known  to  occur  in  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 


Genus  PHLYCT^ENODES  Guen6e 


There 


This  is  a  genus  well  represented  in  both  hemispheres, 
are  over  thirty  species  found  in  the  United  States. 

(1)  Phlyctaenodes  triumphalis'Grote,  Plate XLVIII,  Fig.  5,  $  . 
This  species,  which  is  found  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Luis  Obispo, 

California,  was  described  by  Grote  in  the  "Canadian  Entomolo- 
gist," Vol.  XXXIV,  p.  295.  It  does  not  appear  in  Dyar's  List. 

(2)  Phlyctaenodes  sticticalis  Linnaeus.      (The   Sugar-beet 
Moth.) 

'     Syn.  fuscahs  Hiibner;   tetragonalis  Haworth;  sordida  Butler. 

The  moth,  of  which  we  give  an  enlarged  representation  in  Fig. 
218,  has  becmee  in  recent  years  the  object  of  attention  in 
those  portions  of  the 
West  in  which  the 
cultivation  of  the 
sugar-beet  has  be- 
come an  industry  of 
magnitude.  It  has 
done  considerable 
damage  to  the  crop 
in  Nebraska.  There 
are  two  and  perhaps 
three  broods  pro- 
duced in  a  year.  The 
insect  multiplies  with 
great  rapidity,  and 
large  areas  planted  FIG  2^_Phlyctanodes sticticaUs,  Twicethesize 

With     the    beet     have      of  life.    (After  Riley,  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  V,  p.  320.) 

been  defoliated  by  the 

caterpillars  in  comparatively  a  short  time.  The  larvae  hibernate 
in  cases  woven  of  silk  to  which  particles  of  earth  are  adherent, 
and  which  are  formed  at  a  small  depth  under  the  surface  of  the 
soil.  By  harrowing  the  ground  it  has  been  ascertained  that  many 
of  the  cases  are  thrown  up,  and  are  emptied  of  the  larvae  by  the 
meadow-larks  and  other  insectivorous  birds,  or  are  killed  by  the 
frosts  of  winter.  Many  of  them,  however,  escape  such  treat- 

395 


Pyralidae 

ment,  being  possessed  of  vitality  enough  to  withstand  a  great 
degree  of  cold.  It  has  been  suggested  thai  a  better  way  in 
which  to  rid  the  fields  of  the  pests  is  to  apply  Paris  green  to  the 
beets,  in  a  solution  composed  of  one  pound  of  the  poison  to  two 
hundred  gallons  of  water.  The  spraying  of  the  plants  by  the 
mixture  is  said  to  have  proved  efficacious  in  cases  where  the 


FlG.  219. — P.  sticticalis.  a,  larva, 
magnified  ;  b,  dorsal  view  of  segment 
of  do. ;  c,  lateral  view  of  segment. 
(After  Riley,  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  V, 
p.  321.) 


FIG.  220.  —P.  sticticalis.  a, 
outline  of  larval  case ;  b,  cocoon 
of  parasite  in  larval  case ;  c, 
pupa,  enlarged.  (After  Riley, 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  V,  p.  321.) 


application  was  made  as  soon  as  it  was  ascertained  that  the  in- 
sects were  at  work  upon  the  leaves.  Nature  in  this  case,  as  in 
multitudes  of  others,  comes  to  the  assistance  of  the  agriculturist, 
and  there  is  a  parasite  which  destroys  many  of  the  larvae.  The 
cocoon  of  one  of  these  is  shown  in  Fig.  220. 

The  moth  occurs  in  Europe  as  well  as  in  America,  and  it  is 
possible  that  the  insect  has  been  imported  from  the  Old  World. 

(3)  Phlyctsenodes  oberthuralis  Fernald,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig. 
4,3. 

The  species  occurs  in  California  and  Arizona. 

Genus  TITANIO  Hiibner 

(i)  Titanic  proximalis  Fernald,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  6,  $  . 
The  moth  is  a  native  of  California.     The  genus  to  which  it 
belongs  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  a  number  of  species. 

"  And  your  spoil  shall  be  gathered  like  the  gathering  of  the  caterpillar." 

ISAIAH.— xxxni,  4. 

396 


Pyralidae 

Genus  PHLYCT^NIA  Hiibner 
(i)  Phlyctaenia  tertialis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  47,  $  . 

Syn.  plectilis  Grote  &  Robinson  ;  syringicola  Packard. 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  eastern  portion  of  the  region. 
It  is  very  abundant  about  Pittsburgh.  The  genus  is  represented 
in  our  fauna  by  a  dozen  species. 

Genus  CINDAPHIA  Lederer 
(i)  Cindaphia  bicoloralis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  40,  $  . 

Syn.  julialis  Walker ;  incensalis  Lederer ;  amiculatalis  Berg ;  pulchripictalis 
Hampson. 

The  moth  occurs  from  New  York  and  New  England  south- 
ward to  the  temperate  regions  of  South  America.  It  is  the  only 
representative  of  the  genus  in  our  fauna. 

Genus  PYRAUSTA  Schrank 

This  is  a  very  large  genus,  which  is  well  represented  in  both 
hemispheres.  There  are  about  sixty  species  known  to  occur 
within  our  territory. 

(1)  Pyrausta  pertextalis  Lederer,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  54,  $ . 

Syn.  gentilis  Grote ;  thesealis  Zeller. 

The  species  ranges  from  New  England  to  the  extreme  southern 
portions  of  our  region. 

(2)  Pyrausta  langdonalis  Grote,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  52,  $  . 
The  moth  occurs  in  western  Pennsylvania  and   Ohio  and 

Indiana. 

(3)  Pyrausta  orphisalis  Walker,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  49,  $  . 

Syn.  adipaloides  Grote  &  Robinson. 

The  insect  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Middle  Atlantic  States. 

(4)  Pyrausta  fumalis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  55,  6. 

Syn.  orasusalis  Walker ;   badipennis  Grote. 

The  species  is  found  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  territory. 
It  is  not  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania. 

(5)  Pyrausta  illibalis  Hiibner,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  48,  ? . 

Syn.  arsaltealis  Walker;  euphcesalis  Walker;  guttulosa  Walker;  fascia/is 
Walker ;  subjectalis  Lederer ;  magniferalis  Walker. 

The  moth,  which  is  somewhat  variable  in  its  markings,  is 
found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(6)  Pyrausta  unifascialis  Packard,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  'i,$. 

W7 


Pyralidse 

Syn.  subolivalis  Packard;   hircinalis  Grote ;   olnigralis  Ilulst. 

The  moth  is  known  to  occur  in  the  northern  portions  of  the 
United  States  and  to  range  westward  to  California. 

(7)  Pyrausta  insequalis  Guenee,  Plate  XLV1I,  Fig.  41,3. 

Syn.  subsequalis  Guenee;  madetesalis  Walker;  repletalis  Walker;  efficitalis 
Walker. 

The  species  inhabits  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(8)  Pyrausta  ochosalis  Fitch,  MS.,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  57,  3  . 
This  species,  which  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  Pennsylvania, 

is  in  many  collections  confounded  with  P.  generosa  Grote  & 
Robinson,  which  it  resembles  in  a  general  way.  The  insect  is 
prevalently  smaller  than  the  latter  species,  and  the  markings  are 
different.  The  species  has  been  correctly  discriminated  in  the 
collection  of  the  United  States  National  Museum  from  P.  generosa, 
and  the  name  applied  to  it  in  manuscript  by  Fitch  is  there  given 
it.  I  have  used  this  name  in  designation  of  the  species. 

(9)  Pyrausta  tyralis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig. "44,  $. 

Syn.  erosnealis  Walker ;  diffissa  Grote  &  Robinson ;  bellulalis  Hulst. 

The  species  ranges  from  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio  southward  to 
Texas. 

(10)  Pyrausta  unimacula  Grote  &  Robinson,  Plate  XLVII, 
Fig.  56,  $  • 

The  insect  is  common  in  Pennsylvania  and  the  Valley  of  the 
Ohio. 

(i  i)  Pyrausta  funebris  Strom,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  50,  <5 . 

Syn.  octomaculata  Linnseus ;  glomeralis  Walker. 

This  pretty  and  distinctly  marked  species,  which  in  the  pat- 
tern of  its  wings  recalls  the  markings  of  the  genus  Alypia,  is 
found  in  the  northern  parts  of  temperate  North  America  and  in 
Europe. 

(12)  Pyrausta  niveicilialis  Grote,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  42,  ?. 

The  moth  is  found  from  New  England  to  western  Pennsyl- 
vania and  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio  as  far  west  as  southern  Indiana. 

Genus    EUSTIXIA    Hiibner 

(i)  Eustixia  pupula  Hubner,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  58,  $  . 

The  insect  is  found  throughout  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
It  is  freely  attracted  to  light  and  also  to  sugar.  It  is  common  in 
Indiana. 


Pyralidae 

Genus   CORNIFRONS   Lederer 

(i)  Cornifrons  simalis  Grote,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  7,  $. 
The  range  of  the  moth  is  from  Montana  to  Oregon. 

nus    NOCTUELIA   Guen<§e 
(i)  Noctuelia  thalialis  Walker,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  9,  $. 

Syn.  peruviana  Walker;  gelidalis  Walker;  novalis  Grote;  coslcemaculalis 
Snellen. 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Gulf  States  and  southward  through 
South  America. 

SUBFAMILY   NYMPHULIN^E 

The  insects  composing  this  family  are  generally  found  in  the 
vicinity  of  water,  the  larvae  feeding  for  the  most  part  upon  aquatic 
plants.  Four  genera  belonging  to  the  subfamily  are  recognized 
as  occurring  within  our  limits.  We  give  an  illustration  of  one  of 
the  commoner  species. 

Genus    NYMPHULA   Schrank 

(i)  Nymphula  obscuralis  Grote,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  10,  ?. 
The  insect  occurs  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  and  southward 
into  Pennsylvania  and  West  Virginia. 

SUBFAMILY  SCOPARIIN/E 

The  Scopariince  are  represented  in  our  fauna  by  the  genus 
Scoparia  alone.  Seven  species  belonging  to  this  genus  are 
attributed  to  it  in  the  last  published  list  of  the  Lepidoptera  of  the 
United  States. 

SUBFAMILY   PYRALIN^E 

Five  genera  belonging  to  this  subfamily  occur  within  our  ter- 
ritory. Of  these  we  have  selected  for  illustration  specimens  rep- 
resenting three  of  the  genera. 

Genus    HYPSOPYGIA   HUbner 

(i)  Hypsopygia  costalis  Fabricius,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  59,  3. 
(The  Clover-hay  Worm.) 

Syn.  fimbrialis  Denis  &  Schiffermiiller. 

399 


Pyralidae 

This  troublesome  little  species  is  no  doubt  an  importation  from 
Europe,  where  it  is  very  common.     It  has  spread  from  the  Atlantic 

to  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It 
has  the  habit  of  infesting 
stacks  of  clover-hay,  and 
often  does  a  great  deal  of 
damage  by  weaving  its  webs 
of  fine  whitish  silk  mixed 
with  excrement  in  the  hay 
and  devouring  the  leaves. 
Many  cases  have  been  re- 
ported in  which  hay  had  been 
rendered  entirely  unfit  for  use 
by  the  presence  ofthese  pests. 
As  the  larvae  feed  upon 
dried  clover,  it  has  been  rec- 
ommended to  make  it  a 
point  not  to  stack  new  hay  in  places  where  the  old  hay  is  known 
to  have  been  infected.  Furthermore,  as  the  larvae  are  known  to 
prefer  hay  which  is  somewhat  moist,  it  is  recommended  to  make 
it  a  point  to  stack  the  hay  in  such  a  manner  that  it  cannot  be 
subjected  to  an  excess  of  moisture.  This  may  be  done  by  build- 
ing the  stacks  upon  a  framework  of  rails  elevated  a  little  distance 
above  the  ground,  so  as  to  permit  of  the  circulation  of  air  beneath. 


FlG.  221. — Hypsopygia  costalis.  1-2, 
larvae ;  3,  cocoon ;  4,  pupa ;  5-6,  moth ;  7» 
larva  covered  with  silken  web.  (After 
Riley.) 


(The 


Genus   PYRALIS   Linnaeus 

(i)  Pyralis  farinalis  Linnaeus,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  53,  ?  . 
Meal  Snout-moth.) 

This  is  a  cosmo- 
politan species,  being 
quite  abundant  every- 
where. It  manifests 
a  decided  preference 
for  cereals  in  almost 
any  form,  and  feeds 

Upon  meal,  bran,  and          FIG.  2^^.— Pyralis  farinalis.     a,  moth; 

pvpn    thf    straw    anH      c>  cocoon-     (After  Chittenden,   "  Bull.   U.  S.  Dept. 

even  tne  straw  and    Agric>>,,  New  Series>  Volt  IVj  p<  1JQ-)    A11  figufes 

husks.      It  Undergoes      twice  the  size  of  life. 
400 


Pyralidae 

transformation  quite  rapidly  and  is  known  to  produce  as  many 
as  four  generations  in  a  year.  The  caterpillars  prefer  the  dark 
corners  of  meal-bins  and  the  nooks  of  granaries  and  elevators 
which  are  least  disturbed,  and  here  will,  unless  they  are  detected 
and  their  ravages  checked,  establish  centers  of  infection,  from 
which  they  will  go  forth  to  do  a  vast  amount  of  mischief.  The 
caterpillars  form  long  cases  or  tunnels  of  silk  mixed  with  the 
debris  of  their  food,  in  which  they  are  quite  effectually  concealed 
from  view.  The  best  remedy  is  cleanliness,  and  frequent  moving 
of  stored  products. 

Genus   HERCULIA  Walker 

(1)  Herculia  olinalis  Guenee,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  13,  $. 

Syn.  trentonalis  Lederer. 

The  species  is  widely  distributed  throughout  the  United  States 
and  Canada.  The  larvae  feed  upon  the  leaves  of  the  oak. 

(2)  Herculia  himonialis  Zeller,  Plate  XLVII,  Fig.  46,  ? . 
The  moth  is  found  from  New  England  to  Pennsylvania.     It  is 

not  uncommon  among  the  Alleghany  Mountains  about  Cresson. 

SUBFAMILY   CHRYSAUGIN/E 

This  is  a  small  subfamily,  represented  in  our  fauna  by  nine 
genera.  Two  of  these  we  have  selected  for  representation. 

Genus   SALOBRANA  Walker 

(i)  Salobrana  tecomae  Riley,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  1 1,  $. 

This  curious  little  moth  feeds  in  its  larval  state  upon  the  inte- 
rior of  the  seed-pods  of  the  common  trumpet-vine  (Tecoma). 
The  eggs  are  deposited  when  the  pods  are  forming,  and  the  larvae 
develop  within  them  until  in  the  fall,  when  they  become  dormant, 
hibernating  in  their  burrows  until  the  following  spring,  when 
they  prepare  for  their  escape  by  making  an  orifice  in  the  outer 
shell  of  the  pod  and  transforming  into  pupa;.  An  excellent 
account  of  their  habits  has  been  given  by  the  late  Professor  C.  V. 
Riley  in  the  "American  Entomologist,"  Vol.  Ill,  p.  288.  The 
moth  is  found  in  the  southwestern  portions  of  the  United  States, 
in  the  West  Indies,  and  in  Mexico  and  Central  America. 

401 


Pyralidae 

Genus  TOSALE  Walker 
(i)  Tosale  oviplagalis  Walker,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  33,  $ . 

Syn.  nobilis  Grote ;  anthcecioides  Grote  &  Robinson. 

This  is  a  common  insect  in  western  Pennsylvania,  coming 
freely  to  sugar.  It  ranges  from  the  eastern  portions  of  our  terri- 
tory southward  into  South  America. 

SUBFAMILY  SCHCENOBIIN^E 

This  is  a  small  subfamily  of  peculiar  moths  in  which  the  pro- 
boscis is  wanting,  and  which  are  represented  in  our  territory  by 
four  genera  and  a  dozen  or  more  species.  Of  these  we  have 
selected  one  for  illustration. 

Genus  SCIRPOPHAGA  Treitschke 
(i)  Scirpophaga  perstrialis    Hiibner,    Plate   XLVIII,    Fig. 

12,     ?. 

Syn.  serriradiellus  Walker ;  macrinellus  Zellner. 

The  habitat  of  this  moth  is  the  southern  part  of  Florida. 
SUBFAMILY   CRAMBIN/E 

The  Crambince,  or  "Grass-moths,"  as  they  are  commonly 
called,  constitute  a  large  subfamily.  The  North  American  species 
have  been  well  described  and  delineated  by  Fernald  in  his  little 
book  entitled  "The  Crambidae  of  North  America,"  which  was 
published  in  1896.  To  this  the  student  will  do  well  to  refer. 
There  are  fourteen  genera  in  our  territory,  and  over  eighty  species. 
Only  a  few  of  these  can  be  represented  in  our  plates. 

Genus  CRAM  BUS  Fabricius 

(1)  Crambus  laqueatellus  Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  17,  $  . 

Syn.  semifusellus  Walker. 

The  moth  ranges  from  New  England  to  Texas.  Like  all  the 
other  species  of  the  genus,  it  feeds  in  its  larval  state  upon  the 
grasses. 

(2)  Crambus  alboclavellus  Zeller,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  18,  $. 
The  insect  is  very  common  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(3)  Crambus  turbatellus  Walker,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  19,  ?. 

Syn.  bipunctellus  Zeller. 

4O2 


Pyralidae 

The  insect  occurs  from  Canada  and  New  England  in  the  North 
to  the  Potomac  and  the  Ohio  in  the  South. 

(4)  Crambus  trisectus  Walker,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  20,  $ . 

Syn.  interminellus  Walker  ;  exsiccatus  Zeller ;  biliturellus  Zeller. 

This  is  a  very  common  and  widely  distributed  species,  rang- 
ing from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  through  more  temperate 
latitudes. 

Genus  DIATR^EA  Guilding 

(i)  Diatraea  saccharalis  Fabricius.  (The  Larger  Corn-stalk 
Borer.) 

Syn.  leucaniellus  Walker;  lineosellus  Walker;  obliteratellus  Zeller;  crambi- 
doides  Grote. 

As  early  as  the  year  1828  the  attention  of  the  world  was  called 
to  the  damage  inflicted  upon  the  sugar-cane  in  the  West  Indies 
by  the  larva  of  a  lepidopterous  insect.  The  author  of  the  paper 
in  which  it  was  described  was  the  Rev.  Lansdown  Guilding,  who 
was  awarded  a  gold  medal  by  the  Society  of  Arts  for  his  account 
of  the  insect.  About  thirty  years  later,  attention  was  called  to 
the  ravages  of 
a  similar  insect 
in  the  island  of 
Mauritius,  into 
which  it  had 
been  intro- 
duced. From 
the  West  In- 
dies the  insect 
was  transport- 
ed to  Louisi- 
ana, and  a 
study  of  its 
pernicious 
habits  was  ac- 
curately made 
in  the  year  1 88 1 
by  Dr.  L.  O. 
Howard  of  the 

United  States  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Louisiana  as  a  pest  since  1855. 

403 


FIG.  223.—  D.  saccharalis. 
larged ;  d,  third  thoracic  segment; 


varieties  of  larva,  en- 
eighth  abdominal  seg- 


ment ;  /,  abdominal  segment  from  side ;  g,  same  from  above, 
enlarged.     (After  Howard,  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  101.) 


It  had  been  known  in 


Pyralidae 

The  ravages  of  the  insect  are  not  confined  to  the  sugar-cane. 
It  attacks  with  equal  avidity  sorghum  and  the  stalks  of  the  com- 
mon Indian  corn,  or  maize.  The  insect  has  gradually  worked  its 
way  northward  from  the  region  of  the  Gulf,  having  found  lodg- 
ment here  and  there  throughout  the  Southern  States,  and  is  now 
known  to  occur  quite  abundantly  at  times  as  far  north  as  Mary- 
land. It  is  double-brooded  in  Virginia. 

The  most  serious  damage  is  inflicted  upon  the  crop  where 
the  larvae  attack  young  stalks.  Plants  which  are  older  and  well 

established,  though 
they  may  suffer  to 
some  extent  from  the 
insects,  are  generally 
not  damaged  suffi- 
ciently to  prevent  the 
maturing  and  harden- 
ing of  the  grain;  but 
where  the  stalks  are 
young  and  quite  ten- 
der, they  fail  to  mature, 
are  stunted,  sicken,  and 
ultimately  die.  The 
accompanying  figure 
shows  the  dwarfed 
and  sickly  appearance 
of  such  a  stalk,  which 
has  been  invaded  by 
the  borer.  The  life- 
history  of  the  insect 
has  been  briefly  given 
by  Howard  as  follows : 
"  In  early  spring  the 
parent  moth  lays  her 
eggs  upon  the  young 
cane  near  the  axils,  and 
the  young  borer  pene- 
trates the  stalk  at  or 
near  the  joint,  and  commences  to  tunnel,  usually  upward,  through 
the  soft  pith.  The  larval  growth  is  rapid,  and  the  borer  is  active, 

404 


FIG.  224. — D.  saccharalis.  a,  appearance  of 
corn-stalk  infested  by  larva;  b,  stalk  cut  open  to 
show  larval  tunnel  and  pupa.  (After  Howard, 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  99.) 


Pyralidae 

and  frequently  leaves  the  stalk  at  one  place  and  enters  at  another, 
making  several  holes  in  the  course  of  its  growth.  When  ready 
to  transform,  it  burrows  to  the  surface,  making  a  hole  for  the 
exit  of  the  future  moth,  and  transforms  to  the  pupa  state.  There 
are  several  generations  in  the  course  of  a  season,  and  the  insect 
hibernates  in  the  larval  state  within  the  stalks." 

The  fact  that  the  insect  makes  its  home  in  the  winter  months 
in  the  dry  stalks  furnishes  the  means  for  most  effectually  com- 
bating its  attacks.  The  remedy  is  found  in  destroying  the 
stalks,  either  by  burning 
them  or  by  gathering  them 
up  and  feeding  them  to  live 
stock.  It  is  well  known 
that  where  crops  are  ro- 
tated, and  the  stalks  are" 
not  left  standing  in  the 
fields  all  winter,  the  insect 
does  not  succeed  in  inflict- 
ing much  damage.  Care- 
ful and  intelligent  tillage  of 
the  soil,  cleanliness  in  the 
fields,  will  do  much  to  pre- 
vent the  increase  of  these 
insects,  as  well  as  of  many 
other  injurious  species 
which  might  be  named. 


FIG.  225. — D.  saccharalis.  a,  female,  en- 
larged ;  b,  wings  of  male ;  c,  pupa,  enlarged. 
(After  Howard,  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV, 
P-  95-) 


In     addition     to     feeding 

upon  sugar-cane,  sorghum,  and  corn,  it  has  be,en  ascertained 
that  the  insect  will  attack  "  Gama-grass"  (Tripsactim  dactyloides), 
and  it  is  recommended  to  burn  over  fields  in  which  this  grass 
grows  in  proximity  to  corn-fields.  The  student  who  is  desirous 
to  know  more  about  this  insect  may  consult  the  pages  of  "  Insect 
Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  95,  where  Dr.  Howard  has  written  at  length 
upon  its  habits.  It  is  from  this  article  that  much  of  the  infor- 
mation contained  in  the  preceding  paragraphs  has  been  drawn. 

SUBFAMILY   GALLERIIN/E 

This  is  a  subfamily  the  larvae  of  at  least  one  species  of  which 
have  the  remarkable  habit  of  making  their  abode  in  the  hives  of 

405 


Pyralidae 

bees,  where  they  feed  upon  the  wax  and  destroy  the  young  of 
the  insects  upon  whose  industry  they  prey. 

Genus    GALLERIA    Fabricius 
(i)  Galleria  mellonella  Linnaeus.     (The  Bee-moth.) 

Syn.  cereana  Linnaeus  ;  cerella  Fabricius  ;  obliqnella  Walker. 

The  Bee-moth  was  undoubtedly  introduced  into  this  country 
from  Europe.  It  is  a  well-known  enemy  of  the  apiarist,  and  has 
been  active  in  doing  mischief  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic  for  more 


a-  c 

FIG.  226. — The  Bee-moth.  a,  larva:  £,  cocoon  ;  c,  pupa;  </, 
female  moth  with  wings  expanded;  e,  male  moth  with  wings  closed. 
(After  Riley.) 

than  a  century,  while  it  has  been  known  from  time  immemorial 
in  Europe  as  one  of  the  most  dreaded  pests  of  the  hive.  The 
moth  is  double-brooded,  the  first  generation  appearing  on  the 
wing  in  the  latter  part  of  May  and  the  beginning  of  June,  and 
the  second  in  August.  We  cannot  do  better  than  to  quote  in 
this  connection  the  following  account  of  the  insect  which  is  given 
by  Professor  C.  V.  Riley  in  the  "  First  Annual  Report  of  the  State 
Entomologist  of  Missouri,"  p.  166: 

"  During  the  daytime  these  moths  remain  quietly  ensconced  in 
some  angle  of  the  hive,  but,  as  night  approaches,  they  become 
active,  and  the  female  uses  her  best  endeavors  to  get  into  the 
hive,  her  object  being  to  deposit  her  eggs  in  as  favorable  a  place 
as  possible.  Wire-gauze  contrivances  are  of  no  avail  to  keep  her 
out,  as  she  frequently  commences  flying  before  all  the  bees  have 
ceased  their  work.  But  even  if  she  were  entirely  prevented  from 
entering  the  hive,  she  could  yet  deposit  her  eggs  on  the  outsides 
or,  by  means  of  her  extensile  ovipositor,  thrust  them  in  between 
the  slightest  joint  or  crack,  and  the  young  worms  hatching  from 
them  would  readily  make  their  way  into  the  hive.  The  moment 

ao6 


Pyralida 

the  worm  is  hatched,  it  commences  spinning  a  silken  tube  for  its 
protection,  and  this  tube  is  enlarged  as  it  increases  in  size.  The 
worm  cuts  its  channels  right  through  .the  comb,  feeding  on  the 
wax,  and  destroying  the  young  bees  on  its  way.  When  full- 
grown,  it  creeps  into  a  corner  of  the  hive  or  under  some  ledge  at 
the  bottom,  and  forms  a  tough  white  cocoon  of  silk  mingled 
with  its  own  black  excrement,  as  shown  in  Figure  226,  b.  In  due 
time  the  moth  emerges  from  this  cocoon. 

A  worm-infested  hive  may  generally  be  known  by  the  dis- 
couraged aspect  which  the  bees  present,  and  by  the  bottom- 
board  being  covered  with  pieces  of  bee-bread  mixed  with  the 
black  gunpowder-like  excrement  of  the  worm.  .  .  .  If  a  hive  is 
very  badly  infested  with  the  worm,  it  is  better  to  drive  out  the 
bees  and  secure  what  honey  and  wax  there  may  be  left  than  to 
preserve  it  as  a  moth-breeder  to  infest  the  apiary.  If  put  into  a 
new  hive,  the  bees  may  do  something;  and  if  they  do  not,  there 
is  no  loss,  as  they  would  have  perished,  finally,  from  the  ravages 
of  the  worm." 

SUBFAMILY   EPIPASCHIIN^E 

This  subfamily  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  fourteen  genera 
and  about  thirty  species.  The  insects  may  generally  be  recog- 
nized and  separated  from  allied  forms  by  the  fact  that  the  cell  of 
the  fore  wing  is  adorned  -by  tufts  of  raised  scales.  We  have 
only  space  to  give  an  illustration  of  a  single  genus  and  species. 

Genus   YUMA   Hulst 
(i)  Yuma  trabalis  Grote,  Plate  XLVI1I,  Fig.  14,  ?  . 

Syn.  adulatalis  Hulst. 

The  insect  is  found  in  Colorado  and  Wyoming,  and  ranges 
southward  into  Texas.  Almost  all  of  the  Epipascbiince  found 
within  our  territory  are  native  to  the  West  and  the  Southwest, 
only  a  few  species  being  found  in  the  eastern  portions  of  the 
United  States. 

SUBFAMILY   PHYCITIN/E 

This  is  a  very  extensive  group  of  moths,  which  have  been 
admirably  monographed  by  the  late  Mons.  E.  L.  Ragonot  of 
Paris,  in  the  "  Memoires  sur  les  ^Lepidopteres,"  Vols.  VII  and 

407 


Pyramids 

VIII.  There  are  represented  in  our  fauna  over  sixty  genera  and 
more  than  two  hundred  species.  We  can  give  our  readers 
merely  a  glimpse  into  this  corner  of  the  field,  but  trust  that  what 
they  shall  see  may  impel  them  to  undertake  for  themselves  the 
pleasant  task  of  diligent  exploration,  assuring  them  that  they  will 
find  here  a  world  of  wonders  with  which  to  deal. 

Genus   ACROBASIS   Zeller 

(i)  Acrobasis  betulella  Hulst,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  15,  ?. 

This  is  a  common  species,  ranging  from  New  England  to 
Colorado.  There  are  nearly  a  dozen  other  species  of  the  genus 
known  to  occur  in  our  fauna,  and  no  doubt  many  more  which 
have  not  yet  been  discovered  and  described. 


Genus    MINEOLA    Hulst 

(i)  Mineola  juglandis  Le  Baron.    (The  Walnut  Case-bearer.) 

This  little  moth  lives  in  its  larval  stage  upon  the  leaves  of 

the  hickory  and  walnut.     It  has  the  habit  of  drawing  together 

two  of  the  opposite  leaves 
attached  to  the  long  peti- 
ole,  and  between  them  it 
builds  a  case,  which  is 
quite  straight  and  is  com- 
posed of  silk,  attached  to 
which  is  excrementitious 
matter,  which  is  neatly 
and  closely  applied  to 
the  whole.  In  this  case 
the  larva  lives  until  the 
cooler  airs  of  autumn 
warn  it  to  leave  the 
petiole  of  the  compound 
leaf,  which  will  fall  pres- 
ently, and  it  then  anchors  its  little  case  to  the  twig  near  by,  and 
in  a  half-grown  state  prepares  for  the  cold  winds  and  icy  tem- 
perature of  winter.  When  again  spring  sends  the  sap  up  the 
branches,  and  the  leaves  begin  to  unfold,  it  cuts  the  bands  of  silk 
which  held  the  case  in  place,  and  completing  its  development 

408 


FIG.  227. — M.  juglandis.  «,  case  woven 
between  leaves ;  b,  case ;  c,  e,  wing  of  M.  indi- 
genella  and  variety;  d,  wing  of  M.  juglandis. 
(After  Riley.) 


Pyralidae 

upon  freshly  grown  and  sapid  food,  it  is  transformed  into  a  pupa, 
from  which  the  moth  presently  emerges.  The  moth  closely 
resembles  the  next  species,  but  the  student,  by  the  study  of  its 
habits  and  of  the  case,  which  is  always  straight,  and  not  crooked, 
as  is  that  of  the  following  species,  may  at  once  discriminate  it. 
(2)  Mineola  indigenella  Zeller.  (The  Rascal  Leaf-crumpler.) 

Syn.  nebula  Walsh;  zelatella  Hulst. 

This  moth  is  common  in 
the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 
and  in  Ontario,  but  does  not 
appear  to  be  very  common  in 
the  Eastern  States,  and  is  un- 
known in  the  extreme  south- 
ern portions  of  our  region. 
It  is  very  common  in  western 
Pennsylvania. 

Professor  C.  V.  Riley  de- 
scribes its  habits  as  follows: 
"It  is  one  of  those  insects 
which  is  hardly  noticed  while 
it  is  carrying  on  its  most  de- 
structive work;  for  it  is  most 
voracious  during  the  leafy 
months  of  May  and  June, 
and  is  then  more  or  less  hid- 
den by  the  foliage  of  the  tree, 
which  it  so  effectually  helps  to  denude. 


FIG.  228.—  M.  indigenella.  a,  case;  b, 
case  wrapped  in  debris  of  leaves;  c,  head 
of  larva;  d,  moth,  enlarged.  (After  Riley.) 


But  the  nakedness  of 
winter,  though  it  does  not  reveal  the  surreptitious  worm,  lays 
bare  and  renders  conspicuous  its  little  house,  and  these  houses — 
these  "larval  cases— whether  closely  attached  in  clusters  to  the 
twigs  as  in  Figure  228,  b,  or  hidden  in  a  few  seared  and  silk-sewn 
leaves  as  at  Figure  229,  are  unerring  tokens  of  past  injury  to  the 
tree,  and  symbols  of  increased  injury  in  the  future,  unless  re- 
moved. The  bunches  of  leaves  anchored  to  the  tree  by  strong 
silken  cables  and  breasting  defiantly  every  winter's  wind  are, 
indeed,  significant  insignia  upon  which  is  written  in  characters, 
if  not  in  words— 'result  of  careless  culture  and  unpardonable 
neglect.' 

There  is  but  one  brood  a  year,  and  the  larva,  about  one-third 
409 


FlG.  229.  — Cluster  of  leaves 
hiding  larval  case  of  M.  indi- 
genella.  (After  Riley.) 


Pyralidse 

grown,  invariably  passes  the  winter  protected  in  its  case.  At 
this  season  of  the  year  it  is  always  of  a  deep  reddish-brown 
color.  As  the  leaves  expand  in  spring 
it  rouses  from  its  winter  lethargy, 
and  after  'heaving  anchor'— to  use  a 
nautical  expression— by  severing  the 
silken  connections  of  its  case,  travels 
in  search  of  food,  and  having  found 
ir,  secures  its  case  again,  and  breaks 
its  long  fast.  Toward  the  end  of 
May  it  acquires  its  growth,  wnen  the 
earlier  brown  color  frequently  takes 
on  a  more  or  less  decided  deep  green 
hue.  It  is  a  smooth  worm  with  the 
head  and  thoracic  joints  as  represented 
ate.  The  case  at  this  time  usually 
presents  the  appearance  of  Figure  228, 
a,  being  crooked  and  twisted  like  a 
little  horn,  gradually  enlarging,  cornucopia-fashion,  from  tip  to 
mouth,  and  reminding  one  strongly  of  a  piece  of  bird-dung.  It 
is  formed  of  the  worm's  excrement  and  other  debris,  interwoven 
with  silk,  and  is  completely  lined  on  the  inside  with  a  carpet  of 
the  last-named  material.  The  worm  leaves  it  for  feeding  pur- 
poses mostly  during  the  night.  The  chrysalis  is  formed  inside 
this  case,  and  the  moths  commence  to  make  their  appearance 
during  the  fore  part  of  June,  and  later  as  we  go  farther  north." 
The  insect  feeds  principally  upon  the  Rosacece,  and  is  very 
injurious  to  orchards,  attacking  apple-trees,  plums,  quinces,  cher- 
ries, and  certain  varieties  of  pears,  especially  the  Seckel  pear. 

Genus  AMBESA  Grote 

(i)  Ambesa  laetella  Grote,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  16,  $. 
The  moth  is  not  uncommon  in  Colorado,  Wyoming,  and 
Utah.     It  is  found  in  the  sage-brush  in  August. 

Genus  MELITARA  Walker 

(i)  Melitara  fernaldialis  Hulst,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  8,  ?. 
The  insect  is  not  at  all  uncommon  in  Arizona,  and  is  also  said 
to  occur  in  Mexico. 

410 


Pyralidae 


A 

11 
™ 


FIG.  iy>.—Z.grossulariiE. 
Moth  and  cocoon.  (After 
Riley.) 


Genus  ZOPHODIA  Hiibner 

(i)  Zophodia  grossulariae  Riley.  (The  Gooseberry  Fruit- 
worm.) 

Syn.  turbitella  Grote. 

The   larva   of  this  little  moth,  which  is  glass-green,  feeds 
upon  currants  and  gooseberries  as  they  are  forming  upon  the 
branches,  hollowing  out  their  interiors,  and  often  fastening  a 
cluster  of  them  together  with  a  web  of 
silk.     The  berries  attacked  by  the  larvae 
do  not  generally  fall  to  the  ground,  but 
shrivel  up  where  they  are,  attached  to 
the  stalk.    The  caterpillars  transform  into 
pupae  on  the  ground,  under  leaves  and 
among  rubbish.     There  is  but  one  brood 
during  the  year. 

The  insect  is  widely  distributed  from  New  England  and 
southern  Canada  westward  and  southward  into  the  Valley  of  the 
Ohio  and  the  upper  portions  of  the  Mississippi  Valley. 

Genus  CANARSIA  Hulst 

( i )Canarsia  hammondi  Riley.  (The  Apple-leaf  Skeletonizer. ) 
The  larva  of  this  little  moth  feeds  upon  the  parenchyma,  or 
soft  green  pulpy  covering  of  the  leaves,  of  the  apple  and  allied 
trees,  leaving  the  framework  of 
veins  and  veinlets  untouched. 
Sometimes  it  devours  all  of  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaf  and 
completely  skeletonizes  it;  more 
frequently  it  only  eats  portions 
here  and  there.  In  the  fall  of 
the  year  orchards  are  often  made 
to  appear  quite  sear  and  blighted 
by  the  inroads  of  the  minute  larvae, 
which  are  gregarious  and  are  at 
times  found  literally  in  millions 
upon  the  trees. 

The  insect  has  an  extensive 
range,  and  is  found  from  New 
411 


FIG.  231.  —  C.  hammondi.  a,  larva ; 

b,  enlarged  dorsal  view  of  segment ; 

c,  enlarged  view  of  head  and  anterior 
segments;  d,  moth.     (After  Riley.) 


Pyralidae 

England  and  Ontario  southward  through  the  valleys  of  the  Ohio 
and  the  Mississippi  as  far  as  northern  Texas. 

By  weakening  the  trees  the  larvae  cause  the  fruit  to  fall  pre- 
maturely, and  not  a  little  damage  is  thus  caused  to  the  crop.  It 
has  been  recommended  to  treat  trees  which  are  infested  by  the 
insect  to  a  dust-bath  made  of  air-slaked  lime.  It  is  said  that  this 
has  the  effect  of  destroying  the  larvae.  A  better  method  of  pro- 
cedure is  to  give  the  trees  a  spraying  with  a  very  weak  solution  of 
one  or  the  other  of  the  coal-oil  emulsions  which  are  in  use  as 
disinfectants  in  orchards. 

Genus  EPHESTIA  Guenee 
(i)  Ephestia  kuehniella  Zeller.     (The  Flour-moth.) 

Syn.  gitonella  Druce. 

This  wretched  pest,  the  original  habitat  of  which  is  not 
known,  has  within  recent  years  caused  a  great  deal  of  trouble 
and  expense  to  millers  and  dealers  in  grain  on  both  sides  of  the 
Atlantic.  It  is  believed  by  many  European  entomologists  to  be 
of  American  origin,  but  this  cannot  be  proved.  Others  hold  that 


FIG.  232.  —E.  kuehniella.  (All  figures  greatly  enlarged.)  a,  larva;  ,  pupa; 
c,  moth;  d,  enlarged  head  of  larva;  e,  enlarged  segment;  /,  moth  at  rest;  g,  front 
wing,  showing  characteristic  markings ;  h,  i,  neuration  of  wings.  (After  Riley, 
"  Insect  Life,"  Vol!  II,  p.  166.) 

it  is  an  importation  from  the  Orient,  and  it  goes  under  the  name 
of  the  Mediterranean  Flour-moth  in  some  localities.  Wherever 
the  creature  came  from,  it  is  a  decided  plague.  Rapidly  multi- 
plying, it  takes  possession  of  mills  and  grain-warehouses,  and. 

412 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  XLVIII 

(Unless  otherwise  indicated,  the  specimens  figured  are  contained  in 
the  collection  of  W.  J.  Holland.) 

1.  Diastictis  fracturalis  Zeller,   J1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

2.  Samea  ecclesialis  Guenee,    $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

3.  Agathodes  monstralis  Guenee,   tf ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

4.  Phlyctanodes  oberthuralis  Fernald,   d\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

5.  Phlyctcsnodes  triumphalis  Grote,    9  ,  U.  S.   N.  M. 

6.  Titanio  proximalis  Fernald,  cT,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

7.  Cornifrons  simalis  Grote,  tf ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

8.  Melitara  fernaldialis'Hulst,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

9.  Noctuelia  thalialis  Walker,  d\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

10.  Nymphula  obscuralis  Grote,    $  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

11.  Salobrana  tecomaz  Riley,    9. 

12.  Scirpophaga  perstrialis  Hiibner,    9  .  U.  S.  N.  M. 

13.  Herculia  olinalis  Guenee,  <j\  U.  S.  N.  M. 

14.  Yuma  trabalis  Grote,    9  ,  U.  S.  N..  M. 

15.  Acrobasis  betulella  Hulst,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

1 6.  Ambesa  latella  Grote,   tf. 

17.  Crambus  laqueatellus  Clemens,   <J*. 

1 8.  Cravibus  alboclavellus  Zeller,   <5*. 

19.  Crambus  turbatellus  Walker,    9  • 

20.  Crambus  trisectus  Walker,   9  • 

21.  Archips  cerasivorana  Fitch,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

22.  Tortrix  albicomana  Clemens,  cT,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

23.  Amorbia  hunter osana  Clemens,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M 

24.  Platynota  flavedana  Clemens,    9  .  var. 

25.  Platynota  labiosana  Zeller,   9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

26.  Commophila  macrocarpana  Walsingham,  cJ1,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

27.  Eucosma  dorsisignatana  Clemens,    c?. 

28.  Cenopis  groteana  Fernald,   c?- 

29.  Ecdytolopha  insiticiana  Zeller,    9  • 

30.  Archips  purpurana  Clemens,    c?. 

31.  Archips  parallela  Robinson,  <?. 

32.  Archips*  rosaceana  Harris,   9  • 

33.  Tosale  oviplagalis  Walker,    J1. 

34.  Archips  argyrospila  Walker,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

35.  Cenopis  pettitana  Robinson,    9  ,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

36.  Atteva  aurea  Fitch,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

37.  Atteva  gemmata  Grote,   <J*,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

38.  Semioscopis  merricella  Dyar,    9  • 

39.  Eulia  alisellana  Robinson,    9  • 

40.  Epagoge  tunicana  Walsingham,  d1,  U.   S.  N.  M. 

41.  Stenoma  schlcegeri  Zeller,   & ,  U.   S.  N.  M. 

42.  Anaphora  popeanella  Clemens,    c?. 

43.  Acrolophus  plumtfrontellus  Clemens,   (J1. 

44.  Yponomeuta  multipunctella  Clemens,  c?,  U.  S.  N.  M. 

45.  Adela  bella  Chambers,    <5*. 


PLATS  XLVI11. 


? 


19 


*»- 


T 


EBWAN  COLORTYPE  CO.,  N.Y 


Pyialidae 

seems  to  defy  attempts  to  eradicate  it.  Each  female  lays  from 
six  to  seven  hundred  eggs,  and  the  process  of  generation  seems, 
where  buildings  are  warm,  to  go  on  continuously.  Moving  and 
airing  the  wheat  does  no  good,  as  the  insect  seems  to  multiply 
in  the  pipes  in  which  flour  is  transported  in  a  mill  from  one  place 
to  another  by  air-pressure.  Much  damage  is  done  by  the  habit 
which  the  larvae  pos- 
sess of  gnawing  the 
fine  gauze  of  the 
screens  in  a  flour- 
mill. 

When  the  insect 
has  once  established 
itself  in  an  elevator  or 
mill,  the  only  remedy 
appears  to  be  to  shut 
down,  and  thorough- 
ly clean  the  place  from 
top  to  bottom,  and 
keep  shut  down  and 
go  on  cleaning  until 
not  a  nook  or  cranny 
is  known  to  harbor 
the  larvae,  cocoons,  or 
moths.  The  accom- 


FIG.  233.— a,  Enlarged  view  of  cocoon  of  Flour- 
moth  from  below,  showing  pupa  through  thin  silk 
which  was  attached  to  a  beam.  f>,  Cocoon  viewed 
from  above,  with  meal  clinging  to  it.  (After  Riley, 
"Insect  Life,"  Vol.  II,  p.  167.) 


panying  illustrations, 
which  are  taken  from  the  pages  of  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  II,  will 
enable  the  student  to  recognize  this  creature  in  its  various  stages 
of  development. 

Thus  far  it  has  not  become  universally  distributed  throughout 
the  country,  but  it  has  appeared  in  alarming  numbers  in  some 
parts  of  Canada  and  New  England.  In  England,  Germany,  and 
Belgium  its  attacks  have  been  the  subject  of  frequent  comment. 
It  shares  an  unenviable  reputation  with  another  species  of  the 
same  genus,  which  we  shall  presently  speak  of,  and  with  a  spe- 
cies of  Plodia,  of  which  we  shall  also  have  something  to  say. 

"  Bee  to  the  blossom,  moth  to  the  flame ; 
Each  to  his  passion  ;  what  's  in  a  name?  " 

HELEN  HUNT  JACKSON.—  Vanity  of  Vanities. 


E. 


FIG.  234  — 


(After  ^ 
*e" 


Pyralidae 

(2)  Ephestia  cautella  Walker.     (The  Dried-currant  Moth.) 

Syn.  cahiritella  Zeller ;  pasulella  Barrett ;  desuetella  Walker. 

This  insect,  which  in  many  respects  closely  re- 
sembles the  preceding  species,  like  it  is  destructive 
to  stored  food-products.     It  is  known  to  feed  upon 
Zante  currants,  raisins,  cacao-beans,  or  chocolate- 
nuts,  on  flax-seed,  flax-meal,  and  figs.     It  is   re- 
garded as  probable  that  upon  occasion  it  may  de- 
velop a  tendency  to  feed  upon  almost  any  substance 
which,  containing  nutriment,  accords  in  its  general 
character  with  the  commodities  which  have  been 
named.     It  is  especially  likely  to  attack  dried  fruits 
cautella.  of  any  kind  in  which  there  is  sugar  or  oil.     That  the 
twjf^e  insect  has  been  introduced  from  abroad  into  our 
chit-  fauna  is  beyond  reasonable  doubt.     Its  ravages  on 

u. '  s.   i?ept!  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic  have  been  described  by 

Agric.,"  New  writers  long  ago,  while  its  appearance  in  this  coun- 
try seems  to  date  from  about  the  time  of  the  At- 
lanta Cotton  Exposition. 
Just  as  most  of  the  common   weeds  in  our  fields  are  of 

European  origin,  having  been  brought  over  in  the  seeds  which 

were  originally  imported, 

or  at  a  later  time  in   the 

hay  and  straw  which  are 

used    to  stuff  crates   and 

packing-boxes,    so    many 

of  the  destructive  insects, 

which  have  greatly  multi- 
plied in  America,  are  for- 
eign in  their  origin.  It  is 

not   without   reason    that 

the  government  maintains 

a    set    of    officers,  whose 

function  it  is  to   inspect 

vegetable  importations  for 

the  purpose  of  quarantin- 


FIG.  235.  —  E.  cautella.  a,  moth  ;  b,  vena- 
tion of  wings ;  d,  eggs.  All  figures  enlarged. 
(After  Chittenden,  "Bull.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agric.,"  New  Ser.,  No.  8,  p.  8.) 


ing  those  which  appear  to  be  likely  to  introduce  insect  pests. 
Had  the  custom  of  quarantining  plants  been  instituted  earlier,  our 
farmers  would  to-day  be  happier. 
4M 


Pteropboridae 


Genus   PLODIA   Guene"e 
(i)  Plodia  interpunctella  Hiibner.    (The  Indian-meal  Moth.) 

Syn.  zees  Fitch. 

The  larva  of  this  moth  has  a  propensity  to  feed  upon  almost 
anything  edible  which  comes  in  its  way.  It  feeds  upon  Indian 
meal  with  particular  avid- 
ity, but  does  not  disdain 
grain  of  any  kind,  whole 
or  ground.  It  breeds  in 
all  sorts  of  dried  fruits 
and  vegetables.  It  eats 
English  walnuts,  is  said 
to  invade  beehives,  and  is 
known  at  times  to  dam- 
age herbariums  and  to 


FIG.  236.  —  P.  interpunctella.  a,  moth  ; 
pupa ;  c,  larva ;  d,  front  view  of  head  of  larva ; 
e,  lateral  view  of  segment  of  larva.  All  figures 
enlarged.  (After  Chittenden,  "Bull.  U.  S. 
Dept.  Agric.,"New  Ser.,  No.  4,  p.  119.) 


attack  collections  of  dried 
insects.  There  is  nothing 
which  seems  to  come 
amiss  to  its  appetite,  and 
it  is,  when  established  in  a  house  or  store-room,  a  veritable  nui- 
sance. There  are,  according  to  the  temperature  of  the  building 
which  it  inhabits,  from  four  to  seven  generations  a  year,  and  the 
reader  cf  these  lines  will  do  well  to  remember  that  if  the  thing 
has  establis  "  itself  under  his  roof  it  will  require  industry,  pa- 
tience, and  great  regard  to  cleanliness  and  order  to  get  rid  of  it. 


FAMILY   PTEROPHORID/E 

"  Nature  never  did  betray 
The  breast  that  loved  her ;   't  is  her  privilege, 
Through  all  the  years  of  this  our  life,  to  lead 
From  joy  to  joy." 

WORDSWORTH. 

The  Plume-moths,  as  they  are  called,  constitute  a  comparatively 
small  family  of  elegant  insects,  in  which  the  wings  are  divided 
in  such  a  manner  as  to  suggest  feathers.  The  hind  wings  are 
generally  trifid,  sometimes  quadrifid;  the  fore  wings  are  gener- 
ally bifid,  sometimes  trifid.  The  larvae  are  slow  in  movement, 
clumsy  in  appearance,  and  live  on  the  surface  of  leaves.  They 

415 


Pteroporidaeh 

are  generally  hairy.  The  pupae  are  very  remarkable,  being  soft 
and  hairy  like  the  caterpillars,  and  attached  in  pendant  position 
by  the  cremaster,  very  much  as  the  chrysalids  of  some  butterflies, 
though  a  few  have  rudimentary  cocoons  in  the  form  of  strands 
of  silk  thrown  about  them.  There  are  six  genera  and  about 
sixty  species  of  Plume-moths  known  to  occur  in  the  United 
States.  We  can  take  space  to  represent  only  one-  of  these 
species. 

Genus   OXYPTILUS   Zeller 

(i)    Oxyptilus  periscelidactylus  Fitch.      (The  Grape-vine 

Plume.) 

An  exceedingly  readable  and  very  interesting  account  of  the 

habits  of  this  insect,  which  is  universally  distributed  over  the 
whole  Appalachian  subregion,  is 
given  by  the  late  Professor  Riley 
in  the  "Fourth  Missouri  Report." 
The  moths  may  generally  be  found 
in  vineyards  and  about  grape-vines, 
when  they  are  beginning  to  put  out 
their  leaves.  The  eggs  are  laid  on 
the  branches  before  they  begin  to 
blossom,  and  about  the  time  the 
third  bunch  of  grapes  on  a  given 
shoot  is  beginning  to  mature,  it  will 
be  found  that  the  terminal  leaves 
have  been  drawn  together  with  a 

few  strands  °f  silk> and  in  tne  tan- 

gle  thus  prepared,  under  cover  from 

heat  anc*  ra'n>  w^'  kg  found  the  curi- 
ous little  caterpillars  of  the  Plume- 
moth.  The  accompanying  cut,  taken 
from  the  paper  of  Professor  Riley  to 
which  allusion  has  been  made,  will 
serve  to  tell  the  story  better  than  can 
be  done  in  brief  compass  by  words. 
The  damage  done  by  the  insects  is  not  usually  very  great,  and 
it  is  an  easy  matter  for  the  vine-grower,  when  he  discovers  the 
leaves  drawn  together  in  the  way  pointed  out,  to  pluck  off  the 
end  of  the  shoot  and  destroy  the  insects. 

416 


FIG.  237.— The  Grape-vine 
Plume,  a,  larvae ;  b,  pupa ;  c ,  en- 
larged  view  of  process  on  back  of 
pupa ;  d,  moth ;  e,  lateral  view  of 
segment  of  larva.  (After  Riley.) 


Orneodidae 


FAMILY  ORNEODIDyE 

"  Very  close  and  diligent  looking  at  living  creatures,  even  through  the  best 
microscope,  will  leave  room  for  new  and  contradictory  discoveries." 

GEORGE  ELIOT. 

This  is  a  very  small  family  of  moths,  represented  in  our 
fauna  by  but  a  single  genus  and  species.  The  moth  has  both 
the  fore  and  the  hind  wings  divided  into  six  plumes,  as  is  the 
case  in  all  the  insects  of  the  family. 

Genus  ORNEODES  Latreille 

(i)  Orneodes  hexadactyla  Linnaeus.  (The  Six-plume 
Moth.) 

The  moth,  which  measures  half  an  inch 
in  expanse  of  wings,  is  found  in  Europe 
and  in  the  cooler  portions  of  North  America, 
exclusive  of   the  arctic   regions.     It  has 
been  reported  to  occur  as  far  south  as  Mis- 
souri, but  is    more   commonly  found  in 
New  England,  New  York,  Canada,  Mani-        FlG        g  _Q 
toba,  and  the  Northwestern  States  on  the     dactyia. 
Pacific  coast     It  is  nowhere  apparently  a 
common  insect,  or  else  is  overlooked  by  collectors  on  account 
of  its  small  size. 


FAMILY   TORTRICID/E 

"  Die  Kritik  nimmt  oft  dem  Baume 
Raupen  und  Bliithen  mit  einander." 
JEAN  PAUL  RICHTER. 

The  Tortricidce  constitute  a  very  large  assemblage  of  genera 
and  species.  Because  of  the  habit  of  the  larvae  of  many  species 
of  rolling  up  the  leaves  of  the  plants  on  which  they  feed,  these 
insects  have  been  often  called  "Leaf-rollers."  Many  of  the 
larvae  live  in  the  inside  of  the  stems  of  plants,  or  burrow  in  fruits, 
and  the  famous  "  jumping-beans  "  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona 
are  simply  the  seeds  of  a  species  of  Croton  or  Sebastiania  in 


Tortricidae 

which  is  lodged  the  larva  of  a  species  of  Tortricid,  which  has  the 
power,  by  changing  its  position  on  the  inside  of  the  seed,  of 
making  the  seed  move.  In  the  case  of  Croton  seeds  the  insect  is 
Cydia  saltitans  Westwood ;  in  the  case  of  Sebastiania  seeds  the 
insect  imparting  the  motion  to  the  thing  is  the  larva  of  Enar- 
monia  sebastianice. 

It  is  quite  impossible  for  us  in  a  work  of  the  present  scope  to 
give  even  an  epitome  of  the  nearly  five  hundred  species  of  Tor- 
tricids  which  are  at  present  known  to  occur  within  the  limits  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  We  shall  content  ourselves  with 
an  account  of  a  few  species,  which  will  serve  to  show  the  reader 
what  a  mine  of  interesting  inquiry  presents  itself  to  view  in  this 
single  family  of  beautiful  little  moths. 


Genus  EUCOSMA  Hubner 

(1)  Eucosma  scudderiana  Clemens.    (The  Misnamed  Gall- 
moth.) 

Syn.  saligneana  Clemens  ;  affusana  Zeller. 

The  moth  was  called  "  the  Misnamed  Gall-moth"  by  Professor 

Riley  because  Clemens 
had  given  it  a  specific 
name  which  implied  that 
it  was  a  denizen  of  wil- 
low-trees or  willow- 
galls,  when  in  fact  it  has 
been  ascertained  to  live 
in  the  galls  of  the  Golden- 
rod  (Solidago).  The  in- 
sect is  not  uncommon  in 
western  Pennsylvania, 
and  is  possibly  an  inqui- 
line  or  intruder  in  the 
galls,  which  are  pro- 
duced by  another  spe- 
cies, Gnorimoschema  gallcesolidaginis  Riley. 

(2)  Eucosma  dorsisignatana  Clemens,   Plate  XLVIII,  Fig. 

27,  $ . ; 

Syn.  similana   Clemens ;    distigmana   Walker ;    clavana   Zeller ;    graduatana 
Walsingham. 

4l8 


FIG.  239.— .£.  scudderiana.  a,  moth;  b,  lar- 
val skin  protruding  from  a  gall  of  the  Golden- 
rod.  (After  Riley.) 


Tortricidse 

This  is  a  common  species  in  the  Appalachian  subregion.  It 
is  found  abundantly  in  western  Pennsylvania. 

Genus  ANCYLIS  Hubner 

(i)  Ancylis  comptana  Frolich.  (The  Strawberry  Leaf- 
roller.) 

Syn.  conflexana  Walker ;  fragaria  Walsh  &  Riley. 

This  little  insect  has  proved  a  very  destructive  foe  of  the 
strawberry  in  parts  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  There  are  two 
broods  annually.  The  insects  roll  up  the  leaves,  and  feeding 
upon  the  tender  paren- 
chyma, cause  the  plants 
to  wither  and  dry.  So 
bad  have  the  ravages  of 
the  larvae  proved  in  some 
places  that  horticultur- 
ists  have  been  led  to  Fl*  ^  _ *  ^^  fl>  natural 

abandon  growing  Straw-     size;    b,   enlarged   view  of   anterior   portion   of 

berries  in  those  localities.  ^  ^  moth;  d>  anal  sesment  of  larva-  <After 
The  insect  is  found  in 

Canada  and  in  the  portions  of  the  United  States  immediately 
south  of  the  Great  Lakes.  Although  the  moth  occurs  in  western 
Pennsylvania,  no  great  loss  from  its  attacks  has  as  yet  been  re- 
ported from  this  part  of  the  country. 

Genus  ECDYTOLOPHA  Zeller 

(i)  Ecdytolopha  insiticiana  Zeller,  Plate  XLVI1I,  Fig.  29,  ?  . 

The  larva  of  this  species  has  the  habit  of  boring  under  the 
bark  and  causing  gall-like  excrescences  to  appear  upon  the  twigs 
of  the  common  locust  (Robinid). 

Genus  CYDIA  Hubner 

(i)  Cydia  pomonella  Linnaeus.  (The  Coddling-moth.) 
This  well-known  and  most  destructive  little  insect  is  estimated 
to  inflict  an  annual  loss  upon  the  fruit-growers  of  America  which 
amounts  in  the  aggregate  to  tens  of  millions  of  dollars.  Every 
one  is  familiar  with  the  pinkish  worm  which  is  encountered  at 
the  heart  of  apples  and  pears.  But  for  every  apple  and  pear 

419 


Tortricidae 

which  survives  the  attacks  of  these  insects  and  develops  suffi- 
ciently to  come  to  market  and  to  the  mouth  of  the  consumer, 

there  are  scores  of  apples 
and  pears  the  development 
of  which  is  entirely  ruined, 
and  they  fall  to  the  ground 
undersized  and  worthless. 
There  are  two  broods  of  the 
insects  annually.  The  sec- 
ond brood  hibernates  in  the 
cocoon.  We  quote  again 
from  Riley:  "The  same 
temperature  which  causes 
our  apple-trees  to  burst  their 
beauteous  blossoms  releases 
the  coddling-moth  from  its 
pupal  tomb,  and  though  its 
wings  are  still  damp  with 
the  imprint  of-  the  great 
Stereotyping  Establishment 
of  the  Almighty,  they  soon 
dry  and  expand  under  the  genial  spring-day  sun,  and  enable  each 
to  seek  its  companion.  .  .  .  The  moths  soon  pair,  and  the  female 
flits  from  blossom  to  blossom,  deftly  depositing  in  the  calyx  of 
each  a  tiny  yellow  egg.  As  the  fruit  matures,  the  worm  develops. 
In  thirty-three  days,  under  favorable  circumstances,  it  has  become 
full-fed;  when,  leaving  the  apple,  it  spins  up  in  some  crevice, 
changes  to  a  chrysalis  in  three  days,  and  issues  two  weeks  after- 
wards as  moth,  ready  to  deposit  again,  though  not  always  in  the 
favorite  calyx  this  time,  as  I  have  frequently  found  the  young 
worm  entering  from  the  side." 

The  best  remedy  for  the  coddling-moth  is  to  destroy  all  wind- 
falls and  immature  fruit  lying  upon  the  ground.  Make  it  a  duty 
to  keep  the  wind-fallen  fruit  garnered  up  once  a  week  and  fed  to 
the  pigs.  Let  the  pigs  into  the  orchard,  if  possible.  Bind  bands 
of  hay  about  the  trees.  The  caterpillars  will  form  their  cocoons 
among  the  hay  in  preference  to  any  other  place.  Once  a  week 
crush  the  hay  with  the  cocoons  in  it,  and  move  the  band  up  and 
down.  Burn  the  wisp  of  hay  if  it  gets  full  of  cocoons,  and  bind 

420 


FIG.  241.  —  C.  pomonella.  a,  burrow  in 
apple;  b,  point  where  egg  is  laid;  e,  full- 
grown  larva;  d,  pupa;  /,  moth  at  rest; 
^.moth  with  wings  expanded;  A,  enlarged 
head  of  larva;  i,  cocoon.  (After  Riley.) 


Tortricidae 

on  another.  The  coddling-moth  is  an  importation  from  Europe. 
Not  all  the  live  stock  brought  into  America  from  Europe,  biped 
or  hexapod,  has  turned  out  well. 


Genus  ALCERIS  Hubner 
(i)  Alceris  minuta  Robinson.    (The  Green  Apple  Leaf-tier.) 

Syn.  malivorana  Le  Baron  ;   vacciniivorana  Packard  ;   variolana  Zeller. 

The  larvae  of  this  insect  feed  in  the  early  spring  upon  the 
young  leaves  of  apple-  and  pear-trees,  which  they  crumple  up  and 
tie  together  with  threads  of  silk.  Under  the  folded  leaves  they 
live  and  at  last  undergo  their  transformation  into  the  pupal  state. 
The  caterpillars  are  green  in  color,  and  very  nimble  when  dis- 
turbed, dropping  to  the  ground  or 
lowering  themselves  quickly  upon 
a  strand  of  silk.  The  chrysalis,  as 
shown  in  the  annexed  cut,  has  a 
peculiar  horn-like  boss  or  projec- 
tion at  the  upper  end.  The  insect 
does  much  damage  in  the  spring 
by  preventing  the  proper  expan- 
sion of  the  leaves  in  the  terminal 
buds  and  by  devouring  the  blos- 
soms. The  writer  has  for  several 
years  been  greatly  interested  in  iarya; 
observing  the  manner  in  which 
these  pernicious  little  creatures 

have  steadily  robbed  him  of  all  fruit  upon  a  'couple  of  dwarf 
pear-trees  which  are  growing  at  the  rear  of  his  city  home.  It  has 
been  found  that  a  thorough  spraying  with  a  strong  infusion  of 
tobacco  stems  and  slaked  lime  brings  their  work  to  a  speedy 
end,  and  it  is  recommended  to  fruit-growers  to  resort  to  the 
application  of  this  old-fashioned  remedy  when  needed. 


FlG<   242._ 


minuta.  at 
pupa;  c,  moth;  d,  folded 
concealing  pupa"  (After 


Genus  EPAGOGE  Hubner 
(i)    Epagoge  tunicana    Walsingham,    Plate   XLVIII, 


Fig. 


40,  $  -. 

This  rather  neatly  marked  moth,  which  may  be  accepted  as  a 
good  representative  of  its  genus,  inhabits  the  Pacific  subregion. 

421 


Tortricidae 

Genus  CENOPIS  Zeller 

(1)  Cenopis  pettitana  Robinson,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  35,  ?. 
The  habitat  of  this  species  is  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Cenopis  groteana  Fernald,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  28,  $-. 
The  insect  is  not  uncommon  in  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio. 

Genus  ARCHIPS  Hubner 

(1)  Archips  rosaceana  Harris,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  }2,  ?. 

Syn.  vicariana  Walker ;  gossypiana  Packard ;  arcticana  Mceschler. 

This  is  a  common  species  found  all  over  the  northern  por- 
tions of  the  United  States  and  southern  Canada.  The  larvae  in- 
flict considerable  damage  at  times  upon  roses  and  the  foliage  of 
allied  plants. 

(2)  Archips  purpurana  Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  30,  $  . 

Syn.  gurgitana  Robinson  ;  lintneriana  Grote. 

In  many  respects  this  species  is  very  closely  allied  to  the  last 
mentioned,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  darker, 
more  smoky  color  of  the  primaries.  It  has  the  same  distribution 
as  rosaceana. 

(3)  Archips  cerasivorana  Fitch,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  21,  ?. 
The  larva  of  this  insect,  as  its  name  implies,  is  addicted  to 

feeding  upon  the  leaves  of  various  species  of  wild  cherry.  It  is 
found  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States  and  southern 
Canada. 

(4)  Archips  parallela  Robinson,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  31,  $  . 
The  species  ranges  from  New  England  westward  into  the 

Valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

(5)  Archips  argyrospila  Walker,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  34,  ?  . 

Syn.  furvana  Robinson;  v-signatana  Packard. 

The  species,  which  is  not  at  all  uncommon,  ranges  through 
the  northern  portions  of  the  United  States  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific. 

Genus  PLATYNOTA  Clemens 

(1)  Platynota  flavedana  Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  24,  ?. 

Syn.  concursana  Walker ;  laterana  Robinson. 

The  moth  is  a  native  of  the  Appalachian  subregion. 

(2)  Platynota  labiosana  Zeller,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  25,  ? . 

422 


Yponomeutidae 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  southwestern  portion  of  our  terri- 
tory, having  been  reported  from  Colorado  and  Texas. 

Genus  TORTRIX  Linnaeus 

(i)  Tortrix  albicomana  Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  22,  6  . 
The  moth  flies  in  the  eastern  portions  of  our  region,  being 
commoner  in  the  Atlantic  States  than  elsewhere. 

Genus  EULIA  Hiibner 

(i)  Eulia  alisellana  Robinson,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  39,  ?. 
The  insect  is  common  in  the  Valley  of  the  Ohio.     It  occurs  in 
western  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Indiana. 

Genus  AMORBIA  Clemens 

(i)  Amorbia  humerosana  Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  23,  ?  . 
The  species  is  indigenous  in  the  northern  portions  of  the 
Appalachian  subregion. 

Genus  COMMOPHILA  Hiibner 

(i)  Commophila  macrocarpana  Walsingham,  Plate  XLVIII, 

Fig.  26,  ?  . 

The  insect  is  a  native  of  the  Pacific  subregion. 

FAMILY    YPONOMEUTID/E 

"  Thus  hath  the  candle  sing'd  the  moth." 

SHAKESPEARE. —  Merchant  of  Venice,  I,  9. 

This  is  a  family  of  moderate  size,  represented  in  our  fauna  by 
twenty-two  genera  and  over  sixty  species.  The  species  have  a 
characteristic  facies,  which  when  once  recognized  will  enable  the 
student  to  readily  separate  them  from  their  allies.  We  are  able 
to  figure  only  three  species,  owing  to  the  necessary  limitations 
of  space. 

Genus   YPONOMEUTA   Latreille 

(i)  Yponomeuta  multipunctella Clemens,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig. 

44,5- 

Syn.  ordinatellus  Walker ;  euonymella  Chambers ;  orbimaculella  Chambers ; 
wakarusa  Gaumer. 

423 


Gelechiidae 

The  insect  is  found  in  the  Appalachian  subregion,  but  more 
particularly  in  the  southeastern  portions  thereof. 

Genus   ATTEVA  Walker 

(1)  Atteva  aurea  Fitch,  Plate  XLVI11,  Fig.  36,  $  . 

Syn.  compta  Clemens. 

The  insect  is  common  in  the  southern  portions  of  our  region, 
being  distributed  from  the  Gulf  States  southward  and  westward 
in  o  Mexico  and  lands  still  farther  South. 

(2)  Atteva  gemmata  Grote,  Plate  XLVII1,  Fig.  37,  6  . 

Syn.  fastuosa  Zeller ;  floridana  Neumoegen. 

The  moth  is  found  in  the  warmer  parts  of  Florida. 


FAMILY   GELECHIJD/E 

"  He  buildeth  his  house  as  a  moth."     JOB.— xxvii,  18. 

This  is  a  very  extensive  family  of  small  moths  which  possess 
habits  of  considerable  interest  to  students.     Many  of  them  are 


FIG.  243.—  P.  operculella.  a,  section  of  tuber  showing  eye  and  eggs  deposited 
about  it,  natural  size  ;  b,  egg,  dorsal  view  ;  c,  egg,  lateral  view,  greatly  enlarged  ; 
d,  k,  mines  of  larva  in  potato  ;  j,  pupa  at  end  of  mine,  seen  through  skin  of  potato, 
somewhat  reduced  ;  e,  larva,  dorsal  view  ;  f,  larva,  lateral  view  ;  g,  larva,  third  ab- 


dominal segment,  lateral  view;  h,  do.,  dorsal  view,  still  more  enlarged; 
/,  moth,  enlarged.      (After  Riley,  "  Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  239.) 

424 


pupa; 


Gelcchiidae 

known  to  be  more  or  less  injurious  to  vegetables,  in  which  they 
either  burrow  in  their  larval  state,  or  upon  the  foliage  of  which 
they  prey.  We  can  speak  of  only  a  few  of  them. 

Genus   PHTHORIM^A   Meyrick 
(i)  Phthorimaea  operculella  Zeller.     (The  Potato-moth.) 

Syn.  terrella  Walker ;  solanella  Boisduvat ;  tabacella  Ragonot. 

This  insect,  represented  in  Fig.  243,  the  ravages  of  which  upon 
potatoes  in  Algiers  and  other  Mediterranean  countries  have  been 
well  known  for  many  years,  and  which  has  more  recently  caused 
much  mischief  in  New  Zealand  and  Australia,  has  quite  recently 
found  lodgment  in  California,  having  been  apparently  accidentally 
imported  from  Australia.  In  Algiers  it  is  known  in  certain  years 
to  have  destroyed  fully  two  thirds  of  the  potato-crop.  It  is  a  dan- 
gerous and  annoying  pest.  The  best 
remedy  for  it  is  said  to  be  the  total  de- 
struction of  infected  potatoes,  and  the 
protection  of  the  stored  tubers  from 
access  by  the  ovipositing  females. 

Genus  GNORIMOSCHEMA 
Busck 

(i)  Gnorimoschema  gallaesoh- 
daginis  Riley.  (The  Solidago  Gall- 
moth.) 

The  man  who  has  loitered  by  the 
waysides  in  the  country  must  often 
have  noticed  the  manner  in  which  the 
stems  of  the  common  golden-rod  are 
frequently  swollen  and  enlarged  about 
two  thirds  of  their  length  from  the 
root.  This  swelling  may  be  caused  by 
the  larvae  of  several  insects,  but  one  a  6 

of  the  most  frequent  causes  of  the  ab-  FIG.  244.— Galls  of  the  Soli- 
normal  growth  is  the  larva  of  a  little  J£§£^Jaitt^254!^ 

moth  tO  Which  the  above  SCSquipeda-      row  at   d,  larva  at  e;   b,   gall, 

lian  name  has  been  given.     The  life-    °Pening  at  c' 
history  of  the  insect  was  carefully  worked  out  by  Professor 
Riley,  and  from  his  interesting  paper  upon  the  subject,  contained 

425 


Gelechiidae 

in  the  "First  Missouri  Report,"  the  accompanying  cut  has  been 
taken.  It  shows  a  gall  as  it  appears  from  the  outside,  and  also  a 
section  of  a  gall,  revealing  the  home  which  the  larva  constructed 
for  itself  in  the  enlargement  of  the  stem. 

The  moth  is  very  common  in  many  parts  of  the  country,  but 
particularly  in  western  Pennsylvania. 


Genus  ANARSIA  Zeller 
(i)  Anarsia  lineatella  Zeller.     (The  Peach-twig  Borer.) 

Syn.  pruniella  Clemens. 

The  insect  which  we  are  considering  was  in  all  probability  intro- 
duced into  California,  where  it  is  now  most  firmly  established,  from 

Asia,  probably  from  Japan. 
The  eggs  are  deposited  at 
the  point  where  the  leaves 
are  attached  to  the  stems, 
or  where  the  stem  of  the 
fruit  is  located.  The  larvae 
make  minute  burrows  un- 
der the  bark  of  the  twigs 
and  into  the  stem  of  the 
fruit,  and  thus  cause  dam- 
age both  to  the  trees  and  to 
the  peaches.  The  insect  is 
double-brooded.  The  larvae 


FIG.   245. —  A.  lineatella.     a,   new  shoot 
of  peach  withering  from  attack  of  larva ;  b, 


larva,  enlarged;  c,  pupa,  enlarged.  (After 
Marlatt,  "Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,"  New 
Ser.,  No.  10,  p.  u.) 


are  secretive,  and  hide  so 
effectually  that  it  is  said  to 


be  very  difficult  to  detect 
them.  The  insect  remains 
in  the  pupal  state  about  ten 

days,  when  the  moth  emerges.  The  imago  is  about  half  an  inch 
in  expanse  of  wing.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  beautiful  gray 
color,  clouded  on  the  costa  with  darker  markings.  The  insects 
of  the  second  generation  hibernate  as  larvas  in  their  burrows  in 
the  bark  of  the  twigs. 

A  very  full  and  excellent  account  of  the  habits  of  this 
insect  has  been  published  in  the  "  Bulletin  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture  "  by  Mr.  C.  L.  Marlatt.  It  is 

426 


Gelechiidae 

from  -this  paper  that  we  have  been  with  great  kindness  per- 
mitted to  draw  the  illustrations  which  are  herewith  given. 

As  a  means  of  combating 
this  pest,  it  has  been  recom- 
mended to  spray  the  peach- 
trees,  just  as  the  leaves  are 
beginning  to  open  in  the 
spring,  with  a  solution  of 
one  pound  of  lime  and  one 
pound  of  Paris  green  mixed 
in  two  hundred  gallons  of 
water.  It  is  also  recom- 
mended to  spray  the  trees  in 
February,  or  even  injanuary, 
with  kerosene  emulsion, 
which  is  said  to  penetrate 


the  little  burrows  in  which 
the  larvae  hibernate  and  kill 
them.  The  latter  method  is 
undoubtedly  preferable. 


FlG.  246.—  A.  lineatella.  a,  moth  with 
wings  expanded;  b,  c,  moths  with  wings 
folded.  All  figures  enlarged.  (After  Marlatt, 
"  Bull.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agric.,"  New  Ser.,  No. 

IO,  p.    12.) 


CUPID'S   CANDLE 

'  Round  her  flaming  heart  they  hover, 

Lured  by  loveliness  they  go 
Moth-like,  every  man  a  lover, 
Captive  to  its  gleam  and  glow. 

Old  and  young,  the  blind  and  blinking, — 

Fascinated,  frenzied  things,— 
How  they  flutter,  never  thinking 

What  a  doom  awaits  their  wings! 

It  is  all  the  same  old  story,— 

Pleasure  hung  upon  a  breath : 
Just  a  chance  to  taste  of  glory 

Draws  a  legion  down  to  death. 

Fire  is  dangerous  to  handle ; 

Love  is  an  uncertain  flame ; 
But  the  game  is  worth  the  candle 

When  the  candle  's  worth  the  game!  " 

FELIX  CARMEN,  in  Life,  Vol.  XLI,  p.  494. 

427 


Xylorictidae 


FAMILY  XYLORICTID^E 


A  small  family  which  contains  in  our  fauna  two  genera  and 
nine  species.  The  group  may  be  represented  by  Stenoma 
schlaegeri  Zeller,  which  is  portrayed  on  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  41, 
by  a  male  specimen.  The  insect  is  very  common  in  the  Appa- 
lachian subregion,  and  is  particularly  abundant  in  western 
Pennsylvania. 

FAMILY  CECOPHORID/E 

"  Entomology  is  a  science,  not  a  pastime."  — WESTWOOD. 

This  is  another  comparatively  small  family  of  interesting  in- 
sects, numbering  in  our  fauna  about  ninety  species,  which  are 
distributed  into  thirteen  genera.  We  can  represent  only  a  couple 
of  them,  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  readers  of  "  The  Moth 
Book  "  what  they  are  like. 

Genus   DEPRESSARIA   Haworth 

(i)  Depressaria  her-acliana  De  Geer.  (The  Parsnip  Web- 
worm.) 


FIG.    247.  —  D.    heracliana.     a,    larva,    side    view ;    b,    dorsal    view ;    c,   pupa : 
anal  extremity  of  pupa ;  e,  moth,  enlarged ;  f,  umbel  of  parsnip  webbed  together  by  the 
larvae,  natural  size.     (After  Riley.) 

Syn.    heraclei  Retzius ;  umbellana   Fabricius ;    wnbellella  Zetterstedt ;  pasti- 
nacella  Duponchel ;  ontariella  Bethune. 

The   Parsnip  Web-worm    is  an   importation    from   Europe, 

428 


Blastobasidac 

where  it  has  been  known  from  time  immemorial  as  an  enemy  of 
umbelliferous  plants.  A  full  account  of  the  insect  is  given  by 
Riley  in  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  I,  p.  94.  To  this  the  reader  may 
refer.  The  remedy  for  the  insect  is  to  gather  the  portions  of  the 
plants  which  have  become  infested,  and  to  burn  them.  The  in- 
sects, many  of  which  conceal  themselves  in  the  stems  or  are  hid- 
den in  the  foliage,  are  thus  most  conveniently  destroyed. 

Genus   SEMIOSCOPIS    Hiibner 

(i)  Semioscopis  merricella  Dyar,  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig.  38,  ?. 

This  is  not  at  all  an  uncommon  insect  in  western  Pennsyl- 
vania. There  are  numerous  specimens  in  the  collection  of  the 
writer  which  have  been  taken  during  the  past  twenty  years. 


FAMILY   BLASTOBASIDyE 

This  is  a  considerable  family  of  minute  moths,  as  representa- 
tive of  which  we  have  selected  for  illustration  a  species  of  the 
genus  Holcocera,  to 
which  Professor  Riley 
applied  the  specific 
name  glandulella,  be- 
cause it  infests  acorns. 
The  Acorn-moth  is  an 
inquiline;  that  is  to 
say,  it  takes  possession 
of  the  remnants  of  the 

,   f    -       ,  FIG.  248. — H.   glandulella.      a,    acorn  showing 

repast  left  in  the  acorn    larva;  ^  acorn  snowmg  opening  left  for  moth;  c, 

by  the   grub  Of  a  Wee-      enlarged  view  of  head  of  larva ;  d,  lateral  view  of 

;i          u;    u    u         A         i         segment;  e,  dorsal  view  of  segment;  /,   moth;  g, 

Vll,    Which    has    devel-      nodule  to  which  antenna  articulates.     (After  Riley.) 

oped  within  the   fruit 

and  forsaken  its  burrow  in  order  to  undergo  transformation  else- 
where. Between  the  weevil  and  the  larva  of  the  moth  very  little 
is  left  of  the  contents  of  the  acorn,  and  farmers  who  expect  to 
derive  sustenance  for  their  hogs  from  the  oak-mast  are  often  dis- 
.ippointed.  The  accompanying  cut  shows  the  different  stages  in 
the  development  of  the  larva,  and  also  the  moth.  The  insect  is 
quite  common  in  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  and  Indiana. 

429 


ElachistidcE 


FAMILY   ELACHISTID^E 

This  is  a  large  family  of  moths,  many  of  which  are  almost 
microscopic  in  size,  but  all  are  very  beautiful.     One  of  the  larger 

species  we  have  se- 
lected for  illustra- 
tion. It  lives  in 
the  galls  which  its 
presence  produces 
in  the  stems  of  the 


FIG.   249.  —  Walshia  amorphella. 


pba  fruticosa).  It 
belongs  to  the  genus 
Walshia,  and  was 
described  under  the 
specific  name  amor- 
phella  by  Clemens. 
In  its  habits  it  re- 


minds  us  somewhat  of  the  moth  with  the  frightful  name  which 
lives  in  the  galls  of  the  Golden-rod,  about  which  something  has 
already  been  said.  The  accompanying  cut,  which  has  been  taken 
from  Professor  Riley's  "Second  Missouri  Report,"  shows  at  a  a 
figure  of  the  female  moth  enlarged.  The  larva,  which  is  a  soft 
white  little  affair,  is  delineated  at  b,  and  the  figures  c  and  d  show 
the  galls  as  they  appear.  The  insect  is  found  in  the  Appalachian 
subregion. 

FAMILY  TINEID^E 

"Lay  not  up  for  yourselves  treasures  upon  earth,  where  moth  and  rust  doth 
corrupt,  and  where  thieves  break  through  and  steal :  but  lay  up  for  yourselves  trea- 
sures in  heaven,  where  neither  moth  nor  rust  doth  corrupt,  and  where  thieves  do 
not  break  through  nor  steal."  MATTHEW.— VI,  19,  20. 

The  Tineidx  are  a  very  great  family  of  moths,  some  of  which 
are  of  moderate  size,  but  most  of  which  are  very  minute.  Among 
them  there  are  many  insects  which  are  exceedingly  beautiful, 
although  they  are  so  small,  while  many  of  them  have  great 
economic  importance,  being  destructive  or  beneficial.  Of  a  few 
of  these  we  shall  take  opportunity  to  speak  briefly. 

430 


Tineidae 


Genus    BUCCULATRIX   Zeller 
(i)    Bucculatrix  canadensisella   Chambers.     (The   Birch- 

ieaf  Bucculatrix.) 

This  little  insect  in  its  larval  stage  is  known  to  infest  the 

leaves  of  the  birch  and  the  wild  cherry.     The  caterpillars  feed 

upon  the  parenchyma  of 

the  leaves,  attacking  both 

the  upper  and  the  lower 

sides,  and  completelyskel- 

etonizing  them.     Forests 

of  birches  in  New  England 

are  known  to  have  been 

completely  stripped  of  liv- 
ing tissue  in  the  fall  of  the 

year,  in  such  a  manner  as 

to  suggest  that  a  fire  had 

passed  over  the  trees.  The 

larvae  are  sluggish  in  their 

movements,    when     dis- 
turbed dropping  down  by 

a  silken  cord.  The  cocoons 

are  white  and  ribbed,  as 

represented  in  the  annexed 


FlG.  250.—^.  canadensisella.  «,  skeletonized 
birch-leaf ;  b,  pseudo-cocoon  ;  c,  larva ;  d,  head 
of  same ;  e,  anal  segments  of  do.  ;f,  anal  segment 
of  pupa;  g,  cocoon  with  extended  pupal  skin; 
lined.  (After  Pack- 


h,  moth.     All  figures  mz 
ard,  "Insect  Life, "Vol. 


p.  14.) 


figure.     They    turn   dark 

after  they  have  been  spun 

up   for  some  time.     The 

insect  is  not  uncommon 

in   Rhode   Island,  and   is 

known  to  occur  throughout  New  England,  northern  New  York, 

and  Canada.     It  probably  has  even  a  wider  range,  and  may  be 

found  in  the  mountains  of  Pennsylvania,  where  its  food-plant  is 

abundant.     The  best  account  of  its  habits  has  been  given  by 

Professor  A.  S.  Packard  in  "Insect  Life,"  Vol.  V,  p.  14. 

(2)  Bucculatrix  pomifoliella   Clemens.      (The   Apple-leaf 
Bucculatrix.) 

Syn.  pomonella  Packard ;  curvilineatella  Packard. 

The  minute  moth,  a  greatly  enlarged  figure  of  which  is  given 
in  the  annexed  cut,  has  the  habit  of  denuding  the  leaves  of  apple- 

43' 


Tineidae 

trees  of  their  parenchyma.  While  it  does  not  appear  to  have 
wrought  great  destruction  generally,  nevertheless  there  are  in- 
stances on  record  where 
it  has  done  much  damage 
in  orchards.  The  larvae 
have  the  habit  of  form- 
ing their  cocoons  in  com- 
pany, attaching  them  to 
the  twigs  in  great  clus- 
ters, as  represented  in 
Fig.  251.  This  fact  has 
led  to  the  recommen- 
dation that  the  trees, 

FIG.  a5,.-A  pomifoliella.  a,  cocoons  clus.  When  infeSted'  sh°uld  be 
tered  upon  end  of  twig;  b,  cocoon,  greatly  en-  lightly  pruned  all  Over  in 
larged ;  c,  moth,  very  greatly  magnified.  (After  the  fa)1>  and  the  twjgs 

carefully    collected    and 

burned.  As  the  cocoons  are  located  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  this 
may  be  a  partially  effective  remedy.  Another  remedy  is  to 
thoroughly  spray  the  trees  with  coal-oil  emulsion  or  with  linseed- 
oil.  The  greasy  application  is  said  to  destroy  the  pupae  in  the 
thin  papery  cocoons. 

Genus  TINEOLA  Herrich-Schaeffer 
(i)  Tineola  bisselliella  Hummel.     (The  Clothes-moth.) 

Syn.   crinella  Treitschke ;    destructor  Stephens ;    biselliella  Zeller ;    lanariella 
Clemens. 

There  are  several  species  of  Tineid  insects  which  attack  gar- 
ments made  of  woolen  fiber  and  furs.  One  of  the  commonest 
and  most  widely  distrib- 
uted of  these  is  the  insect 
which  we  are  now  consid- 
ering. In  Pennsylvania  and 
in  Maryland  and  south- 
ward, so  far  as  observation 
shows, this  is  the  common- 
est of  the ' '  Clothes-moths. " 
The  damage,  it  is  needless 

tO  Say,  is  not  done  by  the          FIG.  252.  —  T.  bisselliella.    (After  Riley.) 

432 


Tineidae 

imago,  or  perfect  insect,  but  by  the  larva,  or  caterpillar.  This  is 
represented  in  all  its  destructive  ugliness  in  the  annexed  cut. 
Its  food  is  animal  fibers,  and  it  constructs  for  itself  a  cocoon 
of  bits  of  wool  or  hair,  in  which  transformation  into  a  pupa  finally 
takes  place.  It  is  partial  to  a\\  animal  hair.  It  feeds  upon  furs, 
woolens,  carpets,  horsehair  mattresses,  and  even  to  some  extent 
upon  silken  fabrics,  though  it  has  no  positive  preference  for  the 
latter.  The  insect,  like  all  the  others  of  its  class,  has  been  intro- 
duced into  this  country  from  the  Old  World.  In  a  separate 
article  the  writer  will  speak  of  the  best  method  of  preventing  its 
ravages. 

Genus  TINEA  Linnaeus 
(i)  Tinea  pellionella  Linnaeus.     (The  Fur-moth.) 

Syn.    flavescentella   Haworth;    merdella   Zeller;    dtibiella    Stainton;  griseella 
Chambers. 

This  insect  makes  for  itself  a  movable  case  in  which  it  travels 
about  in  the  larval  stage.  Its  food  is  very  much  the  same  as  that 
of  the  preceding 
species,  and  it 
is  equally  de- 
structive. The 
moth  differs 
from  the  pale- 
coloredClothes- 
moth  in  having 
the  fore  wings 
darker.  They 
are,  in  fact, 
quite  gray,  mot- 
tled with  darker 


FIG.  253.  —  T.  pellionella.     (After  Riley.) 


gray,  as  shown  in  the  cut  which  we  have  herewith  caused  to  be 
reproduced.  A  comparison  between  the  figures  of  this  and  the 
succeeding  species  will  enable  the  student  to  readily  discrimi- 
nate them.  The  lower  left-hand  figure  gives  a  good  representa- 
tion of  the  case  made  out  of  bits  of  hair  in  which  the  caterpillar 
performs  its  migrations.  The  insect  is  many-brooded,  according 
to  the  temperature  of  its  domicile.  In  the  warmer  parts  of  the 
country  the  processes  of  generation  no  doubt  go  on  continuously. 


Tineidae 

In  the  colder  parts  of  the  country  winter  arrests  development 
temporarily. 

The  insect  is  widely  distributed  all  over  the  continent,  and  in 
fact  all  over  the  world. 

Genus  TRICHOPHAGA  Ragonot 

(i)  Trichophaga  tapetzella  Linnseus.     (The  Carpet-moth.) 

The  nature  and  habits  of  this  species  are  very  closely  allied  to 

those  of  the  last  two  species  of  which  we  have  spoken.     Like 

them,  it  was  originally  intro- 
duced into  America  from  the 
Old  World.  It  differs  from 
them  in  the  larval  state  in 
that,  instead  of  simply  mak- 
ing a  cocoon  for  itself  out  of 
bits  of  hair  as  the  Clothes- 
moth,  or  forming  a  movable 

YiG.*U.-T.tapetzella.     (After  Riley.)        case   for    itsdf    ^    ^    Fur_ 

moth,  it  weaves  together,  out  of  the  debris  of  the  material  in  which 
it  is  carrying  on  its  ravages,  long  galleries  lined  inside  with  strands 
of  silk.  Theselong,  tortuousgalleries,  cutthroughthepileof  carpets, 
are  familiar  objects  to  the  careful  housewife,  whose  horror  and  anx- 
iety have  often  been  expressed  to  the  writer.  It  is  one  of  the  sad 
prerogatives  of  the  entomologist  to  be  made  from  time  to  time 
the  recipient  of  the  household  woes  of  his  neighbors,  who  dis- 
cover that  the  moth  and  the  buffalo-bug  "corrupt,"  and  that  the 
white  ant  and  the  cockroach  "steal." 

The  perfect  insect,  as  shown  in  the  annexed  cut,  is  in  appear- 
ance a  very  different  moth  from  either  of  the  foregoing  species. 

CLOTHES-MOTHS 

"The  moth  shall  eat  them  up  like  a  garment,  and  the  worm  shall  eat  them  like 
wool."  ISAIAH.— LI,  8. 

From  the  accounts  which  have  been  given  in  the  preceding 
pages  of  the  three  species  of  Clothes-moths,  the  ravages  of  which 
are  commonly  encountered  in  the  household,  it  has  been  learned 
that  they  may  each  be  discriminated  from  the  other  by  the  habits 
of  the  larvae.  The  Carpet-moth  makes  a  gallery  of  the  substance 

434 


Tineidae 

on  which  it  feeds;  the  Fur-moth  makes  a  small  portable  case, 
which  it  carries  with  it;  while  the  insect  which  we  have  called 
the  Clothes-moth  lives  for  the  most  part  free  until  the  time  of 
pupation,  when  it  constructs  for  itself  a  cocoon  out  of  bits  of 
fiber. 

All  of  these  three  species  are  equally  destructive,  and  there  is 
no  question  which  is  more  frequently  asked  of  the  writer  than 
how  best  to  destroy  the  insects  when  once  they  have  found  lodg- 
ment in  a  house,  and  how  to  prevent  their  attacks. 

All  of  these  creatures  "love  darkness  better  than  light,  their 
deeds  being  evil."  When  it  is  suspected  that  furs  or  garments 
are  infected  by  their  presence,  the  first  step  which  should  be 
taken  is  to  expose  them  to  full  sunlight,  the  hotter  the  better. 
Garments  in  which  moths  are  known  to  exist  should  be  hung  up 
in  the  open  air.  And  this  airing  and  exposure  to  sunlight  should 
not  be  for  an  hour  or  two,  but,  if  possible,  it  should  extend  over 
a  number  of  days,  and  should  take  place  in  the  latter  part  of  May 
or  the  early  part  of  the  month  of  June,  at  which  time  the  female 
moth  is  engaged  in  ovipositing.  Where  it  is  impossible  to  air 
and  expose  to  sunlight  the  fabrics  which  have  been  attacked,  as 
is  sometimes  the  case  with  carpets  in  dark  corners,  they  should 
be  thoroughly  saturated  with  benzine.  It  is  "needless  to  say  that 
this  operation  should  never  be  undertaken  in  the  presence  of  a 
candle  or  other  exposed  light.  Furniture  in  carpeted  rooms 
should  in  the  spring  of  the  year  be  removed  from  the  place  where 
it  has  long  stood,  and  the  spot  should  be  thoroughly  sponged 
with  benzine.  A  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  in  alcohol,  so 
weak  that  it  will  not  leave  any  white  mark  upon  a  black  feather 
which  has  been  dipped  into  it  and  afterward  dried,  may  be 
applied  effectively  to  carpets  and  to  fabrics  which  are  exhibited 
in  museum  cases.  At  the  Carnegie  Museum  we  make  it  a  rule  to 
spray  all  substances  which  might  be  exposed  to  the  attack  of 
'inoths,  when  hung  in  cases,  with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sub- 
limate and  strychnine  in  alcohol. 

In  carpet  warehouses  and  in  establishments  where  woolen 
goods  are  stored  in  quantity  it  is  well  to  have  on  the  roof  of  the 
building  an  apartment  fitted  up  with  large  air-tight  chests.  Into 
these  chests,  or  compartments,  fabrics  supposed  to  have  been 
attacked  by  moths  may  be  put  and  exposed  for  twenty-four  or 


Tineidae 

more  hours  to  the  fumes  of  carbon  bisulphide.  This  fluid  should 
be  placed  in  large  quantity  in  shallow  pans  at  the  bottom  of  the 
disinfecting-chambers,  in  such  a  way  that  it  will  not  come  directly 
in  contact  with  the  fabrics.  Being  volatile,  the  fumes  will  grad- 
ually fill  the  entire  chamber,  and  will  destroy  all  animal  life. 
Inasmuch  as  carbon  bisulphide,  as  has  already  been  stated  else- 
where in  this  book,  is,  when  mixed  with  atmospheric  air,  highly 
explosive,  no  lights  should  be  allowed  to  come  near  the  chests, 
or  the  apartment  in  which  the  disinfection  is  taking  place.  The 
writer  has  in  his  own  household  made  it  a  rule  in  the  spring  of 
the  year  to  take  all  rugs  and  have  them  placed  in  a  large  chest 
about  four  feet  long,  three  feet  wide,  and  three  feet  deep,  at  the 
bottom  of  which  there  is  a  slatted  support  beneath  which  is  a  long, 
shallow  pan.  Into  this  pan  the  bisulphide  is  poured.  The  rugs 
are  loosely  placed  in  the  chest,  and  then  it  is  closed  tightly  and 
they  are  left  there  for  forty-eight  hours. 

The  storage  of  furs  and  woolen  garments  during  the  summer 
months  is  an  important  matter.  The  one  thing  to  be  perfectly 
ascertained  before  placing  garments  in  storage  is  that  they  are 
thoroughly  disinfected  and  that  not  a  single  female  moth  capable 
of  depositing  fertile  eggs  is  present.  This  fact  being  known  with 
certainty,  all  that  it  Is  necessary  to  do  is  to  place  the  garments  in 
clean  air-tight  receptacles  and  close  them  up  so  that  nothing  can 
get  into  them.  Garments  may  be  put  into  perfectly  tight  paper 
bags  with  all  openings  pasted  shut  with  a  piece  of  tough  paper. 
The  boxes  in  which  tailors  send  home  garments  are  good  storage 
receptacles,  provided  the  garments  are  free  from  pests  when  put 
into  them  and  provided  every  opening  in  the  box  is  pasted  shut 
with  a  piece  of  paper.  It  is  not  an  altogether  unwise  precaution 
to  put  in  "moth-balls"  or  crystals  of  naphthaline  or  bits  of 
camphor,  but  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  neither  naphthaline 
nor  camphor  will  kill  the  larvae  of  moths  that  have  once  found 
access  to  the  garments  upon  which  they  are  in  the  habit  of  feed-- 
ing. A  great  deal  of  money  has  been  uselessly  expended  upon 
such  substances,  when  all  that  is  necessary  is  simply  to  insure 
the  exclusion  of  the  pests. 

The  annual  loss  occasioned  by  these  minute  yet  most  annoy- 
ing insects  is  vast,  and  it  is  not  unreasonable  to  say  that  their 
mischievous  depredations  cost  the  citizens  of  the  United  States 

436 


Tineidae 

annually  a  sum  of  money  which  is  enough  in  amount  at  the 
present  time  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the  national  debt. 

Genus   ADELA    Latreille 

The  moths  of  this  genus  are  remarkable  for  the  enormous 
length  of  their  antennae  in  proportion  to  their  size.  We  have 
represented  one  of  the  commoner  species  on  Plate  XLVIII,  Fig. 
4=;.  It  received  the  specific  name  bella  at  the  hands  of  the  late 
Mr.  V.  T.  Chambers.  The  base  of  the  antennae  is  black,  and  the 
extremity  is  white.  This  fact  has  prevented  the  photographer 
from  getting  a  full  representation  of  the  length  of  the  organ  in  our 
cut.  This  is  much  to  be  regretted,  and  the  student  must  add  in 
his  imagination  to  the  antennae,  as  they  are  shown,  a  thread-like 
extension,  extending  fully  three  eighths  of  an  inch  beyond  the 
apparent  ending  of  the  organs  as  depicted.  The  moths  may  be 
found  in  shaded  woods  in  June  feeding  upon  the  flowers  of 
Asclepias. 

Genus  PRODOXUS   Riley 

The  relation  of  the  insect  world  to  the  life  of  plants  has  been 
the  subject  of  a  great  deal  of  interesting  inquiry  in  recent  years. 
It  has  been  discovered  that  many  genera  and  species  depend  for 
their  fructification  and  consequently  for  their  continued  preserva- 
tion upon  the  agency  of  insects.  Without  the  kind  attention 
which  they  receive  from  the  tiny  creatures  of  the  air,  they  would 
not  produce  seed,  and  the  race  would  speedily  become  extinct. 
One  of  the  most  beautiful  illustrations  of  the  interdependence  of 
the  world  of  plants  and  the  world  of  insects  has  been  discovered 
in  the  case  of  the  Tineid  genus  Pronuba.  This  insect  has  be- 
come specialized  to  a  remarkable  degree,  as  we  shall  have  occa- 
sion to  show  in  speaking  of  it.  In  fact,  without  its  agency  the 
pollenation  of  the  plants  belonging  to  the  genus  Yucca  is  never 
accomplished.  But,  curiously  enough,  associated  with  it  and 
closely  resembling  it  superficially  is  a  genus  of  moths  which  does 
not  possess  the  power  of  pollenizing  the  Yucca,  but  which  is 
represented  by  many  species  the  larvae  of  which  feed  in  the  stems 
of  the  various  species  of  Yucca.  The  Yucca  plants  depend  for 
the  perpetuation  of  the  species  upon  the  moth  Pronuba.  The 
moth  Prodoxus  depends  upon  the  Yucca  plants  for  life,  and  thus 

437 


Tineidse 

indirectly  upon  the  labor  of  Pronuba.  The  whole  story  is  one  of 
the  most  interesting  in  the  annals  of  insect  life,  and  the  student 
who  is  curious  to  know  all  about  its  interesting  details  should 
consult  the  fourth  volume  of  "  Insect  Life,"  where  Professor  Riley 
has  with  minute  patience  worked  out  the  wonderful  story,  with 
all  the  skill  of  a  Sherlock  Holmes. 

(i)  Prodoxus  quinquepunctella   Chambers.      (The  Bogus 
Yucca  Moth.) 

Syn.  decipiens  Riley  ;  paradoxica  Chambers. 

This  little  moth,  which  superficially  resembles  Pronuba  yuc- 
casella,  has  no  maxillary  tentacle  such  as  is  found  in  the  latter 

insect.  Its  absence 
is  characteristic,  in 
fact,  of  all  the  species 
of  the  genus.  The 
ovipositor  is  homolo- 
gous to  that  of  Pro- 
nuba, but  is  a  stronger 
instrument  intended 
for  making  incisions 
in  the  tender  bark  of 
the  stem,  while  the 
ovipositor  of  Pronu- 


\      ™     organ  which  is  used 

f   \f     \         r^I      to  thrust  the  e££  into 
the  ovarian  cavity  of 

the    growing    seed- 
vessel. 

The  larvae  of  the 
various  species  of 
Prodoxus  are  without 
feet,  quite  maggot- 
like,  and  remain  in 
their  burrows  in  the  stems  of  the  Yucca  plants,  not  descending  to 
the  ground  to  pupate,  as  do  those  of  Pronuba.  The  pupae,  when 
the  time  for  emergence  arrives,  protrude  themselves  from  the 
stems,  and  the  moth  escapes  from  the  pupal  skin,  very  much  in  the 
way  in  which  the  same  act  is  performed  by  various  species  'of 

438 


FIG.  255.—  P.  quinquepunctella. 

i,  left  jaw  and  antenna  ; 


larva;  d,  head 

from  above ;  c,  d,  left  jaw  and  antenna ;  e,  pupa ;  f,  in- 
fested stem,  showing  burrows,  castings,  cocoons,  and 
pupa-shell,  h.  All  enlarged.  (After  Riley.) 


FIG.     256.—  P.   quinquepnnc- 
tella.  a,  moth  with  wings  folded  ; 

b,  moth  with   wings  expanded ; 

c,  enlarged     maxillary   palpus. 
(After  Riley.) 


Tineidae 

wood-burrowing  y^Egerians.  The  cut,  Fig.  255,  taken  from  the 
writings  of  Professor  C.  V.  Riley,  has  more  value  as  an  explan- 
ation of  the  facts  in  the  case  than  a 
whole  page  of  verbal  description 
would  have.  The  species  of  the  genus 
Prodoxus  all  appear  upon  the  wing 
before  those  of  the  genus  Pronuba, 
the  former  having  no  function  to  per- 
form in  connection  with  the  fertiliza- 
tion of  the  flowers,  and  being  on  the 
spot  to  oviposit  while  the  flower-stems 
are  still  soft  and  easily  capable  of  be- 
ing cut  into  by  the  ovipositor  of  the 
female,  while  Pronuba  must  wait  until  the  flowers  are  opening  and 
the  tissues  of  these  portions  of  the  plant  are  ready  for  the  peculiar 
operations  which  the  perpetuation  of  the  life  both  of  the  plant 
and  the  insect  call  for. 

(2)  Prodoxus  marginatus  Riley. 

The  accompanying  cut  serves  to  show  the  characteristic  fea- 
tures of  this  species  of  the  genus.  The  figure  at  a  gives  a  view  of 

the  last  abdominal  segment  of  the 
female  magnified  twenty-six  di- 
ameters. The  basal  joint  of  the 
ovipositor  is  represented  at  bjo, 
the  terminal  joint  at  tjo,  and  the 
oviduct  at  ov.  Figure  c  repre- 
sents the  claspers  of  the  male 
viewed  from  above.  A  view  of 
the  fore  wing  magnified  five 

FIG.  2S7.-P.  marginatus.    (After    *imes  is  given  at  pr.,  and  by  it 
Riley,  "insect  Life,"  Vol.  iv,  p.  373.)    the  species  may  be  known. 

(3)  Prodoxus  y-inversa  Riley. 

The  main  characteristics  of  a  third  species  of  the  genus  are 
given, in  Fig.  258.  The  left  front  wing  is  represented  at  a,  the 
hair-line  beneath  serving  to  show  the  natural  size  of  the  wing. 
By  looking  at  the  figure  upside  down  the  reader  will  understand 
why  the  specific  name  which  was  given  to  the  moth  originally 
suggested  itself.  The  genitalia  of  the  male  moth  are  represented 
at  b  enlarged  fourteen  diameters.  This  view  is  taken  from  above 

439 


FIG.  258. — P.  y-inversa.     (After  Riley, 
sect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  373.) 


Tineidae 

and  gives  the  dorsal  aspect  of  these  organs.    At  c  we  have  a  lateral 
view  of  the  same  parts  magnified  eighteen  diameters.     The  ovi- 

positor of  the  female  is 
shown  at  d  exserted  from 
the  anal  joint  of  the  abdo- 
men. At  e  there  is  given 
another  lateral  view  of 
the  tip  of  the  ovipositor 
much  more  enlarged. 
This  view  shows  the  pe- 
culiar saw-like  structure 
of  the  organ,  by  help  of 
which  incisions  are  made 
in  the  soft  outer  bark  of  the  growing  stems  of  the  Yucca.  Both 
this  and  the  preceding  species  are  found  in  California. 

(4)  Prodoxus  reticulata  Riley. 

This  pretty  little  moth,  the  habits  of  which  are  much  the  same 
as  those  of  the  preceding  three 
species,  is  a  native  of  the  State  of 
Colorado.  The  figure  represents 
a  female  with  her  wings  ex- 
panded, and  the  drawing  is  mag- 
nified more  than  three  times 
the  size  of  life.  The  insect  is 
undoubtedly,  so  far  as  the  mark- 
ings  of  the  wings  are  concerned,  the  most  attractive  species  in  the 
entire  genus. 

(5)  Prodoxus  coloradensis  Riley. 

Fig.  260  is  devoted  to  the  illustration  of  the  salient  specific 
features  of  a  fifth  insect  belonging  to  the  genus  Prodoxus.     As 

the  name  implies,  this  species, 
like  the  preceding,  is  found  in 
Colorado.  The  front  wing  is 
shown  four  times  the  size  of  life, 
the  hair-line  below  the  figure  in- 
dicating the  natural  size.  The 
genitalia  of  the  male  are  shown 
at  b  viewed  from  above,  and  at 
c  viewed  laterally. 
440 


FlG.  259._/>.  reticulata.     (After 
ley,  "  insect  Life,"  Vol.  iv,  P.  374.) 


FIG.  260. —  P.  coloradensis,     (After 
Riley,  "  Insect  Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  374.) 


Tineidse 


(6)  Prodoxus  cinereus  Riley. 

This  species  is  known  to  breed  in  the  flower-stems  of  Yucca 
whipplei.     The  best  way  in  which  to  set  the  species  before  the 


FIG.  261.  —  P.  cinereus.  a,  larva;  b,  head  and  first  thoracic 
joint ;  c,  anal  hooks ;  d,  pupa ;  e,  pupal  shell  protruding  from 
stalk ;  f,  adult  female ;  g,  side  view  of  clasper  of  adult  male.  All 
figures  greatly  enlarged.  (After  Riley,  "  Insect  Life,"  Vol.  V, 
p.  306.) 

reader  seems  to  be  to  reproduce,  as  we  have  done,  the  figure 
given  by  the  author  of  the  species,  in  which  its  characteristic 
features  are  carefully  depicted.  It  is  found  in  California. 

Genus  PRONUBA  Riley 

(i)  Pronuba  yuccasella  Riley.  (The  Yucca  Moth.) 
No  discovery  in  recent  ydars  has  been  more  interesting  to 
students  of  insect  and  plant  life  than  that  which  was  made  in 
1872  by  Professor  Riley,  of  the  intimate  relationship  which  sub- 
sists between  the  beautiful  plants,  known  as  Yuccas,  and  the 
genus  of  moths  to  which  the  present  species  belongs.  It  has 
been  ascertained  that  the  fructification  of  the  various  species  of 
Yucca  is  almost  absolutely  dependent  upon  the  agency  of  the 
female  moth  ;  and,  strangely  enough,  it  has  also  been  ascer- 
tained that  the  pollenation  of  the  flowers  is  not  the  result  of 
mere  accidental  attrition  of  the  wings  and  other  organs  of  the  insect 
when  engaged  in  seeking  for  nectar  in  the  flower  and  when  en- 
gaged in  laying  her  eggs,  but  that  she  deliberately  collects  the 

441 


FIG.  262.—  P.  yuccasella.  a,  lar- 
va; b,  female  moth  with  closed 
wings ;  c,  do.  with  wings  expanded 

d,  side   view    of    larval    segment 

e,  head  of  larva  from  below ;  _/j  do 
from  above ;  g,  thoracic  leg  of  do. 
h,  maxilla;    i,  mandible;  _/',  spin 
neret  and  labial  palpi;   k,  antenna, 
enlarged.     (After    Riley 

Life,"  Vol.  IV,  p.  360.) 


Insect 


Tineidae 

pollen  with  her  mouth,  which  is  peculiarly  modified  to  enable 
her  to  do  this,  and  then  applies  the  pollen  to  the  stigma  with  in- 
finitely better  care  than  it  could  be 
done  by  the  most  skilful  horticul- 
turist using  the  most  delicate  human 
appliances. 

There  are  several  species  of  the 
genus  Pronuba,  and  they  hold  a 
positive  and  well-ascertained  re- 
lationship to  the  various  species 
of  the  plants  in  the  economy  of 
which  they  perform  so  important 
a  function.  Pronuba  yuccasella 
pollenizes  in  the  Eastern  States 
the  blossoms  of  the  common  Yucca 
filamentosa,  and  on  the  Western 
plains  it  performs  the  act  for  the 
blossoms  of  Yucca  angustifolia. 
Yucca  brevifolia  is  pollenized  by  Pronuba  synthetica.  Yucca 
wbipplei  is  pollenized  by  Pronuba  maculata.  No  doubt  there  are 
other  species  of  Yucca  which  will  be  ultimately  discovered  to  have 
species  of  Pronuba  which  are  adapted  in  their  organs  to  the 
work  of  pollenation  according  to  their  peculiar  requirements. 

The  larva  of  Pronuba,  after  it  has  attained  to  full  size,  drops  to 
the  ground,  having  three  pairs  of  thoracic  legs,  which  enable  it 
to  move  about  and  burrow  into  the  earth.  It 
then  undergoes  transformation  into  the  pupal 
state.  The  chrysalis,  which  is  depicted  in  Fig. 
263,  has  the  back  armed  with  peculiar  spinous 
processes,  which  enable  it  to  make  its  way 
through  the  loose  soil. 

The  student  who  desires  to  become  fully 
acquainted   with   this   interesting    chapter   in 
insect  life  must  consult  the  altogether  admi- 
rable papers  written  upon  the  subject  by  Pro-    caseiia.  /,  malechry 
fessor  Riley,  to  whom  we  are  indebted  for 
almost  all  that  we  know    in   regard    to  the 
subject.     These  papers  may  be  found  in  the    IV>  p'  3    V 
Publications  of  the  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science,  the  "Fifth 

442 


FIG.  263.—  P.yuc- 
e  chry- 
salis  ;  m,  female  chry- 
salis. (After  Riley, 
"  Insect  Life,"  Vol. 


Tineidse 

Annual  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist  of  Missouri,"  and  in  the 
fourth  and  fifth  volumes  of  "Insect  Life." 


Genus  ACROLOPHUS  Poey 

(i)  Acrolophus  plumifrontellus  Clemens,  Plate  XLV1II, 
Fig.  43,  6 . 

Syn.  bombycina  Zeller. 

As  a  representative  of  this  well-marked  genus,  quite  a  number 
of  species  of  which  are  found  in  our  fauna,  we  have  selected  the 
species  which  is  most  common  in  the  Appalachian  subregion. 
The  other  species  are  mainly  Southern  and  Western. 

Genus  ANAPHORA  Clemens 
(i)  Anaphora  popeanella  Clemens,  Plate  XLV11I,  Fig.  42,  $  . 

Syn.  agrotipennella  Grote ;  scardina  Zeller. 

The  insect  ranges  from  the  Atlantic  States  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains. There  are  other  species  in  the  genus,  which  are  found  in 
the  South  and  the  West. 

FAMILY   HEPIALID^E 

This  family  is  composed  of  large  or  moderately  large  insects. 
They  are  very  peculiar  in  their  structure,  and  are  now  by  syste- 
matists  generally  accorded  a  position  of  inferiority  at  the  bottom 
of  the  series  of  lepidopterous  families,  being  regarded  as  repre- 
senting an  ancestral  stock.  Some  go  even  so  far  as  to  deny  that 
they  are  lepidoptera  at  all.  This  is,  however,  an  untenable 
position. 

Genus  STHENOPIS  Packard 

(1)  Sthenopis  argenteomaculatus  Harris,  Plate  XLI,  Fig. 
14,  $  .     (The  Silver-spotted  Ghost-moth.) 

Syn.  argentata  Packard ;  alni  Kellicott. 

The  larvae  feed  at  first  upon  the  roots  of  the  alder,  and  then 
enter  the  stems.  The  insect  is  found  in  the  northern  portions  of 
the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  moths  have  the  habit  of 
dancing  in  the  air  at  sunset,  and  perform  very  peculiar  gyrations 
over  the  spot  where  oviposition  is  to  take  place. 

(2)  Sthenopis  quadriguttatus  Grote,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  13,  $ . 

Syn.  stmiaitratus  Neumcegen  &  Dyar. 

44.3 


Hepialidse 

The  range  of  this  species  is  the  same  as  that  of  the  preceding. 
It  occurs  rather  abundantly  in  Assiniboia  and  Alberta. 

Genus  HEPIALUS  Fabricius 

(1)  Hepialus  hyperboreus  Mceschler,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  15,  $. 

Syn.  pulcher  Grote ;  macglashani  Henry  Edwards. 

The  moth  is  found  in  New  England  and  southern  Canada. 

(2)  Hepialus  gracilis  Grote.     (The  Graceful  Ghost-moth.) 
This  species,  the  neuration  of  the  wings  of  which  is  repre- 
sented in  the  text  at  Fig.  12,  is  not  an  uncommon  species  in  the 
northern  portions  of  our  territory.    . 

(3)  Hepialus  lemberti  Dyar,  Plate  XLI,  Fig.  16,  $.     (Lem- 
bert's  Ghost-moth.) 

The  moth  is  found  in  California.     It  is  not  as  yet  common  in 
collections. 


FAMILY   MICROPTERYGID/E 

This  family  is  represented  in  our  fauna  by  two  genera  of 
minute  insects  and  six  species.  They  are  remarkable  because 
revealing  certain  anatomical  features  which  are  believed  to  point 
to  an  ancestral  connection  between  them  and  other  orders  of 
insects.  One  of  the  remarkable  features  which  they  reveal  is  the 
persistence  in  them  of  mandibles  in  the  pupae,  which  are  lost  in 
the  irnaginal  form  in  the  genus  Micropteryx,  which  is  not  repre- 
sented in  our  fauna,  but  are  persistent  in  the  genus  Eriocepbala, 
which  does  occur  in  North  America. 

We  have  arrived  at  last  at  the  end  of  our  necessarily  com- 
pacted but  rather  extensive  survey  of  the  families  of  moths  rep- 
resented in  the  fauna  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  We  have 
thrown  the  doors  of  our  subject  open  to  the  curious.  We  have 
thrown  them  wide  open.  Much  has  been  omitted  which  might 
have  been  said ;  possibly  some  things  have  been  said  which  will 
have  little  interest  for  the  general  reader;  but,  upon  the  whole, 
we  feel,  in  bringing  this  book  to  its  end,  that  we  have  given  a 
fuller  and  more  complete  review  of  the  whole  subject  to  Ameri- 
can students  than  has  ever  been  essayed  in  any  book  by  any 

444 


Micropterygidae 

other  writer.  Throughout  the  task  has  been  to  a  large  degree  a 
labor  of  love,  with  the  purpose  of  popularizing  knowledge  and 
helping  those  who  havfe  eyes  to  see  and  ears  to  hear,  to  under- 
stand something  of  the  wonders  of  a  world  which  becomes  the 
more  wonderful  the  more  we  know  of  it. 


THE   FINAL  GOAL 

;  O,  yet  we  trust  that  somehow  good 
Will  be  the  final  goal  of  ill, 
To  pangs  of  nature,  sins  of  will, 
Defects  of  doubt  and  taints  of  blood ; 

That  nothing  walks  with  aimless  feet ; 

That  not  one  life  shall  be  destroyed, 

Or  cast  as  rubbish  to  the  void, 
When  God  hath  made  the  pile  complete ; 

That  not  a  worm  is  cloven  in  vain, 

That  not  a  moth  with  vain  desire 

Is  shrivelled  in  a  fruitless  fire, 
Or  but  subserves  another's  gain." 

TENNYSON. — In  Memoriam,  I,  III. 


THE   END 

'When  the  moon  shall  have  faded  out  from  the  sky,  and  the 
sun  shall  shine  at  noonday  a  dull  cherry-red,  and  the  seas  shall  be 
frozen  over,  and  the  ice-cap  shall  have  crept  downward  to  the 
equator  from  either  pole,  and  no  keels  shall  cut  the  waters,  nor 
wheels  turn  in  mills,  when  all  cities  shall  have  long  been  dead  and 
crumbled  into  dust,  and  all  life  shall  be  on  the  very  last  verge  of 
extinction  on  this  globe;  then,  on  a  bit  of  lichen,  growing  on  the 
bald  rocks  beside  the  eternal  snows  of  Panama,  shall  be  seated  a 
tiny  insect,  preening  its  antennae  in  the  glow  of  the  worn-out  sun, 
representing  the  sole  survival  of  animal  life  on  this  our  earth,— 
a  melancholy  "bug." 

445 


INDEX 


Abagrotis.  genus;  erratica,  180 

abalinealis,   Bomolocha,   286 

Abbot,  John.  27 

Abbotana.    genus;    clematana,    transducens, 

transferens,   353 
abbotana,  Phobetron,  366 
abboti,  Oiketicus,  361' 
abbotti,  Sphecodina,   70 
abbreviatella,  Catocala,  268 
Abdomen,  14,  1 8 
abdominalis,  Pygarctia,  136 
abortivaria,  Dyspteris,  323 
Abrostola,  genus;  ovalis   urentis,  240 
abrostoloides,  Psectes.  241 
abrupta,  Raphia,  153 
Absinth,  The,  328 
absinthiata,  Tephroclystis,  328 
absorptalis,  Hormisa,  282 
absynthiata,  Tephroclystis,  328 
accepta,  Fruva,  252 
accessaria,  Catopyrrha,  342 
acericola,  Apatela,  153 
acericolum,  Synanthedon,  386 
aceris,  Apatela,   153 
acerni,  Synanthedon,  386 
achaia,  Apantesis,  130 
achatina,  Olene,  308 
achatinalis,  Bomolocha,  286 
Achatodes,  genus;  zeae,  212 
achemon,  Pholus,  66 
Acherdoa,  genus;  ferraria,  ornata,  234 
Acherontiinae,  43 

"Acheta  Domestica,"  quoted,  140 
Acoloithus,  genus;  falsarius,  sanborni,  371 
Acopa,  genus;  carina,   163 
Acorn-moth,  The,  429 
acraea,   Estigmene,    122,   123 
Acrobasis,  genus;  betulella,  408 
Acrolophus,  genus;  bombycina,  plumifrontel- 

lus,  443 

Actias,  genus,  86;  luna,  87,  88 
Actinotia,  genus,   172;  ramosula,  173 
acutalis,  Phiprosopus,  245 
acutaria,  Doryodes,  245 
acutilinea,  Schinia,  227 
acutipennis,  Mamestra,  195 
Adela,  genus;  bella,  437 

Adelocephala,  genus,  96;  bicolor,  distigma,  96 
Adelphagrotis,  genus;  prasina,  179 
adipaloides,   Pyrausta,   397 
Adita,  genus;  chionanthi,  177 
adjuncta,  Mamestra,  104 
Adrnetovis,  genus;  oxymorus,  196 
admirandus,  Memythrus,  383 
Adoneta,    genus;  "ferrigera,  nebulosus,    pyg- 

maea,  spmuloides    voluta,  365 
adoptiva,  Catocala,  267 
adulatalis,  Yuma,  407 
adumbrata,  Syneda,  259 
adustaria,  Gonodontis,  350 
ad  versa,  Caenurgia,   257 
ssdessa,  Fenaria,  233 


^Egeria,    genus;    paiformis,    crabroniformis, 

vespiformis,  383 
JE^eriidsB,  Family,  25,  36,  379 
aeliaria,  Metanema,  351 
Emilia,   genus;   ambigua,   bolteri,   cinnamo- 

mea,     occidentalis,      Red-banded,      Rosy, 

sanguivenosa,    significans,    syracosia,    13? 
aemula,    Epizeuxis,    280;    Synanthedon,    387 
aemulataria,  Philobia,  339 
aequaliaria,  Therina,  348 
aequilinea,  Ipimorpha,   220 
aequosus,  Syssaura,  352 
serea,  Plusia,   237 
aeroides,  Plusia,  237 
aesculi,  Zeuzera,  576 
aesionaria,  Hyperitis,  349 
aetheria,  Thalpochares,  249 
aethra,  Haemorrhagia,  63 
affinis,   Herse,  43 
affusana,   Eucosma,  418 
Agapema,  genus,  86;  galbina,  86 
agarista,  Erebus,   279 
Agaristidae,  3,  24,  32,  140,  232,  233 
Agathqdes,  genus;  designalis,  nondahs,  mon- 

stralis,  393 
agilis.  Feltia,   186 

Agnomonia,  genus;  anilis,  sesquistnans,  274 
agreasaria,  Gonodontis,  350 
agricola,  Drasteria,  257 
agrippina,  Catocala,  260 
agrottpennella,  Anaphora,  443 
agrotipennis,  Melioptis,  258 
Agrotiphila,  genus;  incognita,  191 
Agrotis,   genus;   badinodis,    181;   geniculata, 

idonea,  suffusa,  telifera,  ypsilon,  182 
aholah,  Catocala,  268 
aholibah,  Catocala,   265 
Ailanthus,  82 
Alabama,      genus;      argillacea,      bipunctina, 

grandipuncta,  xylina,  243 
alabamas,   Catocala,    269;    Peridroma,    183 
alabastaria,  Synelys,  333 
Alarodia,  genus;  slossoniae,  366 
albafascia,  Schinia,   228 
albarafa,   Apatela,    157 
albata,  Clemensia,  108 
albertae,   Dodia,   117 
albescens,  Hyloicus,  50 
albicans,  Opharus,   139 
albicoma,  Harpyia,   299 
albicomana,  Tortrix,  423 
albicornis,  Synanthedon,   387 
albicosta,   Eucha>tias,   135 
albida,  Clemensia,  108;  Estigmene,  123 
albidula,   Eustrotia,    247 
albifascialis,  Zinckenia,  392 
albifrons,  Symmerista,  296 
albifusa,   Mamestra,    193 
albilinea,  Heliophila,  201 
albipennis,  Euxoa,   189 
albipuncta,  Platysenta,  163 
albisignalis,  Bomolocha,  286 
alboclavellus,  Crambus,  402 
albofascia,  Gluphisia,   300 
albolineata,  Syssphinx,  96 


447 


Index 


alboplagiata,  Tristyla,  220 

albopunctata,  Caripeta,  344 

albosigma,  Melalopha,  293 

albosignata,  Gypsochroa,  332 

albovenosa,  Arsilonche,  159 

albovittata,  Euchoeca,  328 

album,  Copablepharon,  222 

Albuna,   genus;   montana,    pyramidalis,    384 

Alceris,  genus;  malivorana,  minuta,  vac- 
ciniivorana,  variolana,  421 

Alcis,  genus ;  baltearia,  metanemaria,  sulphu- 
raria,  343 

Alcothoe,  genus;  caudata,  382 

Aleptina,  genus;  inca,  162 

aleucis,  Schinia,  227 

Alexicles,  genus;  aspersa,  123 

algens,  Hillia,  166 

alia,  Graphiphora,   204 

alinda,  Hylesia,  90 

alisellana,  Eulia,  423 

allediusaria,  Tetrads,  353 

allegheniensis,  Crambidia,  104 

alleni,  Syneda,  259 

Allotria,  genus;  elonympha,  272 

Almodes,  genus;  assecoma,  balteolata,  cal- 
vina,  rivularia,  squamigera,  stellidaria 
terraria,  354 

aini,  Sthenopis,  443 

alniaria,  Ennqmos,  348 

alope,  Erinnyis,   58 

Alsophila,  genus;  pometaria,  restituens,  326 

alternata,  Rhynchagrotis.  179 

alticqla,  Syngrapha,  240 

Alypia,  genus,  143,  232;  bimaculata.  144; 
brannani,  143;  desperata,  144;  dipsaci, 
143;  disparata,  143,  144;  edwardsi,  143; 
gracilenta,  144;  hudsonica,  145;  langtoni, 
143,  145;  lorquini,  mac-cullochi,  143;  mari- 
posa,  143,  145;  matuta,  144;  octomaculata, 
143,  144;  quadriguttalis,  144;  ridingsi, 
143.  145;  sacraments,  145;  similis,  143, 
wittfeldi,  143,  144 

Alypiodes,    genus;    bimaculata,    trimaculata 

amasia,  Catocala,  148,  268 

amatrix,   Catocala,    263 

amaturaria,  Erastria,   333 

Ambesa,  genus;  laetella,  410 

ambigua,    Emilia,    137 

ambigualis    Gaberasa;   284 

Ambulycinae,  41,  42,  54 

Amelanchier,  386 

amella,  Campometra,  276 

Ameria,  genus,  327 

americalis,  Epizeuxis,  280 

americana,  Apatela,  153;  Epicnaptera,  314; 
Harrisina,  372;  Malacosoma,  312;  Mela- 
lopha, 293;  Neuronia,  196;  Oreta,  321 

arnica,  Catocala,  269 

amicaria,  Hyperitis,  349 

amiculatalis,  Cindaphia,  397 

amcena,   Melittia,   380 

amoenaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

Amolita,  genus;  fessa,  244 

Amorbia,  genus;  humerosana,  423 

Amorpha  Fruticosa,  430 

amorphella,  Walshia,  430 

ampelophaga,  Pholus,  65 

Ampelopsis,  66,  70,  72,  144,  371 

Amphion,  genus,  72;  nessus,  72 

amphipyroides,  Latebraria,   279 

ampla,  Autographa,  240;  Doa,  309 

amplaria,  Epimecis,  344 

amplissima,  Parallelia,  273 

amplus,  Axenus,    231 

amputatrix,  Hadena,  169 

Amyna,  genus;  octo,  orbica,  tecta,  242 


amyntor,  Ceratomia,  47 

amyrisaria,  Caberodes,  352 

Anacreon,  Ode  to  an  Insect,  quoted,  291 

Anal  angle,  18 

Anaphora,  genus;  agrotipennella,  popeanella 

scardina,  443 

Anaplodes,  genus;  iridaria,  rectaria,  337 
Anarsia,  genus;  lineatella,  primiella,  426 
Anarta,  genus;  Black-mooned,  Catocaline, 

cordigera,    198;   curta,    Dull    Brown,    im- 

pingens,  leucocycla,  199;  nigrolunata,  198; 

nivaria,  perpura,  richardsoni,  Richardson's, 

schoenherri,  Schoenherr's,   199 
Anatomy  of  moths,  10 
ancetaria,  Azelina,  352 
anchocelipides,  Rhynchagrotis,  178 
Anchocelis,  genus:  digitalis,  216 
ancocisconensis,  Hyppa,  171 
Ancylis,    genus;    fragariae,    comptana,    con- 

flexana,  419 

andremona,  Hypocala,   272 
Andrewsia,      genus;      belfragiana,      jocasta, 

messalina,    272 
andromache,  Catocala,   267 
andrqmedae,  Hyloicus,   50 
Anepischetos,  genus;  bipartita,  245 
angelica,     Apatelodes,     293;     Copibryophila, 

162 

anguina,   Dasylqphia,   296;  Mamestra,   195 
angulalis,    Palthis,    285 
angulidens,  Autographa,   239 
angulifera,   Callosamia,   86 
angulosa,  Lophodonta,  295 
angusi,  Catocala,  262;  Datana,  293 
angustalis,  Zinckenia,  392 
angustiorata,  Caripeta,  342 
angustipennis,  Magusa,   175 
Ania,  genus;  filimentaria,  limbata,  resistaria, 

yestitaria,  349 
anilis,  Agnomonia,   274 
Anisota,    genus,     94;    astymone,    pellucida, 

rubicunda,     95;     senatoria,     stigma,     94; 

Virginian,  95;  virginiensis,  94,  95 
aniusaria,   Cymatophora,   340 
anna,  Apantesis,  130 
Annaphila,  genus:  diva,  lithosina,  246 
annexa,  Feltia,   187 
annisaria,  Cymatophora,  340 
annulifascia,  Halisidota,  138 
anodonta,  Conservula,  215 
Anomis,  genus;  erosa,  244 
Anona  laurifolia,  236 
anonae,  Cocytius,  44 
Anomoeotes,  genus,   371 
Anorthodes,  genus;  prima,  164 
antasus,  Cocytius,  44 
Antaplaga,  genus;  dimidiata,  220 
Antennas,   3,   4,    13,    18;  of  Eriocephalid  lar- 

vas,  8;  of  Telea  polyphemus,  13 
antennata,  Xylina,   206 
anthcecioides,  Tosale,  402 
Antiblemma,    genus;    canalis,    inexacta,    275 
antica,    Euchstias,    135;    Trichoclea,    199 
Anticarsia,  genus;  gemmatilis,  275 
antigone,   Estigmene,    123 
antinympha,  Catocala,  267 
antiphola,  Halisidota,  137 
antiqua,   Notolophus,   306 
Ants,    147 
Anytus,  genus;  Obscure,  obscurus,  privatus. 

Sculptured,  scxjlptus,    191 
Aon,  genus;  noctuiformis,    234 
Apascasia,  genus;   defluata,   subasquaria,   342 
Apantesis,    genus,    129;    achaia,    anna,    arge, 

130;    arizonensis,    autholea,    131;    b-atra, 

132;   behri,   blakei,   bolanderi,    131;   cera- 

mica,    132;    coelebs,     130;   colorata,     132; 


448 


Index 


Apantesis — Con  tinned 

complicata,  dahurica,  131;  decolorata, 
determinata,  diecki,  132;  dione,  130; 
docta,  131;  dodgei,  132;  doris,  edwardsi, 
130;  excelsa,  favorita,  figurata,  f-pallida 
132;  gelida,  131;  incamatorubra, 
incompleta,  132;  incorrupta,  131; 
media,  129;  liturata,  131;  lugubris, 
mexicana,  131;  michabo,  minea, 
mormonica,  131;  nais,  132;  nerea, 
nevadensis,  131;  ochracea,  130;  oith 
129;  ornata,  130;  otiosa,  131;  partheni  e 
129;  persephone,  130;  phalerata, 
proxima,  quenseli,  131;  radians, 
rectilinea,  129;  rhoda,  132;  saundersi, 
shastaensis,  speciosa,  strigosa,  tur' 
131;  virgo,  129;  virguncula,  131;  vittata 
williamsi,  132 

Apatela,  genus,  153,  157,  197;  acericola 
aceris,  153;  albarufa,  157;  americana,  153 
brumosa,  157;  connecta,  156;  dactylina 
153;  fragilis,  156;  furcifera,  graefi,  155 
grisea,  156;  hasta,  155;  impleta,  impressa 
inclara,  157;  innotata,  interrupta,  155 
lepusculina,  154;  lithospila,  156;  lobelia: 
155;  luteicoma,  157;  morula,  155;  noctivaga 
oblinita,  157;  obscura,  153;  occidentalis 
155:  populi,  154;  pudorata,  quadrata,  156 
salicis,  157;  spectans,  superans,  156; 
telum,  ulrni,  155;  vinnula,  156 

Apatelodes,  genus;  angelica,  hyalinopuncta 
293;  torrefacta,  292 

Apex  of  wing,   18 

Apical  patch,  18 

apicalis,  Melalopha,  293 

apicella,  Fruva,  252 

apicosa,  Eustrotia,  247 

apiformis,  ^Egeria,  383 

Apharetra,  genus;  dentata,  158;  pyralis, 
Smith's,  159;  Toothed,  158 

Apocheima,  genus;  rachete,  345 

Aporophila,   genus,    1 70 

Apple-leaf  Skeletonizer,  The,  411 

Apple-leaf  Tier,  The  Green,  421 

aprica,   Tarache,    251 

aquamarina,    Drasteria,    257 

aquilonaris,  Harpyia,   299 

Arachnis,  genus;  aulaea,  incarnata,  Painted, 
picta,  zuni,  124 

aracintnusalis,   Palthis,   285 

aratrix,   Richia,    190 

arbeloides,  Inguromorpha,  378 

arburaria,  Caberodes,  352 

arcasaria,   Sabulodes,   353 

Archips,  genus;  arcticana,  argyrospila,  cera- 
sivorana,  furvana,  gossypiana,  gurgitans, 
lintnerana,  parallela,  purpurana,  rosaceana 
yicariana,  v-signatana,  422 

arcifera,  Schinia,  228 

Arctia,  genus,  114,  134;  auripennis,  caia 
transmontana,  utahensis,  wiskotti,  134 

arctica,  Hadena,  169 

arcticana,  Archips,  422 

Arctiidae,  24,  31,  114 

Arctonotus,  genus,  71;  lucidus,  terloo!,  71 

Arctostaphylos  tomentosa,  89 

arcuata,  Drepana,  321;  Hadena,  167 

arefactaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

arge,  Apantesis,   130 

argentata,  Halisidota    138;  Sthenopis,  443 

argentatus,  Euclea,  365 

argenteomaculatus,  Sthenopis,  443 

argenteostriata,   Phrygionis,   3^4 

argillacea,  Alabama,  243;  Lexis,  105 

argillacearia,  Cymatophora,  341 

Argillophora,  genus;  furcilla,  255 

argus,  Automeris,  89 


argyrospila,  Archips,  422 

arizona,  Gnophzla,  290 

arizonaria,  Chloraspilates,  338 

arizonensis,  Apantesis,   131;  Gloveria,   311 

armata,  Fota,   178 

armataria,  Priocycla,  351 

armiger,  Heliothis,   222 

armillata,  Hypocrisias,  136 

Army  Worm,  The,  200 

Army  Worm,  The  Fall,  174 

Aroa,  genus,  305 

arrogaria,  Plagodis,  349 

arrosa,  Trama,  276 

arsaltealis,   Pyrausta,  397 

Arsilonche,  genus;  albovenosa,  colorada,  159 

Artace,  genus;  punctistriga,  rubripalpis,  312 

artemis,  Hemileuca,  92 

arvalis,  Axenus,   231 

Asclepias,  135,  437 

asdrubal,   Pseudosphinx,   57 

Ashmead,  William  H.,  viii. 

Asimina  triloba  46 

asopialis,  Palthis,  285 

aspersa,  Alexicles,   122 

aspilata,  Tetrads,  353 

assecoma,  Almodes,  354 

assimilis,    Euthisanotia,   232;   Trichotarache, 

246 

associans,  Noctua,  185 
associata,  Heterocampa,  297 
astarte,  Heterocampa,  297;  Sphinx,  55 
asteroides,  Cucullia,  208 
Asteroscopus,  genus;  borealis,  209 
astricta,  Peridroma,  182 
astur,  Opharus,  139 
astylus,  Calasymbolus,  56 
astylusaria,  Euchtena,  350 
astymone,  Anisota,  95 
aterrima,  Pachylia.  60 

Atethmia,  genus;  rectifascia,  subusta,  220 
athabasca,  Syneda,   260 
athasiaria,  Therina,   348 
athena,   Estigmene,    123 
athereo,  Heterocampa,   297 
atomaria,  Phoberia,  273 ;  Ogdoconta,  241 
atra,   Heliotropha,    173 
Atreides,  genus,  49;  plebeja,  49 
Atreus,   genus,   49 
atriciliata,  Platysenta,  163 
atricincta,  Noctua,  184 
atrifasciata,  Cleora,  344;  Oncocnemis,   176 
atripennis,  Dahana,  103 
atrites,   Schinia,   228 
atrivenosa,  Olene,   308 
atrocolorata,  Azelina,  352;  Eustroma,  329 
atroliturata,  Cladora,  324 
atropunctaria,  Catopyrrha,  342 
atropurpurea,  Euxoa,  189 
Attacinz,   80,  81 
Atteva,     genus;    aurea,     compta,     fastuo« 

floridana,  gemmata,  424 
auge,  Cxjsmosoma,  98 
augusta,  Catocala,  264 
aulaea,  Arachnis,  124 
aurantiaca,   Incita,   246 
aurea,  Atteva,  424;  Dysodia,  375 
aurella,  Catocala,  266 
aureola,  Synanthedon,  385  .  "'  •  " 

aureopurpurea,  Synanthedon,  387 
auricinctaria,  Melanomma,  255 
auriferaria,  Paly  as,  354 
auripennis,  Arctia,  134;  Siavana,  273 
aurivitta,  Cydosia,  253 
aurora,  Hyparpax,  299 
aurosea,  Automeris,  89 
aurotus.  Philosamia,  82 
aust rails,  Baileya,  162 


449 


index 


autholea,  Apantesis,  131 

Autographa,  genus  237;  ampla,  240;  anguli- 
dens,  239;  basigera,  240;  biloba,  bimacu- 
lata,  bfassicje,  culta,  dyaus,  echinocystis, 
egena,  flagellum,  fratella,  hamifera,  in- 
cludens,  238;  indigna,  239;  insolita,  238; 
laticlavia,  240;  monodon,  238;  mortuorum, 
239;  omega,  omicron,  oo,  ou,  238;  oxygram- 
ma,  239;  precatipnis,  pseudogamma,  ques- 
tionis,  238;  rectangula,  239;  rogationis, 
rutila,  238;  selecta,  239;  simplex,  240; 
u-brevis,  238;  vaccinii,  239;  verruca,  238; 
viridisignata,  239 

Automeris,  genus,  89;  argus,  aurosea,  corol- 
laria,  fabricii,  io.  pamina,  varia,  zelleri, 
zephyria,  89 

autumnata,  Paleacrita,  324 

autumnalis,    Hydriomena,    331;    Laphygma, 

autumnaria,  Ennqmos,  348 

avimacula,  Gluphisia,  300 

avuncularia,  Dasyfidonia,  338 

Axenus,    genus;    amplus,    arvalis,    ochraceus, 

axillaris,  Haemorrhagia,  63 

Aye-Aye,  77  • 

azaleae,  Darapsa,  68 

Azelina,  genus;  ancetaria,  atrocolorata, 
honestaria,  hubneraria,  hubnerata,  mor- 
risonata,  peplaria,  stygiaria,  352 

Azenia    genus-  implora,  248 

B 

babayaga,  Catocala,   263 

badia,  Catocala,  267;  Schizura,  299 

badicollis,   Semiophora,    180 

badinodis,  Agrotis,   181 

badipennis,  Pyrausta,  397 

badistriga,  Homohadena,  176 

Bad-wing,  The,  323 

Bag-worm,  The,   361 

Bailey,  J.  S.,  36 

Baileya,   genus;   australis,    doubledayi,   oph- 

thalmica,   162 
baileyi,  Xylina,  207 
balanitis,  Chorizagrotis,   185 
balluca,  Plusia,  237 
baltearia,  Alcis,  343 
balteolata,   Almodes,   354 
baltimoralis,  Bomolocha,  286 
Balsa,  genus;  malana,  obliquifera,  163 
Barathra,    genus;    curialis,    occidentata,    196 
barberiana,  Epipyrops,  370 
Barnes,  Dr.  William,  ik 
barometricus,   Ufeus,   191 
Basal  dash,   18;  line,   18 
basalis,    Catocala,     261      268;    Euxoa,    189; 

Inguromorpha,  378 
basiflava,  Olene,   308 
basigera,  Autographa,  240 
basilinea,  Hadena,  168 
Basilodes,  genus;  pepita,  234 
Basilona,     genus;     imperatoria,     imperialis 

punctatissima,    97 
basitriens,  Notodonta,  295 
bassiformis,  Synanthedon,  385 
b-atra,  Apantesis,   132 
Bats,    147* 

beani,   Phrapmatobia,   126 
beata,  Noctua,   185 
Bee-moth,  The,  406 
Begfiar,  The,  327 
behrensaria,   Deilinea,  339 
Behrensia,  genus;  conchiformis,  241 
behri,   Apantesis,    131 
belae,  Didasys,  99 


belfragiana,  Andrewsia,  273 

belfragei,  Holomelina,   116 

bella,  Adela,  437;  Utetheisa,  117 

belladonna,  Dysocnemis,  229 

bellicula,   Lithacodia,    248 

bellulalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

Bellura,    genus;    densa,    gostynides,    melano- 
pyga,  vulnifica,  2 1 1 

belmaria,  Holomelina,  116 

Beloved,  The,   265 

Bembecia,    genus;   flavipes,   marginata,   ody 
neripennis,  pleciaeformis,  rubi,  383 

benignalis,  Bomolocha,  286 

beskei,  Crinodes,  301 

Bessula,  genus;  luxa,   221 

bertholdi,  Hypopta,  379 

Bertholdia,  genus;  Grote's,  trigona,  140 

Betrothed,  The,   265 

betulella,   Acrobasis,   408 

Beutenmuller,  W.    31,  32,  36,  380 

beutenmnlleri,   Isochfetes,   366 

bianca,  Catocala,  262 

bibularia,  Therina,   348 

bicarnea,  Noctua,  183 

biclaria,   Syssaiira,   352 

bicolor,    Adelocephala,    96;    Diacrisia,    128, 
Lexis,    105 

bicolora.oro,  Orthosia,   217 

bicoloralis,  Cindaphia,  397 

bicoloraria,  Chloraspilates,  338 

bicolorata,     Eufidonia,     337;     Hydriomena, 
.331;  Neleucania,  203 

bidentata,   Nerice,   296 

biferalis,  Hypenula,  283 

bifidalis,  Gaberasa,   284 

biguttata,  Cochlidion,  367 

bijugalis,  Bomolooha,  286 

bilineata,    Falcaria.    ^21;    Heterocampa,    297 

biliturellus,  Crambus,  403 

biloba,  Autographa,  238 

bilunata,  Caradrina,  164 

bimaculata,     Alypia,     144;     Alypiodes,     145. 

Autographa,  238;  Holomelina,  116 
bimatris,   Pippona,   22 r 
binocxila,   Tarache,    251 
bipartita,  Anepischetos,   245 
biplaga,  Eustrotia,   247 
bipunctellus,  Crambus,  402 
bipunctina,  Alabama,  243 
birivata,  Hydriomena,  331 
biselliella,  Tineola,  432 
biseriata,  Eudtile,  '327 
bisselliella,  Tineola,  432 
bistnaris,    Doryodes,    245;    Parallelia,    273 
biundata    Heterocampa,  297 
bivittata,  Ectypia,  135;  Hormisa,  282 
Black,   The   Californian,   The   White-striped, 

328;  Woodland,  329 
blakei.  Apantesis,  131 
blanda,   Pseudoglsea,    216 
Blastobasida?,   26,  429 

Bleptina,  gemis;  caradrinalis,  cloniasaHs,  283 
bcerhaviffi,  Xylophanes,  75 
Boisduval,  T.  A.,  30 
bolanderi,  Apantesis,   131 
bolli,  Synanthedon,  385 
Boll-worm,  The,   222 
bolteri,  ^Emilia,  137,  Euchaetias,   135 
Bombycia,  genus;  improvisa,  tearli,  304 
Bombycidae,  Family,  12,  25,  34,  315 
bombyciformis,   Eutolype,   177 
bombycina,  Acrolophus,  443 
bombycoides,  Lapara,   53 
Bombyx,  genus;  mori,  315 
Bomq'.ocha,    genus;    abalinealis,    achatinaHs, 
albisignalis,  baltimoralis,    benignalis,   biju- 
galis,   caducalis,    damnosalis,     deceptalis 


450 


Index 


Bomolocha — Continued 

edictalis,     fecialis,     laciniosa,     lentitjinosa, 

madefactalis,   manalis,   pallialis,    perangu- 

lahs,    profecta,  scutellaris,    toreuta,    velli- 

fera,   286 

Books  about   North   American   Moths,    27 
borealis,   Asteroscopus,    209;    Harpyia,    290; 

Hemerocampa,  306;  Hyphoraia,   128 
Borer,  The  Peach-twig,  426 
Bouvardia,   75 
brannani,  Alypia,  143 
brassicae,  Autographa,  238 
Breeding  larvae,  5 
Brephinae,  Subfamily,  355 
Brephos,  genus;  infans,  353 
brevis,  Schinia,  228 
brevicornis,  Holomelina,  116 
brevipennis,  Euxoa,  188 
Bride,  The,   266 
bridghami,  Hadena,  166 
brillians,   Eupseudomorpha,   231 
briseis,  Catocala,   264 
British  Museum,  Trustees,  ix 
brontes,  Ceratomia,  48 
Brooke,  Henry,  quoted,  321 
Brother,  The,    153 
Brotolomia,  genus;  iris,   215 
Browning,  E.  B.,  quoted,  21,  378 
Brown-tail  Moth,  The,  309 
bruceata,  Rachela,  324 
brucei,     Cossus,      377;     Haemorrhagia,     64; 

Phragmatobia,   126;  Schinia,  227 
Bruceia,  genus;  hubbardi,  pulverina,   108 
brumosa,  Apatela,   157 
brunnea,  Ctenucha;   102 
brunneiciliata,  Mesoleuca,  330 
brunneipennis,  Synanthedon,  385 
Bryant,  W.  C,  quoted,  113 
Bucculatrix,    genus;    Apple-leaf,    Birch-leaf, 

canadensiselia,      cnrvilmcatella,    pomifoli- 

ella,  pomonella,  431 

Buck-moth,  01;  Nevada.  02;  Tricolor,  93 
Budgeon,   Miss,  Acheta   Domestica,   quoted, 

buffaloensis,  Haemorrhagia,  63 

bullula,   Pteraetholix,   243 

burgessi,  Hadena,   168 

Busck,  A.,  38 

Butler,  A.  G.,   so 

"  Butterfly  Book,  The,"  4 

Byron,  quoted,  309 


Caberodes,  genus;  amyrisaria,  arburaria, 
confusaria,  floridaria,  imbraria,  ineffusaria, 
interlinearia,  majoraria,  myandaria,  pan- 
daria,  phasianaria,  remissaria,  superaria, 
varadaria,  352 

Cable,  G.  W.,  quoted,  80;  314 

cacuminalis,   Hypenula,   283 

cadaverosa,   Hypoprepia,    106 

cadmia,  Cargida,  300 

caducalis,  Bomolocha,  286 

caeca,   Turuptiana,    121 

caelaria,   Xanthotype,   349 

Caenurgia,  genus;  ad  versa,  convalescens, 
purgata,  socors,  257 

caerulea,  Drasteria,   257 

caesonia,  Tortricidia,  368 

cahiritella,   Ephestia,   414 

caia,  Arctia,   134 

caicus,   Erinnyis,   60 

calaminea,  Ophideres,  276 

calasymbolus,  ge-'us,  55;  astylus,  excascatus, 
integerrima,  i(  Tiyops,  pavonina,  rosace- 
arum,  56 


Calesesia,  genus;  coccinea,  387 

calgary,  Noctua,   184 

Cahdota,    genus;    cubensis,    laqueata,    muri- 

color,  Streaked,  strigosa,  139 
calif orniae,  Leptarctia,  121 
californiaria,  Eois,  336;  Platea,  342 
californiata,      Eois,      336;      Euchceca,      328; 

Philereme,  329 
californica,   Catocala,    263;   Estigmene,    123; 

Hemileuca,  92;  Malacosoma,  313;  Orrhodia, 

218;     Pheosia,      295;     Phryganidia,     291; 

Samia,  84 

californicus,  Melicleptria,   230 
Calledapteryx,  genus;  dryopterata,  erosiata 

3S6 

calleta,  Callosamia,  86 
callitrichoides,  Phiprosopus    245 
Callizia,  genus,  356 
Callopistria,  genus;  floridensis,  252 
Callosamia,    genus,    84;    angulifera,    calleta, 

86;  promethea,   84 
Calocampa,  genus,  207;  curvimacula,  nupera, 

Calophasia,  genus;  strigata,  170 

Calpe,    genus;    canadensis,    Canadian,    pur- 

purascens,  sobria,  236 
calvina,  Almodes,  354 
Calymnia,  genus;  canescens,  orina,  219 
cambrica,  Venusia,   328 
"Cambridge  Natural  History,"  17 
campestris,  Euxoa,   189 
Campometra,     genus;     amella,     integerrima, 

mima,  stylobata,   276 
cana,     Clemensia,      108;     Dasylophia,     296; 

Hemerocampa,  306;  Lapara,  53 
canadaria,  Melanolophia,  344 
canadensis,  Calpe,  236;  Celerio,  76;  Hyloicus 

canadensiselia,  Bucculatrix,  431 

canalis,  Antiblemma.   275 

Canarsia,  genus;  hammondi,  411 

candens,  Orthodes,   203 

canescens,  Calymnia,   219 

Canidia,  genus;  scissa,  226 

caniplaga,  Ellida,  300 

Canker-worm,  The  Fall,  326;  The  Spring,  324 

canningi,  Philosamia,  82 

Capis,  genus;  curvata,  285 

Capno'des,  genus;  punctivena,  277 

caprotina,  Estigmene,   123 

capsella,  Graphiphora,  204 

capticola,  Syneda,  259 

Capture  of  specimens,  19 

cara,  Catocala,  148,  263 

Caradrina,     genus;     bilunata,     164;     civica 

conviva,  extimia,  165;  fidicularia,  meralis, 

multifera,     164;     punctivena,     rufostriga, 

spilomela,   165 
caradrinalis,  Bleptina,  283 
Carama,  genus;  cretata,  pura,  368 
carbonaria,    Eurycyttarus,    362;    Homoglaea, 

219 
Cargida,    genus;    cadmia,    obliquilinea,    300- 

pyrrha,  301 
Carica,  58 
caricae,  Cocytius,  44 
carina,  Acopa,  163 
Caripeta,  genus;  albopunctata,  angustiorate 

divisata,  piniaria,  342 
Carlyle,  Thomas,  quoted,  210 
Carmen,   Felix,  quoted,  427 
carnaria,  Metanema,  351 
Carnegie.  Andrew,  Dedication  to,  V 
Carneades,  genus,   188 
carneola,  Eustrotia,  247 
Carolina,     Catocala,     261;     Eucereon,      100 

Haploa,  1 1 8;  Protoparce,  45 


451 


Index 


Carpenter- worms,  375 

Carpet-moth,  The,  434 

carpinifolia,   Epicnaptera,   314 

Carter,  Sir  Gilbert  T.,  54 

caryae,  Halisidota,  138 

Case-bearer,  The  Walnut,  408 

casta,  Crambidia,  104 

castellalis,  Samea,  393 

Castniidae,   3.   4 

Catabena,    genus;    lineolata,    miscellus,    163 

Catalogues  and  Lists,  29 

catalpae,  Ceratomia.,  48 

cataphracta,  Papaipema,  214 

catenaria,  Cingilia,   347 

Caterpillars,  6;  Coloration  of ,  9;  gregarious,  9 

catharina,  Semiophora,   180 

Catocala,  genus,  79,  147,  148,  260;  abbrevia- 
tella,  268;  adoptiva,  267;  agrippina,  260; 
aholah,  268;  aholibah,  265;  alabamas,  269; 
amasia,  268;  amatrix,  263;  arnica,  269 
andromache,  267;  angusi,  262;  antinympha, 
267;  augusta,  264;  aurella,  266;  babayaga, 
263;  badia,  267;  basalis,  261,  268;  bianca, 
262;  briseis,  264;  californica,  cara,  263; 
Carolina,  261;  celia,  265;  cerogama,  266; 
cleopatra,  263;  coccinata,  263;  coelebs, 
268;  concumbens,  263;  consors,  266; 
crataegi,  268;  dejecta,  261;  delilah,  267; 
desdemqna,  267;  desperata,  261;  eliza, 
266;  epipne,  260;  evehna,  261;  faustina, 
264;  flebilis,  262;  formula,  268;  fratercula, 
gisela,  gracilis,  269;  groteiana,  264;  grynea, 
269;  guenei,  261;  habilis,  268:  hermia, 
264;  hinda,  266;  ilia,  265;  illecta,  267; 
innubens,  265;  insolabilis,  262;  jaquenetta, 
269;  Judith,  262;  lacrymosa,  261;  lineella, 
269;  luciana,  263;  maestosa,  261 ;  magdalena, 
267;  marmorata,  263;  meskei,  264;  minuta, 
269;  mopsa,  265;  muliercula,  267;  nebraskae, 
263;  nebulosa,  neogama,  266;  nerissa, 
269;  nurus,  263;  obscura,  262;  olivia,  269; 
osculata,  265;  palaeogama,  266;  parta, 
264;  paulina,  261;  phalanga,  piatrix,  266; 
polygama,  268;  praeclara,  269;  pura,  264; 
relicta,  retecta,  robinsoni,  262;  rosalinda, 
268;  sappho,  260;  scintillans,  266;  serena, 
267;  similis,  268;  somnus,  stretchi,  263; 
subnata,  266;  subyiridis,  261;  tristis,-  262; 
ultronia,  265;  unijuga,  264;  uxor,  verril- 
liana,  265;  vidua,  viduata,  261;  whitneyi, 
268 

Catopyrrha,  genus;  accessaria,  atropunctaria, 
coloraria,  cruentaria,  dissimilaria,  342 

caudata,  Alcothoe,  382 

cautella,  Ephestia,  414 

Cautethia,  genus,  61;  grotei,  61 

ceanothi,  Samia,  84 

Ceanothus  thyrsiflorus,  84 

cecropia,  Samia,  83,  84 

Celama,  genus;  nigrofasciata,  obaurata, 
pustulata,  sexmaculata,  trinotata,  trique- 
trana,  357 

Celerio,  genus,  75;  canadensis,  chamaenerii, 
daucus,  epilobii,  galii,  intermedia,  lineata 
oxybaphi,  76 

celeus,  Protoparce,  45 

celia,  Catocala,  265 

vJeliptera,  genus;  discissa,  elongatus,  frustu- 
:um,  275 

Cempis,  genus;  groteana,  pettitana,  422 

lenterensis,  Cossus,  377 

tephalica,    Crambidia,    104;    Stylopoda,    229 

tephise,  Melanchroia,  354 

ceramica,  Apantesis,    132 

Cerapoda,  genus;  stylata,  177 

cerasivorana,  Archips,  422 

Cerathosia,  genus;  tricolor,  253 


Ceratocampidae,  Family,  24,  31,  70,  So,  94 
Ceratomia,  genus,   47;  amyntor,  47;  brontes 

48;  catalpae,  48;  quadricornis,  47;repenti 

nus,  48;  ulmi,  47;  undulosa,  48 
Cercis,  369 

cereana,  Galleria,  406 
cerella,  Galleria,  406 
cerintha,   Chamyris,   250 
Cerisyi,. Sphinx,   54 
cerivana,  Hadena,  168 
Cerma,  genus;  cora,  festa,  161 
cerogama,  Catocala,  266 
ceromatica,   Scqpelosoma,   218 
cerussata,  Papaipema,  214;  Phrygionis,  354 
Cerura,  genus;  multiscripta,  scitiscripta,  209 
cervina,   Euherrichia,   253 
ceto,  Melittia,  380 
Chalcosiidae,  Family,  373 
chamaenerii,  Celerio,   76 
Chambers,  V.  T.,  37 
Chamyris,  genus;  cerintha,  250 
chandleri,  Oncocnemis,   176 
Chapman,  T.  A.,  8 
characta,  Hadena,   167 
Charadra,    genus;    circulifer,    contigua,    152. 

decora,      153;     deridens.      152;     dispulsa, 

felina,  153;  illudens,  pythion,   152 
chenqpodii,  Mamestra,  193 
chersis,   Hyloicus,   50 
chionanthi,  Adita,  177;  Protoparce,  45 
Chiqnanthus,  46,  51 
chiridota,  Lacosoma,  359 
Chlaenogramma,    Genus,    46;    jasminearum 

rotundata,  46 
Chloraspilates,     genus;     arizonaria,     bicolor- 

aria,    338 
Chloridea,    genus;    rhexias,    spectanda,    vire- 

scens,  222 
chloris,  Euclea,  365 
Chlorpchlamys,    genus;    chloroleucaria,    den- 

saria,   deprivata,   indiscriminaria,    336 
chloroleucaria,  Chlorochlamys,  336 
chlorostigma,  Hadena,  168 
Choephora,  genus;  fungorum,  216 
chosrilus,  Darapsa,  68 
Chrerocampinae,  Subfamily,  75 
choripna,  Holomelina,  116 
Chorizagrotis,    genus;    balanitis,    inconcinna 

introferens,    185 
Chrysauginae,  Subfamily,  401 
chrysellus,  Schinia,   227 
chrysorrhoea,  Euproctis,  309 
Chytolita,  genus;  morbidalis,  282 
Chytpnix,  genus;  iaspis,   palliatricula,   161 
cibalis,  Oncocnemis,  176 
cinnus,  genus;  egenaria,  melsheimeri,   359 
ilia,  genus;  distema,  244 
cimbicifqrmis,   Haemorrhagia,   63 
Cindaphia,    genus;    amiculatalis,    bicoloralis, 

incensalis,    juliaJis,    pulchripictalis,    397 
cinerascens,  Heterocampa,  297 
cinerea,     Epidemas.      170;     Harpyia,      299; 


8!£r 


Misogada,  297;  Xylina,  206 
cinereofrons,  Schizura,  298 
cinereola,   Ogdoconta,    241;   Selicanis,   216 
cinereomaculata.  Euxoa,  190 
cinereus,  Prodoxus,  441 
cinerosa,  Erinnyis,  59 

Cingilia,  genus;  catenaria,  humeralis,   347 
cingulata,  Herse,  43 
cingulifera,  Homoptera,  278 
cinis,  Melipotis,  258 
cinnamomea,  Emilia,  137;  Olene,  308 
circulifer,  Charadra,  152 
Cms,  genus;  wilsoni,  233 
Cirrhobolina,  genus;  deducta,  incandescens 

pavitensis,  mexicana,  259 


Index 


Cirrhophanus,  genus;  triangulifer,  234 
Cissusa,    genus;    inepta,    morbosa,    sabulosa, 

spadix,  vegeta,  256 
Cisthene  lactea,  108 
Citheronia,   genus;   mexicana,   regalis,   regia, 

sepulchralis,   97 
citrina,  Xanthotype,  349 
citronellus,  Rhodophora,  224 
eivica,  Caradrina,  165 

Cladora,  genus;  atrqhturata,  gemmata,   324 
clandestina,   Gluphisia,    300;   Noctua,    184 
clappiana,  Gnophaela,  290 
clarkiae,  Proserpinus,  73 
clarus,  Comacla,  107 
Classification  of  moths,  22 
claudens,  Hadena,   167 
clavana,  Eucosma,  418 
claviform  spot,  18 
claviformis,  Pachnobia,  180 
claviplena,  Mamestra,   192 
Clearwing,     Bruce's,     64;     Californian,     64; 
Graceful,    6?;    Humming-bird,    62;    Snow- 
berry,  63;  Thetis,  64 
clemataria,  Abbotana,  353 
Clematis,  382 

Clemens,  Brackenridge,  28,  30,  37 
Clemensia,     genus;     albata,     albida,     cana, 
irrorata,  patella,  philodina,  umbrata,   108 
cleopatra,  Catocala,  263 

Cleora,  genus;  atrifasciata,  collecta,  fraudu- 
lentaria,    frugallaria,    pampinaria,    sublu- 
naria,  tinctaria,  344. 
Cleosiris,  genus;  populi,  205 
clientis,  Yrias,  277 
clio,  Euverna,  133 
cloniasalis,  Bleptina,  283 
clorinda,   Darapsa,   68 
Clothes-moth,  The,  432,  434 
clotho,  Pholus,  67 
Clover-hay  Worm,  The.  399 
clymene,  Haploa,  118 
c-nigrum,   Noctua,   183 
cnotus,  Darapsa,  68 
coa,  Pinconia,  369 
coagulata,  Tephroclystis,  328 
coccinata,  Catocala,  149,  265 
coccinea,  Calesesia,  387,  Ptychoglene,  no 
coccineifascia,  Prothymia,  248 
Cochlidiidae,  Family,  8,  9,  25,  35,  364 
Cochlidion,      genus;      biguttata,      rectilinea 

tetraspilaris,  y-in versa,  367 
cochrani,  Euxoa,  189 

Cocytius,  genus,  44;  anonae;  antaeus;  caricae; 
hydaspus;  jatrophae;  medor;  tapayusa,  44 
Codd ling-moth,  The,  419 
coelebs,  Apantesis,  130;  Catocala,  268 
Coenocalpe,  genus,  costinotata,  fervifactaria, 
gibbocostata,  ceneiformis,   strigularia,   332 
cognata,  Xylomiges,  197 
cognataria,  Lycia,  34* 
Collar  lappet,  18 
collaris,  Noctua,  184 
collecta,  Cleora,  344 
colona,  Haploa,  118 
colorada,  Arsilqnche,   159 
coloradaria,  Epiplatymetra,  351 
coloradensis,   Prodoxus,   440;   Raphia     15  j 
Coloradia,  genus,  90,  91;  pandora,  91 
coloradus,  Hyloicus,  52 
coloraria,  Catopyrrha,  342 
colorata,  Apantesis,  132 
Columbia,  Samia,  84 
Comacla,    genus;    clarus,    fuscipes,    murina, 

simplex,  texana,   107 
comma,  Haploa,  118 
eommelinse,  Prodenia,  174 
commoides,  Heliophila,  203 


Commpphila,  genus;  macrocarpana,  423 

complicata,   Apantesis,    131;   fleliophila,    201 

Composia,   genus;   fidelissima,   olympia,    289 

Compositse,   101,   252 

compressipalpis,  Plusiodonta,  235 

compta,  Atteva,  424 

comptana,  Ancylis,  419 

comptaria,  Venusia,  328 

Comstock,  J.  H.,  29 

comstocki,  Momophana,  172 

conchiformis,  Behrensia,  241 

Conchylodes,     genus;     concinnalis,     erinalis 
magicalis,  ovulalis,  platinalis,  393 

concinna,  Schizura,  298 

concinnalis,  Conchylodes,  393 

concinnimacula,  Eustrotia,  247 

concisa,  Epizeuxis,  280 

concisaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

concumbens,  Catocala,  263 

concursana,  Platynota,  422 

condensata,  Venusia,  328 

confederata,  Eurycyttarus,  363 

confine,  Eucereon,  100' 

conflexana,  Ancylis,  419 

confluens    Graphiphora,  204 

confusa,  Haploa,  119;  Morrisonia,  197 

confusaria,  Caberodes,  352 

congermana,  Mamestra,  193 

congrua,  Estigmene,  123 

coniferarum,     Hyloicus,     52;     Lapara      53; 
Thyridopteryx,  361 

Coniodes,  genus;  plumigeraria,  345 

conjungens,  Crambodes,  163 

connecta,  Apatela,  156 

consecutaria,  Eois,  335 

consepta,  Macaria,  340 

Conseryula,  genus;  anodonta,  a  15 

consimilis,  Synanthedon,  385 

consita,  Haploa,  118 

consors,  Catocala,  266 

Consort,  The,  266 

conspicua,     Drasteria,     257;    Hadena      *68' 

Roeselia,  358 
conspecta,  Schizura,  298 
constipata,  Mamestra,  195 
contenta,  Hadena,  169 
contexta,  Euchalcia,  237 
contigua,  Charadra,  152;  Haploa,  119 
contingens,  Sabulodes,  353 
continua,  Gnophaela,  290 
contracta,    Hpmopyralis,    256;    Schinia     228 
contrahens,  Himella,  204 
contraria,  Hyppa,  171;  Mamestra,  193 
contribuaria,  Melanolophia,  344 
convalescens,  Caenurgia,  257 
con'vexipennis,  Cucullia,  208 
conviva,  Caradrina,  163 
Convolvulaceae,  99 
convolvuli,  Herse,  43 
coDrtaria,  Cymatophora,  341 
copablepharon,  genus;  album,   grandis     lon- 

gipenne,  222 

Copibryophila,  genus;  angelica,  162 
Copicucullia,  genus;  propmqua,  208 
Copidryas,  genus,  141;  cosyra,  142;  gloveri 

141 

Copipanolis,  genus;  cubilis,  177 
Coquillet,  D.  W.,  346 
cora,  Lerma,  161 
coracias,  Pseudanthracia,  278 
cordigera,  Anarta,  198 
Cornifrons,  genus;  simalis,  399 
Corn-stalk  Borer,  The  Larger,  403 
cornuta,  Metalepsis,    181 
corollaria,  Automeris,  89 
Cortissos,  Ellen  Mackay  Hutchinson.  quoted, 
310 


453 


Index 

Cosmia,  genus;  discolor,  infumata,  paleacea, 

Cosmosoma,  genus;  auge,  melitta,  omphale, 

98 

Cossidae,  Family,  25,  35,  375 
Cossula,  genus;  magnifica,  norax,  379 
Cossus,  genus;  hrucei,  centerensis,  undosus, 

costaemaculalis,  Noctuelia,  399 

costalis,  Hypsopygia,  399 

costinotata,  Cosnocalpe,  332 

Cosymbia,    genus;    lumenaria.    pendulinaria 

quadriannulata,  333 
cosyra,  Copidryas,  142 
Cotton-worm,    243 
Cowper,  quoted,  369 
Coxa,  14  15 

crabroniformis,  Algeria,  383 
Crambidia,     genus-;     allegheniensis,      casta 

cephalica,    Ethosioides,    pallida,  uniformis, 

104 

Crambinae,  Subfamily,  402 
Crambodes,  genus;   conjungens,  talidiformis 

163 
Crambus,    genus;    alboclavellus,    402:    bili- 

turellus,  403;  bipunctellus,  402;  exsiccatus, 

interminellus,      403;      laqueatellus,      semi- 

fusellus,    402;    trisectus,    403;   turbatellus 

crameri,  Erinnyis,  59;  Pachylia,  60 

crar.tor,   Pholus,   66 

crassatus,   Plathypena,   287 

crassipes,  Podagra,   178 

crassiuscula,   Drasteria,   257 

crataegi,  Catocala,   268 

Cratsegus,  62 

crenulata,  Orthodes,  203 

crepuscularia,  Ectropis,  344 

cressonana,  Ctenucha,   102 

Cressonia,  genus,  57;  instabilis,  juglandis 
pallens,  robinsoni,  57 

cretata,  Carama,  368 

crinella,  Tineola,  432 

Crinodes,  genus;  beskei,  301 

crispata,  Lagoa,  369 

crocallata,  Tetracis,  353 

crocataria,  Xanthotype,  349 

crocea,   Pseudanarta,   175 

Crocigrapha,  genus;  normani,  204 

Crocota,  genus,    115 

croesus,  Xylophanes,  75 

crotchi,  Pseudalypia,   232;  Trichosellus,   226 

Croton,  417 

crucialis,  Xylomiges,   197 

Cruciferae,  239 

cruentaria,  Catopyrrha,  342 

crustaria,  Pseudacontia,  225 

Ctenucha,  genus,  101;  brunnea,  cressonana, 
latreillana,  multifaria,  rubrqscapus,  102; 
venosa,  101;  virginica,  walsinghami,  102 

cubensis,  Calidota,   139 

cubilis,  Copipanolis,  177 

cuculifera,   Dasylophia,    296 

Cucullia,  genus;  Asteroid,  asteroides.  Brown- 
bordered,  convexipennis,  intermedia,  Inter- 
mediate, speyeri,  Speyer's,  208 

cucurbits,  Melittia,  380 

culea,  Graphiphora,  204 

culta,  Autographa,   238 

cumatilis,   Schinia,   227 

cunea,  Hyphantria,  123 

cupes,  Trichosellus,  226 

cupida,  Rhynchagrotis,  178 

Cupid's  Candle,  427 

cupressi,  Isoparce,  48 

Cupuliferae,    366 

curialis,  Barathra,   190 


curta,  Anarta,  199 

curvata,   Capis,    285 

curvilineatella,   Bucculatrix,  431 

curvimacula.  Calocampa,   208 

Custard-apple,   236 

custodiata,  Hydriomena,  331 

Cyathissa,  genus;  Darling,  pallida,  percara  161 

cycladata,   Heliomata,   338 

Cydia,  genus:  pomonella,  419;  saltitans,  418 

Cydosia,  genus;  aurivitta,  imitella,  majuscula, 
253 

Cymatophora,  genus;  aniusaria,  annisaria, 
340;  argillacearia,  coortaria,  341;  grossu- 
lariata,  340;  inceptaria,  modestaria,  perar- 
cuata,  341;  ribearia,  sigmaria,  340;  succes- 
saria,  tenebrosata,  341 

cymatophoroides,   Pseudothyatira,   304 

cynica,  Orthodes,  203 

cynthia   Philosamia,  81,  82 


dactylina,  Apatela,  153 

daedalus,  Porosagrotis,  187 

Dagger  (Dagger-moth),  American,  153; 
Burglar,  157;  Chieftain,  Connected,  156; 
Cottonwood,  154;  Darkish,  Dart,  155; 
Delightful,  156;  Fingered,  153;  Forked, 
155;  Fragile,  156;  Frosty,  157;  Gray,  156; 
Interrupted,  Lobelia,  155;  Lupine,  159; 
Printed,  157;  Quadrate,  156;  Reddish-white, 
Smeared,  157;  Streaked,  156;  Unmarked, 
155;  White-veined,  159;  Yellow-haired,  157 

Dahana,  genus;  atripennis,  103 

Dahlia  hesperioides,  3 

dahurica,   Apantesis,-  131 

Dalceridae,  Family,  25,  35,  369 

Dalcerides,  genus;  ingenita,  369 

dama,   Spragueia,   252 

damalis,  Eutolype,   177 

damnqsalis,  Bqmolocha,  286 

danbyi,  Gluphisia,  300 

Dandy,   The,    153 

Darapsa,  genus,  68;  azaleas,  chocrilus,  clo- 
rinda,  cnotus,  myron,  pampinatrix,  pholus 
68;  versicolor,  69 

Dargida,  genus;  procinctus,  196 

Daritis,  genus;  thetis,  289 

Dark,  World  of  the,  77 

Dart  (Dart-moth),  Acorn,  185;  Added,  187; 
Basal,  189;  Black-fronted,  180;  Black- 
girdled,  !«4;  Black-letter,  183;  Calgary, 
184;  Catocaline,  178;  Clandestine,  Collared, 
184;  Daedalus,  187;  Dappled,  179;  Disso- 
nant, 189;  Fillet,  190;  Finland,  183; 
Flame-shouldered,  '84;  Fleece-winged, 
Four-toothed,  188;  Furtive,  190;  Fuscous, 
187;  Great  Black,  Great  Brown,  Great 
Gray,  182;  Greater  Red,  Green-winged, 
179;  Havilah,  184;  Inelegant,  Interfering, 
18.5;  Lesser  Red,  178;  Masters,  186;  Muddy, 
189;  Norman's,  i8r.  Obelisk,  190;  Old  Man, 
187;  Olive,  1 88;  Pale-banded,  181;  Pale- 
winged,  i8v,  Parental,  190;  Pink-speckled, 
185;  Placid,  178;  Polished,  .188;  Rascal, 
187;  Reaper,  188;  Red-breasted.  178; 
Reddish-speckled,  180;  Riley's,  187;  Rosy, 
183;  Rubbed,  188;  Scribbled,  184;  Short- 
winged,  1 88;  Sigmoid,  179;  Silly,  189; 
Slippery,  185;  Smaller  Pinkish,  183; 
Soothsayer,  184;  Subgothic,  Swordsman, 
1 86;  Tessellate,  Tippling,  189;  Tripart,  187; 
Two-spot,  179;  Uncivil,  183;  Vancouver, 
186;  Variable,  180;  Venerable,  Voluble, 
1 86,  White-winged,  189;  Yellow-bellied, 
190;  Yelk>w-streaked,  184;  Yellow-toothed, 
1 88;  Ypsilon,  183 


454 


Index 


Darwin,  quoted,   150 

Dasyfidoma,  genus;  avuncularia,  338 

Dasylophia.    genus;    anguina,    cana,    cuculi- 

fera,  interna,    punctata,  signata,  thyatiroi- 

des,  tripartita,  296 

Dasyspoudaa,   genus;   lucens,   meadi,    228 
Datana,    genus;    angusi,     293;    integerrima, 

294;  ministra,  293;  pcrspicua,  294 
daucus,  Celerio,  76 
davisi,  Halisidota,  137 
dayi,  Oncocnemis,    176 
Day-sphinx,  White-banded,  62 
decepta,  Pseudoglaea,  216 
deceptalis,   Bomolocha,   286 
decernens,  Feltia,  187 
decia,  Leptarctia,  121 
decipiens,  Malacosoma,  312;  Prodoxus,  438; 

Zeuzera,  376 

decisaria,   Euchlaena,   350 
declarata,  Euxoa,  189 
decliva,  Epiglsea,   219 
decolor,   Euxoa,    189 
decolora,  Herse,  43 
decolorata,  Apantesis,  132 
decora,  Charadra,   1 53 
decoralis,   Pangrapta,   254 
deducta,  Cirrhobolina,  250 
deductaria  Euchlaena,  350 
definita,  Hemerocampa,  308 
deflorata,    Ecpantheria,   1 20 
dettuata,  Apaecasia,  342 
Deidamia,  genus,  71:  inscriptum,  71 
Deilinea,   genus,   338;    behrensaria,   339;   in- 

tentata,   variolaria,   338 
dejecta,  Catocala,   261 
delecta,  Tarache.  251 
deleta,   Epiglaea,   219 
delicata,  Trachea,   172 
delilah,  Catocala,  267 
delinquens,  Epidroma,  274 
delphinii,  Euclea,  365 
Demas,  genus;  Close-banded,  propinquilinea, 

15.2 

demissa,  Mamestra,   194 
densa,  Bellura,  211 
densaria,  Chlorochlamys,  336 
dentata,  Apharetra,   158;  Gloveria,  311 
denticulalis,   Epizeuxis,   281 
dentifera,   Eutelia,    242 
denudata,  Pseudohazis,  93 
deplanaria,  Euchtena,  350 
depontanata,   Sabulodes,   353 
Depressaria,     genus;      heracliana,      heraclei, 

ontariella,    pastinacella,    umbellana,    um- 

bellella,  428 

deprivata,  Chlorochlamys,  336 
deridens,  Charadra,   152- 
Derrima,  genus;  henrietta,  stellata,  224 
descherei,  Pheosia,   295 
desdemona,  Catocala,  267 
deserta,  Illice,  no 
designalis,  Agathodcs,  393 
designata,   Gypsocbroa,    332;   Schinia,    228 
Desmia,  genus,  funeralis,  392 
desperata,      Alypia,      144;     Catocala,      261; 

Mamestra,   193 

Destruction  of  insects  by  electric  lights,   95 
destructor,  Tineola,  432 
desuetella,   Ephestia,  414 
determinata,  Apantesis,  132;  Metanema,  351 
detersa,  Euxoa,  188 
detracta,  Mamestra,   192 
detrahens,   Trama,   276 
Deva,  genus,  236 
devastatnx,  Hadena,   169 
devergens,  Syngrapha,  240 
devia,  Scopelosoma,  218 


Diacrisia,    genus,     114,    127;    bicolor,     128; 

funwsa,    127;   latipennis,   proba,   punctata, 

pteridis,  Red-legged,  rubra,  Ruddy,  rufula, 

vagans,  128;  virginica,  127;  Wandering,  128 
Diallagma,  genus,  lutea,  245 
Diastema,  genus;  lineata,  tigris,  241 
Diastictis,  genus;  fracturalis,  393 
Diatra;a,    genus;    crambidoides,    leucaniellus, 

lineosellus,   obliteratellus,   saccharalis,   403 
Dictyosoma,  genus,  48;  elsa,  49 
Didasys,  genus;  bete,  99 
diecki,  Apantesis,  132 
Diervilla,  63 

diffascialis,  Zinckenia,  392 
diffinis,   Heemorrhagia,  63 
diffissa,  Pyrausta,  398 
digitalis,  Anchocelis,  216 
Dilophonota,  genus,  60 
dilucidula,  Semiophora,   180 
dimidiata,  Antaplaga,   220;  Leptarctia,   121; 

Pheosia,    295;   Pyromorpha,   371 
diminutiva,    Heliaca,    231;    Holomelina,    116 
dimmocki,  Mamestra,  193 
dipne,  Apantesis,   130 
Dioptida,  Family,  25,  33,  291 
Diospyros,  87,  382 
Diphthera,  genus;  fallax,   160 
diphtheroides,  Microcoslia,   160 
dipsaci,  Alypia,   143 
Dipterygia,  genus,  scabriuscula,  17* 
Dircetis,  genus;  pygmaea,  284 
dis,  Grotella,    220 
Discal  mark,   18 
discissa,  Celiptera,   275 
discistriga,  Platyperigea,  164 
disci varia,   Parastichtis,   217 
discolor,  Cosmia,  217 
discolqralis,  Renia,  283 
discopilata,  Eufidonia,  337 
discors,  Hadena,  168 
discreta,   Gnophala,    290 
disertalis,  Samea,  393 
dispar,   Porthetria,   308 
disparata,  Alypia,  143,  144 
displiciens,  Euxoa,  189 
disposita,   Xylina,   206 
dispulsa,  Charadra,  153 
disserptaria,  Epimecis,  344 
dissidens,  Magusa,   175 
dissimiiaria,   Catopyrrha,  343 
dissona,  Euxoa,   189 
disstria    Malacosoma,   313 
distema,  Cilia,   244 
distigma,  Adelocephala,  96 
distigmana,   Eucosma,  418 
diva,  Annaphila,  246 
divaricata,  Magusa,  175 
divergens,     Lithacodes,     367;    Schini?,,     220 

Syneda,  259;  Syngrapha,  240 
diversilineata,   Eustrortia,   329;  Polia,   171 
divida,  Magusa,  175 
divisa,  Doryodes,  245 
divisata,  Caripeta,  342 
Doa,  genus ;  ampla,  309 
docta,  Apantesis,  131 
clodgei,  Apantesis,   132;  Mamestra,  IP.I 
Dodia,  genus;  albertse,  117 
Dolba,  genus,  46;  hylaeus,  46 
Doll,  Jacob,  ix,  49 
dolli,   Hyloicus,   52 
dolosa,  Xylomiges,   197 
domingonis,   Ennnyis,   59 
dominicata,  Palindia,   273 
doris,  Apantesis,   130 
dorsisignatana,  Eucosma,  418 
Doryodes,  genus;  acutaria,  bistriaris,  divisa 

promptella,  245 


455 


Index 


doubledayi,  Baileya,  i6» 

Double  mount,   21 

Drasteria,  genus;  agricola,  aquamarina, 
caerulea,  conspicua,  crassiuscula,  erechtea, 
erichto,  mundula,  narrata,  patibilis,  sobria, 

Drepana,    genus;    arcuata,    fabula,   genicula, 

Dried-currant  Moth,  The,  414 
Druce,  Herbert,   29 
drupacearum,  Malacosoma,  313 
drupiferarum,   Hyloicus,  52 
druraei,  Herse,  43 

Dryobota,  genus;  illocata,  stigmata,  Wander- 
ing, 171 

dryopterata,  Calledapteryx,  356 
duana,  Gonodontis,   350 
dubia,  Estigmene,    123 
dubiella,  Tinea,   433 
dubitans,   Hadena,   168 
dubitata,  Triphosa,  331 
ducta,   Hadena,    1 69 
dulcearia,   Platea,   343 
dunbari,  Litholomia,  207 
duodecimlineata,  Venusia,  328 
duplicata,  Sciagraphia,   339- 
Dyar,  Harrison  G.,  ix,  23,  29,  31,  33,  34,    35, 

dyari,  Haploa,   118 
dyaus,   Autographa,    238 
Dysocnemis,  genus;  belladonna,  229 
Dysodia,  genus,  374;  aurea,  375;  Eyed,  374; 
fasciata,  montana,  oculatana,  374;    plena, 

dyspteraria,  Meskea,   375 
Dyspteridinae,  Subfamily,  32-? 
Dyspteris,  genus:  abortivaria,  323 

E 

eavesi,  Kodiosoma,  133 

ecclesialis,  Samea,  393 

Ecdytolopha,  genus;  insiticiana,  419 

echinocystis,  Autographa,  238 

echo,  Seirarctia,   122 

Ecpantheria,  genus;  deflorata,  muzina,  scri- 
bonia,  120 

Ectropis,  genus;  crepuscularia,  344 

Ectypia,  genus;  bivittata,  nigroflava,  Two- 
banded,  133 

edictalis,  Bomolocha,   286 

edmandsi,  Schizura,   298 

eductalis,  Lomanaltes,  285 

edusa,  Homoptera,   278 

edwardsi,  Alypia,  143;  Apantesis,  130; 
Erinnyis,  58;  Hemihyalea,  138;  Lymire, 
100;  Syneda,  260 

effectaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

efficitalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

effusalis,    Epizeuxis,    280 

egena,  Autographa,  238 

egenaria,  Cicinnus,   359 

Eggs,  of  moths,  4,  5 

eglanterina,  Pseudohazis,  93 

egle,  Euchaetias,  133 

eglenensis,  Pareuchaetes,  134 

Elachistidae,  Family,  26,  430 

electra,  Hemileuca,   91 

elegans,  Odontosia,   294;  Pygarctia,  136 

•legantalis,  Pangrapta,  254 

elimata,  Semiophora,  180 

Eliot,  George,  quoted,  417 

eliza,  Catocala,  266 

Ellida,  genus;  caniplaga,  gelida,  transversata, 

ello,  Erinnyis,  58 

ekmgata,  Tephroclystis,  328 


elongatus,  Celiptera,  275 
elsa,  Dicty 


tyosoma,  49 

emargataria,   Plagodis,  349 
Emerson,  R.  W.,  quoted,    41,  98,  »88,  391, 

391 

emphytiformis,  Gaea,   381 
Enarmonia  sebastianas,  418 
End  of  All,  44 s 
endropiaria,  Therina,   347 
Enemera,  genus;  juturnaria,  342 
enervis,  Orthodes,   203 
enotata,   Philobia,   339 
English   sparrow,   95 
enhydris,   Hexeris,   375 
Ennominae,  Subfamily,  337 
Ennomos,  genus ;  alniaria,  autumnaria,  lutaria, 

magnarius,     niveosericeata,     subsignarius, 

348 

ennucleata,  Synelys,  333 
enthea,  Fishea,  170 
Eois,  genus,    334;   calif orniaria,   californiata, 

336;     consecutaria,     inductata,     ossularia, 

335',     pacificaria,      336;     ptelearia,      334; 

siderana,    336;    sobria,    suppressaria,    335 
Eosphoropteryx,   genus;  thyatiroides,   237 
Epagoge,  genus;  tunicana,  421 
Epeks,  genus;  faxoni,  truncataria,   337 
ephemerseformis,  Thyridopteryx,  361 
Ephestia,    genus,    412;    cahiritella,    cautella, 

desuetella,  414;  gitonella,  kuehniella,  412; 

pasulella,  414 
ephippiatus,  Sibine,  364 
ephyrata,  Syssaura,  35? 
Epicnaptera,  genus;  americana,  carpinifolia, 

qccidentis,  314 

Epidemas,  genus;  cinerea,  170 
Epidroma,  genus;  delinquens,   274 
Epiglaea,  genus;  decliva,  deleta,  pastilhcans, 

219 

epilais,  Syntomeida,  99 
epilobii,  Celerio,  76 
Epimecis,      genus;     amplaria,      disserptana, 

hortaria,  Tiriodendrana,   virginaria,   344 
epimenis,  Psychomorpha,   232 
epione,  Catocala,  260 
epipnoides,   Pangrapta,   254 
Epipaschiinae,   Subfamily,  407 
Epiplatymetra,  genus;  coloradaria,  351 
Epiplemidae,  Family,  25,  34,  356 
Epipyropidae,   Family,   25,   35,   370 
Epipyrops,  genus,  barberiana,  37° 
Epistor,  genus,   61;  fegeus,  luctuosus,  lugu- 

bris,   6 1 
Epizeuxis,  genus;  aemula,  americalis,  concisa, 

280;    denticulalis,    281;    effusalis,    hermin- 

ioides,    lubricalis,    mollifera,   phaealis,    280; 

scobialis,     281;    scriptipennis,    surrectabs, 

280 

Erannis,  genus;  tiliaria,  347 
Erastria,  genus;  amaturaria,  333 
erastrioides,  Tarache,   251 
Erebus,  genus;  agarista,  odora,  279 
erechtea,  Drasteria,  257 
erecta,   Mamestra,   195 
erectalis,  Plathypena,  287 
cremiata,  Macaria,  339 
eremitoides,  Hyloicus,  49 
eremitus,  Hyloicus,  49 
erichto,  Drasteria,  257 
Erinnyis,  genus,  57.  58;  alope,  58;  caicus,  60; 

cinerosa,     crameri,     domingonis,     59;     ed- 
wardsi, ello,  fasciata,  58;  festa,  59,  flavicans, 

janipha?,    lassauxi,    58;    melancholica,    59; 

merianae,    58,    59;    obscura,    oenotrus,    pal- 

lida,     penaeus,     picta,     phalaris,     piperis, 

rhcebus,  rustica,  59 
Eriocephala.  genus,  444 


456 


Index 


ennalis,  Conchylodes,  393 

Eriocephalidae.    8 

erosa,  Anomis,   244;  Malacosoma,  313 

erosiata,  Calledapteryx,  356 

erosnealis,  Pyrausta,  398 

erratica,  Abagrotis,  180 

errato,  Euproserpinus,  74 

erycata,   Sylectra,   254 

eson,  Xylophanes,  75 

Estigmene,  genus,  122;  acrsea,  122,  123; 
albida,  122;  antigone,  athena,  californica, 
caprotina,  congrua,  dubia,  klagesi,  men- 
thastrina,  mexicana,  packardi,  123;  prirna. 
122;  pseuderminea,  rickseckeri,  White- 
bodied,  123 

etolus,  Haemorrhagia,   62 

Eubaphe,  genus,   115 

Eucalyptera,  genus;  strigata,  244 

Eucereon,  genus,  Carolina,  confine,  Floridan, 
100 

Euchaetias,  genus;  albicosta,  antica,  bolteri, 
egle,  Mouse-colored,  inurina,  Oregon, 
oregonensis,  perlevis,  pudens,  135 

Euchalcia,  genus;  contexta,  festucae.  put- 
nami,  striatella,  venusta,  237 

Euchlasna,  genus;  amcenaria,  arefactaria, 
astylusaria,  concisaria,  decisaria,  dcduc- 
taria,  deplanaria,  effectaria,  madusaria, 
muzaria,  obtusaria,  oponearia,  pectinaria, 
propriaria,  serrata,  serrataria,  vinosaria, 

Euchceca,  genus;  albovittata,  californiata, 
328;  lucata,  329;  propriaria,  reciprocata 
328 

Eucirroedia,  genus;  pampma,  215 

Euclea,  genus;  argentatus,  chlons,  delphinii, 
femiginea,  fraterna,  indetermina,  monitor, 
nana,  nanina,  paenulata,  quercicola,  stri- 
gata, tardigrada,  vernata,  viridiclava, 
viridis,  365 

Euclidia,  genus,  257;  cuspidea,  intercalaris, 
258 

Eucoptocnemis,  genus;  fimbriaris,  obvia,  190 

Eucosma,  genus;  affusana,  clavana,  distig- 
mana,  dorsisignatana,  graduatana,  salig- 
neana,  scudderiana,  similar.a,  418 

Eucrostis,  genus;  gratata,  incertata,  oporaria, 
336 

Eucymatoge,  genus;  impleta,  indoctrinata, 
intestinata,  328 

Eudeilinea,  genus;  herminiata,'  320 

Eudule,  genus;  biseriata,  mendica,  Plain- 
colored,  unicolor,  327 

Eueretagrotis,  genus;  perattenta,  sigrr.oides, 
179 

Euerythra,  genus;  phasma,  trimaculata,  120 

Eufidonia,  genus;  bicolorata,  discopilata, 
fidoniata,  notataria,  quadripunctaria,  337 

Eugenia,  buxifolia,  procera,  140 

Eugonobapta,  genus;  nivosaria,  nivosata,  348 

Euhagena,  genus;  nebraskae,  381 

Euharyeya,  genus,   219 

Euherrichia,  genus;  cervina,  granitosa,  gran- 
itosa,  moilissima,  rubicunda,  253 

Euhyparpax,  genus:  rosea,  298 

Eulia,  genus;  alisellana,  423 

Eumestleta,  genus;  flammicincta,  patruelis, 
patula,  249 

Eunystalea,  genus;  indiana,  295 

euonymella,  Yponomeuta,  423 

Euonymus,    157 

Eupanychis,  genus;  hirtella,   spinosae,   226 

Euparthenos,  genus;  nubilis,  272 

eupatorii,  Synanthedon,  385 

Euphanessa,  genus,  327 

euphoesalis,  Pyrausta,  397 

Euplexia,  genus;  lucipara,  172 


Eupolia,  genus;  licentiosa,  199 
Euproctis,  genus;  chrysorrhoea,  309 
Euproserpinus,    genus,    74;    errato,    euterpe. 

phaeton,    74 

Eupseudomorpha,  genus;  brillians,  231 
Eupseudosoma,  genus;  floridum,  immaculata, 

involutum,  nivea,  Snowy,  139 
euryalus,  Samia,  84 
Eurycyttarus,  genus;  carbonaria,   362;  con- 

federata,  363 
kuscnemonidae,  3 
Eustixia,  genus;  pupula,  398 
Eustroma,  genus;  atrocolorata,  diversilineata, 

montanatum,  prunata,  ribesiaria,  triangu- 

latum,   329 
Eustrotia,  genus;  albidula,  apicosa,  biplaga, 

carneola,      concinnimacula,      intractabilis, 

muscosula,    musta,    nigritula,    synochitis, 

247 

Eutelia,  genus;  dentifera,  pulcherrima,  242 
euterpe,  Euproserpinus,  74;  Syntomeida,  99 
Euthisanotia,  genus,  142,  232;  assimilis, 

grata,  unio,  232 
Euthyatira,    genus;    pennsylvanica,    pudens, 

Eutolype,    genus;    bombyciformis,    damalis, 

Euverna,  genus;  clio,  133 

Euxoa,  genus,  187;  albipennis,  atropurpurea, 
basalis,  189;  brevipennis,  188;  campestris, 
189;  cinereomaculata,  190;  cochrani,  de- 
clarata,  decolor,  189;  detersa,  188;  dis- 
pliciens,  dissona,  expulsa,  189;  flayidens 
1 88;  furtivus,  gularis,  illata,  190;  insignata, 
insulsa,  lutulenta,  maizi,  189;  messoria, 
1 88;  nigripennis,  189;  obeliscoides,  ochro- 
gaster,  190;  olivalis,  perpolita,  personata, 
pityochrous,  quadridentata,  188;  redimicu- 
la,  190;  repentis,  189;  sexatilis,  190; 
spissa,  tessellata,  titubatis,  189;  turris, 
190;  velleripennis,  188;  verticalis,  189 

evanidalis,  Hypena,  287 
velina,  Catocala,  261 
victa,  Morrisonia,   196 
xaltata,  Schinia,  227 
xcaecatus,  Calasymbolus,  56 
xcelsa,  Apantesis,   132 
xitiosa,  Sanninoidea,  384 

expansa,  Nephelodes,  199 

expulsa,  Euxoa,   189 

expultrix,  Pseudothyatira,  304 

exsiccatus,  Crambus,  403 

exsimaria,  Hyperitis,  349 

exsuperata,  Paraphia,  343 

Exterior  line,  18 

externa,  Galgula,  247 

extimia,  Caradrina,  165 

extranea,  Heliophila,  200 

exusta,  Mamestra,  193 

Exuvias,  larval,  9 

Exyra,  genus;  semicrocea,  248 

Eyes;  of  cats,  78;  of  moths,  12,  18;  of  noc- 
turnal animals,  77;  of  owls,  78 


fabricii,  Automeris,  89 

fabula.  Drepana,  321 

fadus,  Sesia,  62 

Fagitana,    genus;    littera,    lucidata,    nivei- 

costatus,  obliqua,  217 
Fala,  genus,  ptycophora,  235 
Falcana,  genus;  bilineata,  321 
falcata,  Pseudanarta,  175 
fallacialis,  Renia.  283 
fallax,  Diphthera,  160 
Fall  Web-worm.  123 


457 


Index 


falsarius,  Acoloithus,  371 

False  Indigo    430 

Families  of  North  American  moths,  Key  to,  24 

Far  out  at  Sea,  362 

farinalis,   Pyralis,  400 

farnhami,  Mamestra,  192 

"Far  Out  at  Sea,"  363 

fascialis,  Pyrausta,  397;  Zinckenia,  392 

fasciata,  Dysodia,  375;  Erinnyis,  58 

fasciatus,  Pholus,  67 

fasciola,   Lithacodes,  367 

fasciolaris,  Melipotis,  258 

fastuosa,  Atteva,  424 

Faunal  Subregions,  387 

faustina,  Catocala,   264 

faustinula,  Illice,   109 

favorita,  Apantesis,   132 

faxoni,  Epelis,   337 

fecialis,  Bqmolocha,   286 

fegeus,  Epistor,  61 

felina,  Charadra,  153 

Felt,  E.  P.,  37 

Feltia,  genus,  186;  agilis,  186:  annexa, 
decernens,  187;  gladiaria,  herilis,  hortulana, 
186;  malefida,  187;  morrisoniana,  semi- 
clarata,  stigmosa,  subgpthica,  vancouver- 
ensis,  venerabilis,  volubilis,  186 

Femur,   14,   15 

Fenaria,  genus;  asdessa,  longipes,  sevorsa 
233 

fenestra,  Telea,  87 

Feniseca  tarquinius,    6 

fennica,   Noctua,   183 

Fentonia,  genus;  marthesia,  tessella,  turbida, 
300 

Feralia,  genus:  jocosa,  171 

Fernald,  C.  H.,  31,  37 

Fernaldella,  genus;  fimetaria,  halesaria,  337 

Fernaldellinae,  Subfamily,  337 

fernaldialis,  Melitara,  410 

ferox,  Syntomeida,  99 

ferraria,  Acherdoa,   234 

ferrigera,  Adoneta,   365 

ferruginea,   Euclea,   365;  Lophodonta,   295 

ferruginoides,  Pachnobia,  180 

fervidaria,  Therina,  348 

fervifactaria,  Coenocalpe,  332 

fessa,  Amolita,  244 

festa,  Cerma.  161;  Erinnyis,  59 

festivoides,  Oligia,    165 

festucae,  Euchalcia,   237 

ficus,   Pachylia,   60 

Ficus  pedunculata,  100 

fidelissima,  Composia,  289 

fidicularia,  Caradrina,  164 

fidoniata,  Eufidonia,   337 

figurata,  Apantesis,  132 

filimentaria,   Ania,   349 

Fillip,  The  Three-spotted,  327 

fimbrialis,  Hypsopygia,   399 

fimbriaris,  Eucoptocnemis,  190 

fimetaria,  Fernaldella,  337 

Final  Goal,  The,  445 

fiscellaria,  Therina,  348 

Fishea,  genus;  enthea,  Yosemite,  yosemitae, 

flagellum,  Autographa,   238 
flagitaria,  Therina,   348 
flammans,  Ptychoglene,   no 
flammicincta,  Eumestleta,   249 
flammifera,  Mesoleuca,   330 
Flannel-moth,  White,  Yellow    369 
flava,  Pseudanarta,   175 
flavago,   Xanthia,   214 
flavedana,   Platynota,  422 
flavescentella,  Tinea,  433 
flavicans,  Erinnyis,  58 


flavicosta,  The 
flavidens,  Euxoa, 


erasea,  251 


flavipennis,  Tarache,   251 

flavipes,  Bembecia,  383 

flavofasciata,  Proserpinus,   73 

flebilis,  Catocala,  622 

fletcheri,  Xylomiges,   197 

flexuosa,  Raphia,  153;  Tortricidia,  368 

Flight,  Great  powers  of,  67 

floccalis,    Pleonectyptera,    246 

florida,   Rhodophora,   224 

floridalis,  Agathodes,  393 

floridana,   Atteva,  424 

floridaria,    Caberodes,   352 

floridensis,    Callopistria,    252;   Haemorrhag'a 

63;  Sphacelodes,  354 
nondum,  Eupseudosoma,  139 
floscularia,  Plagodis,  349 
Flour-moth,  The,  412 
fluviata,   Percnoptilota,  330 
Flying  Squirrels,   149 
Fontaine,  De  La,  quoted,  373 
Forester,     Californian,     145;     Eight-spotted, 

144;    Langton's,    145;    MacCulloch's,    143; 

Mexican,   144;  Ridings',  Two-spotted,  145: 

Wittfeld's,  144 
formosa,  Gluphisia,  300 
formosa,   Polychrysia,   236 
formosalis,  Nigetia,  358 
formula,   Catocala,   268 
formula,    Oreta,   321 
forrigens,  Phobena,  273 
Fota,  genus;  armata,  minorata,  178 
f-pallida,  Apantesis,  132 
fractilinea,  Hadena,  168 
fracturalis,   Diastictis,  393 
fragariae,  Ancylis,  419 
fragilis,  Apatela,  156 
fratella,  Autographa,  238 
f rater,  Raphia,  153 
fratercula,   Catocala,   269 
fraterna,    Euclea,   365 
fraudulentaria,  Cleora,  344 
Fraxinus,  46,  51 
Frenulum,  16,  17 
Fringes,  18 

frugallaria,  Cleora,  344 
frugiperda,   Laphygma,   174 
Fruit-worm,  The  Gooseberry,  411 
frustulum,  Celiptera,  275 
frutetorum,  Malacosoma,  312 
Fruva,  genus;  accepta,  apicella,  truncatula 

252 

fucosa,  Hypoprepia,  106  . 

Fulgpra  candelaria,  370 
fuliginosa,   Phragmatobia,   126 
fulminans,  Perigonica,  205 
fultaria,  Paota,  332 
fulva,   Kodiosoma,    133 
fulvicollis,   Scepsis,    101 
fulvoflava,  Halisidota,  138 
fumalis,   Pyrausta,   397 
fumosa,   Diacrisia,    127;   Haemorrhagia,   63 
funebris,   Pyrausta,   398 
funeralis,  Desmia,  392 
funerea,  Pygoctenucha,  1 1 1 
fungorum,  Choephora,  216 
furcata,  Papaipema,  214 
furcifera,   Apatela,    155 
furcilla,  Argillophora,  255;  Panthea,  152 
Fur-moth,  The,  433 
furtivus,   Euxoa,    190 
furvana,  Archips,  422 
fusca,  Porosagrotis,   187 
fuscalis,  Phlyctaenodes,  395 
fuscimacula,  Oligia,   166 
fuscipes,   Comacla,    107 


458 


Index 


fuscula,   Roeselia,   358 
fusimacula,  Oxycnemis,   221 
futilis,  Litoorosoous,  275 


Gaberasa,    genus;   ambigualis,    bifidalis, 

divisalis,  284 

Gaea,  genus;  emphytiformis,  solituda,  381 
galbina,  Agapema,  86 
Galgula,    genus;    externa,    hepara,    partita, 

subpartita,  vesca,  247 
galianna,  Hemeroplanes,  60 
galii,  Celerio,   76 

galtesolidaginis,    Gnorimoschema,    418,    425 
Galleria,  genus;  cereana,  cerella,  mellonella, 

obliquella,    406 
Gallerimae,  Subfamily,  405 
gallivorum,  Synanthedon,  387 
Gall-  moth,  The  Misnamed,  418;  The  Solidago, 

425 

Gama-grass,  405 
garmani,  Graphiphora,  204 
Gaura  biennis,   224 

Ee,  Pogocolon,  72;  Rhodophora,  224 
lina,  genus,   305 
:hiidae,  Family,  26,  38,  424 
gelida,  Apantesis,  131;  Ellida,  300 
gelidalis,  Noctuelia,  399 

geminata,  Cladora,  324;  Tephroclystis,  328 
geminatus,  Sphinx,  55 
gemmata,  Atteva,  424 
gemmatilis,  Anticarsia    275 
generalis,   Renia,   283 
generosa,  Pyrausta,  398 
genicula,  Drepana,  321 
geniculata,  Agrotis,  182 
gentilis,  Parastichtis,  217;  Pyrausta,  397 
Geometer,   Crocus,    349;    Dark-banded,    329; 

Five-lined,  333;  Harvey's,  327;  Snowy,  348 
Geometers,    149 
geometrica,   Parasemia,    134 
Geometridae,  Family.  7,  25,  34,  322 
Geometrinae,   Subfamily,   336 
geometroides,  Melanchroia,   355;   Pangrapta, 

254 

georgica,   Hyperaschra,   294 
germana,   Lithomoia,   206 
germanalis,  Hypena,   287 
gibbocostata,  Ccenocalpe,  332 
gibbosa,  Nadata,  296 
gilvipennis,  Rhynchagrotis,  178 
Gingla,  genus;  laterculae,  373 
gisela,  Catocala,   269 

S'tonella,  Ephestia,  412 
host-moth;      Graceful,      Lembert's,      444; 
Silver-spotted,  443 
glabella,  Pyrophila,  173 
gladiaria,  Feltia,   186 

Glaea,  genus;  inulta,  sericea,  viatica,  218 
glandulella.   Holcocera,   429 
Glassy-wing,   Edwards',    138;   Freckled,    139 
glaucovaria,   Mamestra,   193 
Gleditschia,    96 
glomeralis,  Pyrausta,  398 
glomeraria,  Macaria    340 

gloveri,  Copidryas,   141;  Samia,  84 
loveria,  genus;  arizonensis,   dentata,   how- 

ardi,   psidii,   311 
Glover's  Purslane-moth,  141 
Gluphisia,     genus;     albofascia,     avimac"ula, 

clandestina,   danbyi,   formosa,   rupta,   sep- 

tentrionalis      severa,     slossoni,     trilineata, 

wrighti,  300 
Glyphodes,    genus;    hyalinata,    hyalinatalis, 

lucernalis,      marginalis,      nitidalis,      quad- 


ristigmalis,   394 


Gnophaela,   genus;   arizonae,   clappiana,   con- 

tinua,   discreta,  hopfferi,   latipennis,   mor- 

risoni,  .vermiculata,  290 
Gnorimoschema,  genus,  425;  gallaesolidaginis, 

418,  425 

goasalis,  Philometra,   282 
Goat-moths,  375 
goniata.  Safaulodes,  353 
Gonodonta,  genus;  unica,  236 
Gonodontis,     genus;     adustaria,     agreasaria 

duaria,   hamaria,   hypochraria,   mestusata 

obfirmaria,  refractaria,  350 
Gooseberry  Fruit-worm,  The,  411 
Gooseberry  Span-worm,  The,  340 
gordius,  Hyloicus,  51 
Gortyna,   genus;   immanis,    Hop-vine,   nicti- 

tans,     212;    obliqua,    Oblique,     213;    sera. 

Veiled,  velata,  212 
gortynides,  Bellura,  211 
Gosse,  Edmund,  quoted,  355 
gossypiana,  Archips,  422 
gracilenta,  Alypia,    144 
gracilior,  Leptomeris,  333 
gracilis,    Catocala,    269;    Haemoirhagia,    63; 

Hepialtas,  444 
gradata,  Macaria,  340 
graduatana,   Eucosma,  418 
graefi,  Apatela,  155 
Graeperia,  genus;  magnifica,  225 
Grammodes,  genus;  smithi,  274 
Grammodia,  genus,  60 
grandipuncta.  Alabama,  243 
grandirena,  Melipotis,  258 
grandis,  Copablepharon.  222;  Mamestra,  193; 

Melittia,  381;  Noctua,  184 
granitata,  Sciagraphia,  339 

S-anitosa,  Euhernchia,  253 
rape-leaf  Folder,  The,  392 
Grape-vine  Plume,  The,  416 
graphica,  Syneda,  259 
Graphiphora,  genus;  alia,  capsella,  confluens, 

culea,  garmani,  hibisci,  insciens,  instabilis, 

modifica,  orobia,  oviduca,  204 
Grass-moths,   402 

grata,  Euthisanotia,  232;  Oligia,  166 
grataria,   Haematopsis,   332 
gratata,  Eucrostis,  336 
gratulata,  Mesoleuca,  330 
Grease-wood,  96 
Green  Apple-leaf  Tier,  The,  421 
grisea,   Apatela,    156;    Hypopacha,    312; 

Illice,  no 

griseella,  Tinea,  433 
griseocincta,  Orthodes,  203 
grossulariae,  Zophodia,  411 

S-ossulariata,  Cymatophora,  340 
rote,  A.  R.,  29,  30,  31,  32,  34,  35,  36 
groteana,  Cenopis,  422 

grotei,    Hasmorrhagia,    63;    Hemileuca,    91; 
Lycomorpha,  101;  Psaphidia,  177 

Sroteiana,  Catocala,   264 
rotella,  genus;  dis,  220 
Groundling;  Dusky,  Red,  165 
grynea,  Catocala,  269 

gaeneata,  Hydriomena,  331 
uen^e,  A.,  27,  32,  36 
Sienei,  Catocala,  261, 
uettarda  elliptica,  139 
Guilding,  Lansdown,  403 
gularis,  Euxoa,  190 
gulosa,  Hemerocampa,  308 
Gumppenberg,  C.  v.,  34 
gurgitans,  Archips,  422 
guttata,   Platyprepia,    128;   Spragueia,    25* 
guttifera,   Halisidota,   138 
guttulosa,  Pyrausta.  397 
gyasahs,  Heterogramma,   284 


459 


Index 


Gymnocladus,   96 

Gynaephora,  genus;  rossi.  305 

Gypsochroa,    genus;    albosignata.    designata 

haesitata,    impauperata,    propugnata,    pro- 

pugnaria,  sitellata,   332 
Gypsy  Moth,  The,  308 
Gyros,  genus;  muiri,  249 

H 

habilis,  Catocala,  268 

Habrosyne,  genus;  scnpta,  303 

Hadena,  genus,  166;  Airy,  1 68 ;  Albertan,  167; 
amputatrix,  arctica,  169;  arcuata,  167; 
Base-streaked,  basilinea,  168;  Black- 
banded,  167;  bridghami,  Bridgham's,  166; 
Broken-lined,  Burgess',  burgessi,  cerivana, 
1 68;  characta,  167;  chlorostigma,  168; 
claudens,  167;  conspicua,  168;  contenta, 
169;  Dark  Ashen,  170;  Darker,  169; 
Dark-spotted,  Dark-winged,  167;  Destroy- 
ing, devastatrix,  169;  discors,  168;  Double- 
banded,  167;  dubitans,  168;  ducta,  169; 
fractilinea,  168;  Great  Western,  169; 
Green-spotted,  168;  Half-Moon,  169;  Halt- 
ing, 1 68;  hilli,  167;  incallida,  insignata, 
lateritia,  168;  lignicolor,  169;  loculata,  168; 
mactata,  167;  marshallana,  169;  misel- 
oides,  modica,  167;  molochina,  168; 
Mullein,  169;  Neumoegen's,  166;  nigrior, 
Northern,  169;  obliviosa,  168;  occidens, 
ordinaria,  169;  passer,  Passerine,  Red- 
winged,  1 68;  semilunata,  Speckled  Gray, 
169;  sputatrix,  168;  subcedens,  167; 
transfrons,  166;  Turbulent,  turbulenta, 
167;  verbascoides,  169;  versuta,  167; 
vinela,  170;  violacea,  Violet,  167;  viralis, 
vultuosa,  1 68;  White-spotted,  167;  Wood- 
colored,  169 

Hadenella,  genus,  162;  minuscula,  163; 
pergentilis,  subjuncta,  162 

hadeniformis,  Melipotis,   258 

Haematomis,  genus;  mexicana,  unifprmis,  107 

Hasmatopsis,  genus;  grataria,  saniaria,  suc- 
cessaria,  332 

Haemorrhagia,  genus,  62,  72;  aethra,  axillaris, 
63;  brucei,  64;  buffaloensis,  cimbiciformis, 
diffinis,  63;  etolus,  62;  floridensis,  fumosa, 
gracilis,  grotei,  marginalis,  metathetis 
63;  palpalis,  64;  pelasgus,  62;  pyramus, 
63;  rubens,  64;  ruficaudis,  62,  63;  senta, 
64;  tenuis,  63;  thetis,  64;  thysbe.  62; 
uniformis,  63 

hassitata,  Gypsochrea,   332 

hageni,   Isogramma,  47 

halesaria,  Fernaldella,  337 

halicarniae,   Lapara,   53 

Halisidota,  genus,  115,  137;  annulifascia, 
138;  antiphola,  137;  argentata,  caryas, 
138;  davisi,  137;  fulvoflava,  138;  Gartered 
137;  guttifera,  138;  harrisi,  i37;'Hickory, 
tonga.  Long-streaked,  maculata,  porphy- 
ria,  Silver-spotted,  Spotted,  138;  Tessel- 
lated, tessellaris,  137 

Halpine,  Charles  G.,  quoted,  319 

hamaria,  Gonodontis,  350 

hamifera,  Autographa,  238 

hammondi,  Canarsia,  41*1 

Hampson,  'Sir  George  F.,  ix,  18,  23,  31,  32, 
33,  34,  35,  36,  37,  98,  103,  114,  140,  151, 
288,  289,  292,  303,  306,  311,  315,  320, 
322,  356,  364,  371,  374,  375,  380,  391 

Haploa,  genus,  117;  Leconte's,  118;  Lyman's, 
119;  Carolina,  clymene,  colona,  comma, 
118;  confusa,  119;  consita,  118;  contigua, 
19;  dyari,  interruptomarginata,  lactata, 
militaris,  vestalis,  118 


Harpyia,  genus;  albicoma,  aquilonaris,  bore- 

ahs,  cinerea,  scolopendrina,  299 
Harris.  Thaddeus  William,  27 
Harris'  Three-spot,   159 
harrisi,    Halisidota    137;  Lapara,  53;  Pygoc- 

tenucha,  in 

Harnsimemna,   149,   159;  trisignata,   159 
Harrisina,   genus;   americana,   texana,   372 
harti,  Sysyrhypena,  282 
haruspica,   Noctua,  184 
harveiata,   Nannia    327 
harveyi,    Heliophila,    201 
hasdrubal,  Pseudosphinx,  57 
hasta,  Apatela,   155 
hastata,   Rheumaptera,   329 
havilae,  Noctua,  184 
Hawkmoth,  78;  Clemens',  52;  Five-Spotted, 

Head;  anatomy  of,  12,  18;  larval,  7 
hebraea,  Polygrammate,   160 
hebraicum,  Polygrammate,  160,  161 
Hebrew,  The,   160 
heiligbrodti,   Syssphinx,   96 
Heliaca,  genus;  diminutiva,  231 
Heliochilus,  genus;  paradoxus,  222 
Heliodes^  genus;  restrictalis,  230 
Heliolonche,  genus;  modicella,  230 
Heliomata,     genus;    cycladata,    infulata,    338 
Heliophana,   genus;    mitis,   obliquata,    230 
Heliophila,  genus,   200;    albilinea,   201;  com- 

moides,    203;    complicata,    201;    extranea, 

200;   harveyi,    201;   heterodoxa,   lapidaria, 

202;     minorata,      201;     multilinea,      202; 

pseudargyria,      subpunctata,      201;      uni- 

puncta,  200 

Heliosea,  genus;  pictipennis,  230 
helipthidata,   Sciagraphia,   339 
Heliothis,     genus;     armiger,     222;     nuchalis 

scutosus,    224 

Heliotropha,  genus;  atra,  reniformis,  173 
helva,  Orthosia,  2 1 7 
Hemerocampa,    genus,    305;    borealis,    cana, 

305;     definita,     307;     gulosa,     intermedia, 

leucographa,     leucostigma,     obliviosa,     ve- 

tusta,  306 
Hemeroplanes,  genus,  60;    galianna,  licastus, 

parce,  60 
Hemihyalea,      genus;     Edwards',     edwardsi, 

138;     Freckled,     labecula,     139;     quereus, 

translucida,    138 
Hemileuca,    genus,    91;    artemis.    californica, 

92;  electra,  grotei,  hualapai,  91;  iuno,  92; 

maia,     neumosgeni,     91;     nevadensis,     92; 

proserpina,     sororius,      91;     tricolor,     93; 

yayapai,  92 

Hemileucinae,  Subfamily,  80,  81,  90 
hemizpnae,   Synanthedon,   385 
henrici,  Hypopta,  379 
henrietta,  Derrima,   224 
hepara,  Galgula,  247 
Hepialids,  Family,  15,  16,  26,  443 
Hepialus,    genus;  gracilis,  hyperboreus,  lem- 

berti,  macglashani,  pulcher,  444 
hera,  Pseudohazis,  93 
heraclei,  Depressaria,  428 
heracliana,  Depressaria,  428 
herbimacula,  Mamestra,   195 
Herculia,    genus;    himonialis,    olinalis,    tren- 

tonalis,   401 

Herder,   Das    Lied  vom  Schmetterlinge,   290 
herilis,  Feltia,  186 
hermia,    Catocala,    264 
herminiata,   Eudeilinea,   320 
herminioides.  Epizeuxis,  280 
Herrich-Schasffer,  G.  A.  W.,  27 
Herse,  genus,  43;  affinis,  cingulata,  convol- 

vuli,  decolora,  drurasi,  pungens.  43 


460 


Index 


hersiliata,  Mesoleuca.  330 

hertaria,  Epimecis,  344 

Heterocampa,  genus;  associata.  astarte, 
athcrco,  bilineata,  biundata.  cinerascens, 
manteo,  menas,  mollis,  obliqua,  olivatus, 
puiverea,  seraiplaga,  subalbicans,  turbida, 
ulmi,  umbrata,  varia,  297 

Heterocera,  defined,  3 

heterodoxa,  Heliophila,   202 

Heterogenea,  genus;  shurtleffi,  368 

Heterogramma,  genus;  gyasalis,  pyramu- 
salis,  rarigena,  284 

Heteropacha,  genus;  rileyana,  314 

Heterophleps,  genus;  hexaspilata,  quadrino- 
tata,  triguttaria,  327 

heuchera,  Paranthrene,  387 

hexadactyla,  Orneodes,  417 

hexaspilata,  Heterophleps.  327 

Hexeris,  genus;  enhydris.  reticulina,  375 

hibisci,  Graphiphora,   204 

"Hickory  Horn-devil,"  6,  97 

hieroglyphica,  Noropsis,  233 

hilaris,   Zeuzera,   376 

hilli,  Hadena,  167;  Hypocala,  272 

Hillia,  genus;  algens,   166 

hilliana,  Noctua,  183 

Himantopterus.   genus,   371 

Himella,   genus;   contrahens,   thecata,    204 

himonialis,   Herculia,   401 

hinda,  Catocala,   266 

Hippia,  genus;  packardi,  296 

hircina,  Homoglaea,  219 

hircinalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

hirtella,   Eupanychis,   226 

hirtipes,  Zosteropoda,  203 

histrio,  marasmalus,  242 

Hoboken,   147 

hochenwarthi,  Syngrapha,  240 

Holcocera,  genus;  glandulella,  429 

Holland,  Clive,  quoted,  353 

hollandaria,   Racheospila,   336 

Holmes,  O.  W.,  quoted,  3,  371 

Holomelina,  genus,  115;  choriona,  belfragei, 
belmaria,  bimaculata,  Black-banded,  brevi- 
cornis,  diminutiva,  Ehrman's,  Five-spotted, 
immaculata,  Least,  Plain-winged,  116; 
obscura,  opella,  ostenta,  rubricosta,  Showy, 

Homoglaea,   genus;    carbonaria,    hircina,    219 
Homohadena,   genus;   badistriga,    176 
Homoptera,    genus;    cingulifera,    edusa,    in- 

tenta,  involuta,   lunata,   putrescens,   saun- 

dersi,  unilineata,  viridans,  woodi,  278 
Homopyralis,  genus;  contracta,  tactus,  zonata, 

256 

honesta,  Jodia,  215 
honestaria,  Azelina,  352 
Honey-locust,    96 
Honey-streak,  The,  339 
hopffen,  Gnophaela,  290 
Hops,    287 

Horama,  genus;  texana,  100 
Hormisa,   genus;    absorptalis     bivittata,    nu- 

bilifascia,    282 
hormos,  Hypsoropha,   256 
Hormoschista,    genus;    pagenstecheri,    253 
hornbeckiana,   Pholus,   67 
Horne,  R.  H.,  quoted,  363 
horrida,  Zale,  277 
hortaria,   Epimecis.   346 
hortulana,  -Feltia,  186 
hospes,  Synanthedon,  387 
Howard,  L.  O.,  viii,  403,  405 
howardi,  Gloveria,   311 
howlandi,  Syneda,   260 
hualapai,   Hemileuca,  91 
Huber,   112 


hubbardi,  Bruceia,  108 

hubneraria,  Azelina,  352 

hubnerata,   Azelina,    352 

hudsonica,  Alypia,  145,  Syneda,  260 

Hulst,  Rev.  G.  p..  33,  34,  36 

humeralis,  Cingilia,  347 

humerosana,  Amorbia,  423 

humilis,  Schiznra,  298 

humuli,  Hypena,  287 

Huxley,  Thomas  Henry,  quoted,  38 

hyalinata,  Glyphodes,  394 

hyalinatalis,  Glyphodes,  394 

hyalinopuncta,  Apatelodes    293 

hyalinus,   Phobetron,   366 

Hyamia,  genus;  perditalis,  semilineata,  sex- 
punctata,  umbrifascia,  234 

Hyblrea,  genus;  mirificum,  puera,  saga,   288 

hybrida,    Ophideres,    276;    Utetheisa,    117 

Hydria,  genus;  undulata,  329 

Hydriomena,  genus;  autumnalis,  bicolorata, 
birivata,  custodiata,  gueneata,  lascinata, 
latirupta.  rectangulata,  sordidata,  specio- 
sata,  331 

hydrome1i;   Litodonta,   296 

hyteus,  Dolba,  46 

Hylesia,  genus,  90;  alinda,  90 

Hyloicus,  genus,  49;  albescens,  50;  andro- 
medae,  50;  canadensis.  51;  chersis,  50; 
coloradus,  52;  coniferarum,  52;  dolli,  52 
drupiferarum,  52;  eremitus,  49;  eremitoides 
49;  gordius,  51;  insolita,  51;  kalmiae,  51 
libocedrus,  51;  lugens,  49,  50;  luscitiosa 
52;  oreodaphne,  50;  perelegans,  51 
pinastri,  52;  plota,  51;  pcecila,  51;  saniptri 
52;  separatus,  50;  sequoiae,  52;  sordida,  49 
vancouverensis,  50;  vashti,  50 

Hyloicus  kalmiae,  larva  of,  7 

hyp;ethrata,  Macaria,  339 

Hyparpax,  genus;  aurora,  perophoroides, 
rosea.  venus,  venusta,  299 

Hypena,  genus;  evanidalis,  germanalis, 
humuli,  287 

Hypenula,  genus;  biferalis,  cacuminalis, 
opacalis,  283 

Hyperaeschra,  genus;  georgica,  scitipennis, 
stragula,  tortuosa,  294 

hyperboreus,   Hepialus,  444 

hyperici,  Synanthedon,   385 

Hyperitis,  genus;  aesionaria,  amicaria,  ex- 
simaria,  insinuaria,  laticincta,  neonaria, 
neoninaria,  nyssaria,  subsinuaria,  349 

Hyphantria,  genus,  122,  i23;cunea,  i23;pal- 
lida,  124;  punctatissima,  I23;textor,  124 

Hyphoraia,   genus;    borealis,    parthenos,    128 

Hypocala,  genus;  andremona,  hilli,  272 

hypocastrina,   Zeuzera,   376 

hypochraria,  Gonodontis,   350 

Hypocrisias,  genus;  armillata,  Least,  minima, 
•136 

Hypopacha,  genxis;  grisea,  312 

Hypoprepia,  genus;  cadaverosa,  fucosa, 
inculta,  miniata,  plumbea,  subornata 
tricolor,  vittata,  106 

Hypopta,  genus;  berthqldi,  henrici,  379 

Hyppa,  genus;  ancocisconensis,  Common, 
contraria,  xylinoides,  171 

Hypsopygia,  genus;  costalis,  fimbrialis,  399 

Hypsoropha,  genus;  hormos,  monilis,   256 

I 

lanassa,  genus;  lignicolor,  lignigera,  virgata 

298 

iaspis,  Chytonix,   161 
Ichneumon-flies,    69 
Ichneumonida?,  6,  68 
idonea,  Agrotis,   182 


461 


Index 


ilia,  Catocala,  265 

illabefacta,  Mamestra,  194 

illapsa,  Noctua,  185 

illata,  Euxoa.   19° 

illecta,  Catocala,  267 

illepida,   Polia,   171 

illibalis,  Pyrausta,   397 

Illice,  genus,    108;   deserta,    no;  faustinula, 

109;  grisea,  no;  nexa,  109,  110;  packardi, 

plumbea,  schwarziprum,  striata,  subjecta, 

tenuifascia,  unifascia,  109 
illocata,  Dryobota,  171 
illudens,  Charadra,   152 
imbraria,  Caberodes,   352 
imbrifera,  Mamestra,   192 
imitata,   Sabulodes,    353;   Synanthedon,   385 
imitella,  Cydosia,  253 
immaculata,      Eupseudosoma,      139;      Holo- 

melina,   1 1 6 

impauperata,  Gypsochroa,  332 
imperator,  Pachysphinx,  57 
imperatoria,  Basilona,  97. 
imperfectaria,  Melanolophia,  344 
imperialis,  Basilona,  971 
impingens,  Anarta,    199 
impleta,   Apatela,    157;    Eucymatoge,    328 
implora,  Azenia,   248 
impressa,  Apatela,    157 
impropria,  Synanthedon,  385 
impropriata,   Paraphia,   343 
improvisa,  Bombycia,  304 
inatomaria,  Metanema,  351 
inca,  Aleptina,  162 
incallida,   Hadena,    168 
incandescens,  Cirrhobolina,  259 
incarcerata,  Melalopha,  293 
incarnata,  Arachnis,  124;  Lerina,  in 
incarnatorubra,  Apantesis,  130 
incensalis,  Cindaphia,  397 
inceptaria,  Cymatpphora,  341 
incertata,  Eucrostis,   336 
Incita,  genus;  aurantiaca,  246 
incivis,  Peridroma,   183 
inclara,  Apatela,  157 
inclinata,  Venusia,  328 
inclinataria,  Venusia,  328 
includens,  Autographa,   238 
inclusa,  Melalopha,   293 
incognita    Agrotiphila,    191 
incompleta,  Apantesis,  132 
inconcinna,  Chorizagrotis,  185;  Scotogramma 

198 

inconstans,  Panula,  258 
incorrupta,  Apantesis,   131 
inculta,  Hypoprepia,   106 
incurvata,  Sabulodes,  353 
indentata,   Melalopha,    293;   Remigia,    274 
indetermina,   Euclea,   365 
indiana,  Eunystalea,  295 
Indian-meal  Moth,  The,  415 
indicans,  Mamestra,  195 
indigenella,   Mineola,   409 
indigens,   Platysenta,    163 
indigna,  Autographa,   239 
indiscriminaria,  Chlorochlamys    336 
indivisalis,  Gaberasa,   284 
indoctrinata,  Eucymatoge,  328 
indubitata,  Triphosa,  331 
inductata,  Eois,  335 
indurata,  Xylomiges,   197 
ineffusaria,  Caberodes,  352 
inepta,  Cissusa,   256 
inermis,  Peridroma,  182 
inexacta,  Antiblemma,  275 
inextricata,  Mellilla,  338 
infans,  Brephos,  355 
infecta,  Mamestra,  195 


infensata,  Syssaura,  352 

inficita,  Marasmalus,  242 

infirma,  Synanthedon,  385 

infructuoga,  Morrisonia,  197 

infulata,  Heliomata,  338 

infumata,  Cosmia,  217 

infuscata,  Scotogramma,  198 

ingenita,  Dalcendes,  369 

ingenua,  Phoberia,  273 

Inguromorpha,     genus;    arbeloides      basalis, 

378 

mnexa,  Mamestra,   195 
innominata,   Xylina,   207 
inornata,  Sisyrosea,   366;  Trichocosmia,   220 
innotata,  Apatela,  155 
innubens,  Catocala,  265 
inquaesita,  Papaipema,  213 
insciens,  Graphiphora,  204 
inscriptum,  Deidamia,  71 
insequalis,  Pyrausta,  398 
insignata,  Euxoa,  189;  Hadena,  168 
insignis,  Plusiodonta,   235 
insinuaria,  Hyperitis,  349 
insiticiana,  Ecdytolopha,  419 
insolabilis,  Catocala,  262 
insolita,  Autographa,  238;  Hyloicus,  51 
insularis,  Philosamia,  82 
insulata,  Pareuchaetes,  134 
instabilis,    Cressonia,    57;    Graphiphora,    204 
insulsa,  Euxoa,  189 
integerrima,  Calasymbolus,  56;  Campometra, 

276;  Datana,  294 
intenta,  Homoptera,  278 
intentata,  Deilmea,  338 
interlinearia,  Caberodes,  352 
intermedia,    Apantesis,     129;     Celerio,     76; 

Cucullia,  208;  Hemerocampa,  308;  Utethe- 

isa,   117 

intermediata,  Mesoleuca,  330 
interminellus,  Crambus,  403 
interna,   Dasylophia,   296 
interpuncta,  Saha,  285 
interpunctella,  Plodia,  415 
interrupta,  Apatela,  155 
interruptomarginata,  Haploa,  118 
intestinata,  Eucymatpge,     328 
intractabilis,  Eustrotia,   247 
intractata,  Noctua,  183 
introferens,  Chorizagrotis,   185 
inulta,  Glaea,  218 
inusitata,  Synanthedon,  386 
invexata,  Therina,  348 
involuta,  Homoptera,   278 
involutum,  Eupseudosoma,  139 
io,  Automeris,  89;  Calasymbolus,  56 
Ipimorpha,    genus;    aequilinea,    pleonectusa, 

ipomceas,  Schizura,  298;  Syntomeida,  99 

iricolor,  Oncocnemis,   176 

iridaria,  Anaplodes,  337 

iris,  Brotolomia,  215 

irrecta,   Pleonectvptera,   246 

irrorata,  Clemensia,  108;  Oreta,  321 

Isabella,  Isia,  124 

Isaiah,  quoted,  396,  434 

Isia,  genus,  125,  127;  Isabella,  125 

Isogona,  genus;  natatrix,  tenuis,  256 

Isoohaetes,  genus;  beutenmulleri,  366 

Isogramma,  genus,  47;  hageni,  47 

Isoparce,  genus,  48;  cupressi,  48 

Issus,  genus,  370 


Jackson,  Helen  Hunt,  quoted,  413 
jaguarina,  Schinia,  228 
jamaicensis,  Sphinx,  55 


462 


Index 


Janette's  Hair,  319 

janiphae,  Erinnyis,  58 

janualis,  Semiophora,  180 

Japan,   79.   3°7 

laquenetta,  Catocala,  269 

jasminearum,  Chlaenogramma,  46 

Jaspidia,     genus;     lepidula.     Marbled-green, 

teratophora,  White-spotted,  160 
Jatronha,  58 
jatrophae,  Cocytius,   44 
Jean  Ingelow,  quoted,  179 
Job,  quoted,   151,  424 
joeasta,  Andrewsia,  272 

;'  acosa,  Feralia,  171 
odia,  genus;  honesta,  rufago,  215 
oker,  The,    171 
ordan,  Dr.  Karl,  ix,  31 
jorulla,  Rothschildia,  82 
juanita,  Pogocolon,  73 
jubararia,  Pheme,  351 
jucunda,  Melipotis,  258;  Noctua,  183 
Judith,  Catocala    262 
juglandis,  Cressonia,  57;  Mineola,  408 
Juglans,  87 
Jugum,  i 6 
julia,  Rhodosea,  225 

J'ulialis,    Cindaphia,    397 
umping  beans,   417 
juncimacula,  Mamestra,   192 
juncta,   Noctua,   184 
junctaria,  Orthofidonia,  337 
June-berry,   386 
juniperaria,  Syssaura,  352 
juno,  Hemileuca,  92 
Jussieua,  67 
jussieuae,   Pholus,   67 
juturnaria,  Enemera,  342 

K 

Kalmia,   51 

kalmias,  flyloicus,  51 

Keats,  quoted,   114 

Kentucky  Coffee-tree,  06 

keutzingaria,  Plagodis,  349 

keutzingi,  Plagodis,  349 

Key  to  families  of  North  American  moths,  24 

Killing  specimens,  19 

Kirby.  W.  F.,  29 

klagesi,  Estigmene,  123 

Kodiosoma,     genus;     eavesi,     fulva,     nigra, 

tricolor,   133 

kcebelei,  Synanthedon,  387 
Kuebel,  C.  L.  von,  quoted,  359,  368 
kuehniella,   Ephestia,  412 


labecula,  Hemihyalea,   139 
labiosana,  Platynota,  422 
labruscae,  Pholus,  67 
laciniosa,  Bomolocha,  286 
Lacosoma,  genus;  chiridota,  339 
Lacosomidae,  Family,  25,  35,  359 
lacrymosa,  Catocala,  261 
lactata,  Haploa,   1 1 8 
lacteolaria,  Leuculodes,  310 
lactipennis,  Tarache,   251 
lacustrata,  Mesoleuca,  330 
lastella,  Ambesa,  410 
laetulus,  Lomanaltes,  285 
laevigata,  Zanclognatha,  281 
Lagoa,  genus;  crispata,  pyxidifera,  369 
lanariella,  Tineola,  432 
lanceolata,  Tarache,  251 
langdonalis,  Pyrausta,  397 
langtoni,  Alypia,  143,  145 


languida,  Melicleptria,  230 

lanuginosa,  Megalopyge,  369 

Lapara,  genus,  53;  bombycpides,  cana,  coni- 
ferarum,  halicarniae,  harrisi,  pineum,  53 

Laphygma,  genus;  autumnalis,  frugiperda, 
macra,  plagiata,  signifera,  174 

lapidaria,  Heliophila,  202 

Lappet,  collar  and  shoulder,  18 

laqueata,  Calidota,   139 

laqueatellus,  Crambus,  402 

larentioides,  Phalasnostola,  254 

Larvae;  food  of,  6 

lascinata,  Hydriomena,  331 

Lasiocampidas,  Family,  9,  24,  34,  311 

lassauxi,  Erinnyis,  58 

Latebraria,  genus:  amphipyroides,  279 

laterana,  Platynota,  422 

laterculas,  Gingla,  373 

lateritia,  Hadena,  168 

latex,  Mamestra,  194 

laticincta,   Hyperitis,   349 

laticinerea,  Xylina,   207 

laticlavia,  Autographa,  240 

latipennis,   Diacrisia,    128;  Gnophaela,   290 

latipes,  Remigia,  274 

latirupta,  Hydriomena,  331 

Lathosea,  genus;  pullata,  ursina,  209 

latreillana,  Ctenucha,   102 

laudabilis,  Mamestra,  195 

Laugher,  The,   152 

Lauraceae,  85 

Leaf -rollers,   417 

lecontei,  Haploa,  118 

Legs  of  moths,  14,  15 

lemberti,  Hepialus,  444 

lena,  Leptarctia,  121 

lentiginosa,  Bomolocha,  286 

Leopard-moth,   The,   376 

lepidula,  Jaspidia,    160 

Lepipolys,  genus;  perscripta,  177 

Leptarctia,  genus;  californiae,  decia  dimi- 
diata,  lena,  121 

Leptina,  genus,  162 

leptinoides,  Schizura,   299 

Leptomeris,  genus,  gracilior,  magnetaria, 
quinquelinearia,  rubrolinearia,  rubrolinea- 
ta,  sentinaria,  spuraria,  333 

lepusculina,  Apatela,   154 

Lerina,  genus;  incarnata,  robinsoni,  in 

leucocycla,  Anarta,  199 

leucographa,  Hemerocampa,  308 

leucophaea,   Olene,   308 

leucostigma,   Hemerocampa,  308 

Leuculodes,  genus;  lacteolaria,  310 

Lexis,  genus;  argillacea,  bicolor,  105 

libatrix,  Scoliopteryx,  215 

libedis,  Tarache,  251 

libera,  Mamestra,  193 

libocedrus,  Hyloicus,  51 

Libraries,   Readers  in,  98 

liburna,  Scolecocampa,   244 

licastus.  Homeroplanes,  60 

licentiosa,  Eupolia,  199 

Lichen-moth;  Allgehenian,  104;  Banded,  109; 
Blue-green,  Crimson-bodied,  in;  Druce's, 
no;  Funereal,  in;  Little  White,  108: 
Mouse-colored,  107;  Narrow-banded,  no; 
Powdered,  108;  Subject,  109;  Mexican, 
107;  Painted,  106;  Pale,  Pearly-winged, 
104;  Scarlet-winged,  106;  Yellow-blotched, 
no 

ligata,  Mamestra,  195 

ligni,  Scolecocampa,  244 

lignicolor,  lanassa,  298;  Hadena,  169 

lignigera,   lanassa,    298 

lilacina,  Mamestra,   194 

lima,  Phurys,  275 


463 


Index 


limata,  Pantographa,  393 

limbata,  Ania,  349 

limbolaris,  Melipptis,   258 

limitata,  Nyctobia,  324 

lineata,  Celerio,  76;  Diastema,  241;  Schima. 

227 

lineatella,  Anarsia,  426 
lineella,  Catocala,  269 
lineola,  Pheocyma,  278 
lineolata,  Catabena,  163 
Lines,  on  wings  of  Noctuid  moth,  18 
linnei,  Pholus,  67 

lintnerana,  Archips,  422;  Nycteola,  288 
lintneri,  Ommatostola,  211 
Liparidae,  Family,   24,  34,  305 
liquida,  Mamestra,  192 
Liquidambar,  85,  87 
liquoraria,  Synchlpra,  336 
lirwdendraria,  Epimecis,  344 
Liriodendron,    85 

Lithacodes,   genus;    diyergens,    fasciola,    367 
Lithacodia,  genus;  bellicula,  248 
Litholomia,  genus;  dunbari,  napaea,  207 
Lithomoia,  genus;  germana,  206 
Lithosiidas,  Family,  24,  31,  103 
lithosina,  Annaphila,  246 
lithosioides,  Crambidia,  104 
lithospila,  Apatela,  156 
Litocala,  genus;  sexsignata,  272 
Litodonta,  genus,  hydromeli,  296 
Litoprosopus,  genus;  futilis,  275 
littera,  Fagitana,  217 
Little  Wife,  The,  267 
littoralis,  Pachnobia,  180 
lituralis,  Zanclognatha,  381 
liturata,  Apantesis,  131 
Living  and  Dying,  354 
lixaria,  Racheospila,  336 
Lobelia    155 
lobelias,  Apatela,  155 
lobophorata,  Nyctobia,  324 
loculata,   Hadena,   168 

Lomanaltes,    genus;    eductalis,    laetulus,    285 
longa.  Halisidota,  138 
Longfellow,  H.  W.,  quoted,  121,  233 
longilabris,  Philometra,  282 
longipenne,  Copablepharon,  222 
longipes,  Fenaria,  233;  Podosesia,  382 
Lonicera,  62,  63 
"Loopers,"  8 
Lophodonta,     genus;     angulosa,    ferruginea, 

295 

lorata,  Sabulodes,  353 
lorea,  Mamestra,  195 
lorquini,  Alypia,   143 
Lowell,  Tames  Russell,  quoted,  116 
lubens,  Mamestra,   194 
lubricalis,  Epizeuxis,  280 
lubricans,  Noctua,   185 
lucata,  Euchreca,  329 
luccusalis,  Samea,  393 
lucens,  Dasyspoudaea,  228 
lucernalis,  Glyphodes,  394 
luciana,  Catocala,  263 
lucidata,  Fagitana,  217 
lucidus,  Arctonotus,  71 
lucifera,  Pheocyma,  278 
lucipara,  Euplexia,  172 
luctuata,  Rheumaptera,  330 
luctuosus,  Epistor,  61 
lugens,  Hyloicus,  49,  50 
lugubns,  Apantesis,  132;  Epistor,  61;  Thyns, 

lumenaria,  Cosymbia,  333 

luna,  Actias,  87;  Nycterophasta,  221 


lunata,  Homoptera,  278 
lunilinea,  Strenoloma,  276 


lupini,   Merolonche,    159;   Synanthedon,   385 

Lupinus,  64,  124 

luscitiosa,  Hyloicus,  52 

Lussa,  genus;  nigroguttata,  175 

lustralis,    Mamestra,    192 

lustrans,  Synanthedon,  385 

lutaria,  Ennomos,  348 

lutea,  Diallagma,  245 

luteicoma,  Apatela,  157 

lutulenta,  Euxoa,  189 

luxa,  Bessula,    221 

Lycia,    genus;     cognataria,    sperataria,     345 

Lycomorpha,  genus;  grotei,  palmeri,  pholus. 

101 

lycopersici,  Protoparce,  45 
Lyman.  H.  H.,  32,  118 
Lymire,  genus;  edwardsi,  100 
1yncea,  Pachylia,  60 
lynx,  Schinia,    227 


Macaria,  genus,  339;  consepta,  340;  eremiata, 
339;  glomeraria,  340;  gradata,  hypaethrata, 
339".  prasatomata,  340;  retectata,  retentata, 
s-signata,  subcinctaria,  339 

mac-cullochi,  Alypia,   143 

macglashani,  Hepialus,  444 

Mackay,  C.  W.,  quoted,  272 

macmurtrei,  Prionoxystus,  378 

macra,  Laphygma,  174 

macrinellus,  Scirpophaga,  402 

macrocarpana,  Commophila,  423 

Macronoctua,  genus;  onusta,  170 

mactata,   Hadena,   167 

macularia,  Sicya,  347 

maculata,  Halisidota,  137;  Thyris,  374 

maculicollis,  Opharus,  139 

madariae,  Synanthedon,  385 

madefactalis,  Bomolocha,  286 

madetesalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

madusaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

Ma?nas,  genus:  vestalis,  127 

maestosa,  Catocala,  261 

magdalena,    Catocala,     267;    Nycterophajta, 

221 

magicalis,  Conchylodes,  393 

magnarius,  Ennomos,  348 

magnetaria,  Leptomeris,  333 

magniferalis,   Pyrausta,   397 

magnifica,  Cossula,   379:  Grasperia,   225 

Magusa,  genus;  angustipennis,  dissidens, 
divaricata,  divida,  175 

maia,  Hemileuca,  91 

maizi,  Euxoa,  189 

majoraria,  Caberodes,  352 

majuscula,  Cydosia,  253 

Malacosoma,  genus;  americana,  312:  cali- 
fornica,  313;  decipiens,  312;  disstria, 
drupacearum,  erosa,  313;  frutetorum,  312, 
perversa,  pseudp-neustria,  sylvaticoides, 
thoracica,  thoracicoides,  313 

malana,  Balsa,   163 

Malaporphyria,  genus;  oregona,  229 

malefida,  Feltia,  187 

malivorana,  Alceris,  421 

Mamestra,  genus,  191;  acutipennis,  195 
adjuncta,  194;  albifusa,  193;  Allied 
anguina,  195;  Brown-winged,  196;  cheno 
podii,  193;  claviplena,  Cloudy,  192 
Clover,  congermana,  193;  constipata,  195 
contraria,  Cousin-German,  193;  Darling 
demissa,  194;  desperata,  193;  detracta 
192;  dimmocki,  Dimmock's,  193,  Dispar 
aged,  192;  dodgei,  195;  Empurpled,  192 
Erect,  erecta,  195;  exusta,  193;  farnhami 
Farnham's,  192;  Fluid,  194;  Fused-spot 


464 


Index 


Mamestra — Continued 

192;  glaucovaria,  Grand,  grandis,  Har- 
nessed, 193;  herbimacula,  195;  Hitched, 
illabefacta,  194;  imbrifera,  192;  indicans, 
infecta,  innexa,  195;  juncimacula,  192, 
latex,  194;  Laudable,  laudabilis,  195; 
libera,  191;  ligata,  195;  Hlacina,  Lilacine; 
194;  Liquid,  Hquida,  192;  lorea,  195; 
lubens,  194;  Lustral,  lustralis,  meditata, 
192;  Modern,  negussa,  neoterica,  196; 
nevadae,  Neyadan,  193;  olivacea,  Olivace- 
ous, 195;  Painted,  picta,  193;  purpunssata, 
192;  radix,  193:  renigera,  195;  rosea, 
Rosy,  193;  rugosa,  Rugose,  194;  Snaky, 
strigicollis,  195;  Studied,  192;  subjuncta, 
193;  suffusa,  192;  teligera,  195;  trifolii,  193; 
vicina,  195 

mammurraria,  Paraphia,  343 

manalis,  Bomolocha,  286 

Mandibles  of  larvae,  7 

Manetta,   75 

manifestolabes,  Semiophora,   180 

manteo,  Heterocampa,  297 

manto,  Olene,  308 

"Manual    for    the    Study    of    Insects,"   by 
Comstock,  17 

Maple-borer,  The,  386 

Maple-trees,  95 

Marasmalus,   genus;    histrio,    inficita,    venti- 
lator, 242 

Marble-wing,  The,  332 

Margin  of  wings,  18 

marginalis,  Glyphodes,  394 

marginalis,   Haemorrhagia,   63  • 

marginata,  Bembecia,  383;  Schinia,  228 

marginatus,   Prodoxus,  439 

marginidens,  Papaipema,  214 

marina,  Misogada,   297 

mariposa,  Alypia,  143,  145 

Marlatt,  C.  L.,  426 

Marmopteryx,  genus;  marmorata,  332 

marmorata,    Catocala,     263;    Marmopteryx, 

marshallana,  Hadena,  169 

Marumba,  genus,   56 

Marvel,  The  Cloaked,    161;  The  Green,   160 

masoni,  Rhododipsa,   225 

materna,  Ophideres,  276 

Matigramma    genus;  pulverilinea,  276 

Matthew,  quoted,  430 

matthewi,  Scepsis,   101 

matuta,  Alypia,   144 

matutina,  Rhodophora,  224 

meadi,  Dasyspoudaea,  228 

Meal  Snout-moth,  The,  400 

"Measuring -worms,"  8 

Mecoceras,  genus;  nitocraria,  nitocris,  penin- 

sularia,  354 

Mecoceratinae,  Subfamily,  354 
Median,  shade,  18 
medita,  Mamestra,  192 
medor,  Cocytius,  44 
Megalopyge,  genus;  lanuginosa,  opercularis, 

subcitrina,  369 
Megalopygidae,  8,  25,  35,  368 
Melalopha,     genus;     albosigma,     americana, 

apicalis,    incarcerata,    inclusa,    indentata, 

ornata,  strigosa,  vau,  293 
melancholica,  Erinnyis,  59 
Melanchroia,    genus;    cephise,    354;    geome- 

troides,  mors,  355 
Melanchroiinae,  Subfamily,  354 
Melanolophia,  genus;  canadaria,  contribuaria, 

imperfectaria,  signataria,  344 
Melanomma,  genus;  auricinctaria,  255 
melanopa,  Ni     ' ' 


Melicleptria,    genus;    californicus,    languida, 

pulchripennis,  sueta,   230 
Melipotis,   genus;   agrotipennis,   cinis,   fascio- 

laris,    grandirena,    hadeniformis,    jucunda, 

limbolaris,     pallescens,     perlaeta,    sinualis 

258 

Melitara,  genus;  fernaldialis,  410 
melitta,  Cosmosoma,  98 
Melittia,    genus;    amoena,    ceto,    cucurbitae, 

380;    grandis,     381;    satyriniformis,     380; 

snowi,    381 
Mellilla,   genus;   inextricata,   snoviaria,  xan- 

thometata,  338 

mellistrigata,  Sciagraphia,  339 
mellitularia,  Pherne,  351 
mellonella,  Galleria,  406 
melsheimeri,  Cicinnus,  359 
Memythrus,    genus,    382;    admirandus,    383; 

polistiformis,  382;  simulans,  383;  tricinctus, 

382 

menas,  Heterocampa,  297 
mendica,  Eudule,  327 
mendocino,  Saturnia,  89 
Mentha,   49 

menthastrina,  Estigmene,  123 
meralis,  Caradrina,   164 
merdella,  Tinea,  433 
merianae,  Erinnyis,  58,  59 
Merolonche,  genus;  lupini,  159 
merricata,  Paleacrita,  324 
merricella,  Semioscopis,  429 
Merrick,  F.  A.,  ix,  118 
Merrick,  H.  S.,  ix 
Meskea,  genus;  dyspteraria,  375 
meskei,  Catocala,  264;  Platysenta,  163 
Mesoleuca,  genus;  brunneiciliata,  flammifera, 

gratulata,    hersiliata,   intermediata,    lacus- 

trata,  ruficillata,  330     . 
messalina,  Andrewsia,  272 
messoria,  Euxoa,  188 
mestusata,  Gonodontis,  350 
Metalepsis,  genus;  cornuta,  181 
metallica,  Tarache,  251 
Metamorphoses,  4 
Metanema,    genus;    aeliaria,    carnaria,    deter- 

minata,    inatomaria,    quercivoraria      trili- 

nearia,   351 

metanemaria,  Alcis,  343 
Metaponia,    genus;    obtusa,    obtusula,    per- 

flava,  250 

metathetis,  Haemorrhagia,  63 
Metathorasa,  genus;  monetifera,  252 
metonalis,  Philometra,  282 
Metrocampa,   genus;   perlaria,   perlata,   prae- 

grandaria,  viridoperlata,  348 
mexicana,  Apantesis,  131;  Cirrhobolina,  259; 

Citheronia,    97;    Estigmene,    123;    Haema- 

tomis,   107 

michabo,  Apantesis,   130 
Microcoelia,  genus,    156,    160;  diphtheroides, 

Marbled,  obliterata,  160 
Microgaster,  69 

Micropterygidae,  Family,  26,  444 
Mjcropteryx,  genus,  444 
Micropyle,  5 
Midget,    Brown-spotted,    166;    Festive,    165; 

Grateful,    166 
Mikania  scandens,  99 


militaris,  Haploa,   118 
mima,  Campometra,   274 


elanopa,  Nigetia,  '358 
elanopyga,  Bellura,  211 


nporne 

minea,  Apantesis,  130 
Mineola,   genus,   408;   indigenella,   409;   jug- 

landis,  408;  nebulo,  zelatella,  409 
miniana,  Rhododipsa,  225 
minians,  Nephelodes,  199 
miniata,  Hypoprepia,  106 
minima,  Hypocrisias,  136;  Pseudomya,  99 


465 


Index 


minimalis,  Rhychagrotis,  178,  179;  Zan- 
clognatha,  281 

ministra,   Datana,    293 

minorata,  Fota,  178;  Heliophila,  201 

minuscula,   Hadenella,    163;   Roeselia,   358 

minuta,  Alceris,  421;  Catocala,  269 

minutata,  Tephroclystis,  328 

mirificum,  Hyblaea,  288 

miscellus,  Catabena,  163 

miseloides,  Hadena,  167 

Misnamed  Gall-moth,  The,  418 

Misogada,  genus;  cinerea,  marina,  sobria, 
unicolor,  297 

mitis,  Heliophana,  230 

modesta,  Pachysphinx,  S7;  Synanthedon, 
387;  Ulolonche,  198 

modestaria,  Cymatophora,  341 

modica,  Hadena,   167 

modicella,  Heliolonche,   230 

modifica,  Graphiphora,  204 

moffatiana,  Scopelosoma,  218 

mollifera,   Epizeuxis,    280 

mollis,  Heterocampa,  297 

mollissima,  Euherrichia,  253 

molochina,  Hadena,  168 

Molts,  larval,  8 

Momophana,  genus;  comstocki,  172 

monacha,  Psilura,  309 

Monarda,   49 

moneta,  Polychrysia,  236 

rnonetifera,  Metathorasa,   232 

monilis,  Hypsoropha,  256 

monitor,  Euclea,  365 

monodon,  Autographa,  238 

Monoleuca,  genus;  semifascia,  365 

monotropa,  Selenis,  277 

mopsa,  Catocala,  265 

monstralis,  Agathodes,  393 

montana,  Albuna,  384;  Dysodia,  375 

montanatum,  Eustroma,  329 

Montgomery,  James,  quoted,  302 

Moore,  Thomas,  quoted,  304 

morbidalis,  Chytolita,  282 

morbosa,  Cissusa,  256 

mori,  Bombyx,  315 

mormonica,  Apantesis,  131 

Morrenia,  58 

Morris,  Rev.  J.  G.,  28 

Morrisonia,  genus,  196;  confusa,  197;  evicta, 
196;  infructuosa,  multifaria,  197;  sectilis, 
vomerina,  196 

morrisonata,  Azelina,  352 

morrisoni,  Gnophaela,   290 

morrisoniana,   Feltia,   186 

mors,  Melanchroia,  355 

mortua,  Schinia,   228 

mortuorum,  Autographa,   239 

mcrula,  Apatela,  155 

Moths;  Achaia,  130;  Acorn,  429;  Acraea,  123; 
Alinda,  90;  Anna,  130;  Arge,  130;  Astur, 
139;  Carpet,  434;  Chain-streak,  347; 
Clio,  133;  Clymena,  118;  Colona,  118; 
Cora,  161;  Cosyra,  142;  Cotton-worm,  243; 
Diverse-line,  329;  Dried-currant,  414; 
Echo,  122;  Fall  Web-worm,  123;  Flour, 
412;  Fur,  433;  Galbina,  86;  Glover's 
Purslane-,  141;  Granite,  339;  Gypsy,  308; 
Harrow,  176;  Hera,  93;  Herbarium,  334; 
Honey-locust,  96;  Imperial,  97;  Indian- 
meal,  415;  To,  89;  Juno,  92;  Leopard,  376; 
Linden,  347;  Luna,  87;  Magnet,  333; 
Magpie,  93;  Michabo,  130;  Milk-weed, 
135;  Oithona,  129;  Pandora,  91 ;  Parthenice, 
129;  Persephone,  130;  Plum,  329;  Poly- 
phemus, 87;  Potato,  425;  Privet,  394; 
Mexican  Walnut-,  97;  Pine-devil,  97; 
Rosy  Maple-,  95;  Royal  Walnut-,  97; 


Moths — Continued 

Sand-dune,    143;    Scallop-shell,    329;    Six- 

§lume,  417;  Skiff,  367;  Solidago  Gall-,  425; 
potless  Fall  Web-worm,  124;  Stigma,  94; 
Sugar-beet,   395;  Sun-flower,   339;   Yucca, 

Moth-Song,   310 

Muir,   John,   249 

muiri,  Gyros,  249 

muliercula,  Catocala,  267 

multifaria,    Ctenucha,    102;   Morrisonia,    197 

multifera,  Caradrina,   164 

multilinea,  Heliophila,  202 

multilineata,  Pigea,  333 

multipuncteila,  Yponomeuta,  423 

multiscripta,  Cerura,  299 

mundula,  Drasteria,  257 

murasnula,  Porosagrotis,  187 

muralis,  Psaphidia,   177 

muricina,  Stretchia,  205 

muricolor,  Calidota,   139 

murina,  Comacla,  107;  Euchaetias,  135 

muscosula,  Eustrotia,   247 

musta,  Eustrotia,  247 

mustelina,  Schizura,  299 

muzaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

muzina,  Ecpantheria,  120 

myandaria,  Caberodes,  352 

Myginda  ilicifolia,   99 

mynesalis,  Tetanolita,  284 

myops,   Calasymbolus,   56 

Myosotis,    134 

myron,  Darapsa,  68 

N 

Nacophora,  genus;  quernaria,  345 

Nadata,  genus;  gibbosa,  296 

nais,  Apantesis,  132 

nana,  Euclea,  365 

nanina,  Euclea,  365 

Nannia,  genus;  harveiata,  refusata,  327 

napsea,  Litholomia,  207 

narrata,  Drasteria,   257 

Narthecophora,  genus;  pulverea,  235 

nasoni,  Natada,  366 

Nasu-no  Take,  301 

nasutaria,   Phiprosopus,   245 

Natada,  genus;  daona,  nasoni,  rude,  366 

natatrix,  Isogona,  256 

nebraskse,  Catocala,  263;  Euhagena,  381 

nebulo,  Mineola,  409 

nebulosa,  Catocala,  266 

nebulosus,  Adoneta,  365 

necopina,  Papaipema,  214 

neglecta,  Synanthedon,   385 

negussa,  Mamestra,  196 

Neighbor,     The,  119 

Neleucania,  genus;  bicolorata    203 

Nelphe  Carolina,    100 

Neocastniidas,   3 

neogama,  Catocala,   149,  266 

neonaria,  Hyperitis,  349 

neoninaria,  Hyperitis,  349 

Nephelodes,  genus;  expansa,  minians,  sobria, 

subdolens,   violans,    199 
Nepytia,    genus;    nigrovenaria,    pellucidaria, 

pinaria,  pulchraria,  semiclusaria,   343 
nerea,  Apantesis,   130 
Nerice,  genus;  bidentata,  296 
Nerium  odorum,   99 
nesaea,   Omia,    230 
nessus,  Amphion,   72 
Neumcegen,  B.,  31,  33,  34,  35 
neumoegem,  Hermleuca,  91;  Xanthothrix   231 
Neumcegenia,  genus;  poetica,  235 
Neuronia,  genus;  americana,  196 


466 


Index 


nevadse,  Mamestra,  193:  Thyris,  374 

nevadensis,    Apantesis,    131;    Hemileuca,    92 

nerissa,  Catocala,  269 

nexa,  Illice,   109,  no 

nicotianae,  Protoparce,  45 

Nigetia,  genus;  formosalis,  melanopa,  358 

Night  air,  80 

nigra,  Kodiosoma,  133;   Peridroma,  182 

nigricans,  Phobetron,  366 

nigriceps,   Noctua,   184 

nigrior,  Hadena,  169 

nigripennis,  Euxoa,   189 

nigrirena,   Schinia,    227 

nigritula,  Eustrotia,   247 

nigrofasciata,  Celama,  357 

nigrofimbria,  Xanthoptera,  248 

nigroflava,  Ectypia,  133 

nigroguttata,  Lussa,  175 

nigrolunata,  Anarta,    198 

nigrpvenaria,   Nepytia,  343 

nimia,  Orthodes,   203 

niobe,  Seirarctia,   122 

nitela,  Papaipema,  213 

nitens,  Orthodes,   203 

nitida,  Schizura,   298 

nitidalis,   Glyphodes,   394 

nitocraria,  Mecoceras,  354 

nitocris,   .  .ecoceras,  354 

nivaria,  Anarta,  199 

nivea,  Eupseudosoma,  139 

niveicilialis,    Pyrausta,   398 

niveicostatus,  Fagitana,   217 

niveosericeata,   Ennomos,   348 

nivosaria,  Eugonobapta,  348 

nivosata,  Eugonobapta,  348 

nobilis,  Schinia,  288;  Tosale,  402 

noctivaga,  Apatela,  157 

Noctua,  genus,  183;  associans,  185;  atricincta, 
184;  beata,  185;  bicarnea,  183;  calgary, 
clandestina,  collaris,  184;  c-nigrum,  fen- 
nica,  183;  grandis,  haruspica,  havilse,  184; 
hilliana,  183;  illapsa,  185;  intractata, 
jucunda,  183;  juncta,  184;  lubricans,  185; 
nigriceps,  184;  normanniana,  oblata,  ob- 
tusa,  183;  patefacta,  184;  perconflua, 
plagiata,  183;  plecta,  substrigata,  uni- 
color,  vicaria,  184 

Noctuelia,  genus;  costasmaculalis,  gelidalis, 
novalis,  peruyiana,  thalialis,  399 

Noctuidae,  Family,  7,  24,  32,  151 

noctuiformis,  Aon,  234;  Tuerta,  143 

Nola,  genus;  ovilla,  357 

Nolidae,  Family,  24,  34,  357 

Nonagria,  genus;  Large,  oblonga,  permagna, 
subflava,  Yellowish,  211 

nondescriptus,  Phobetron,  366 

notata,    Philobia,    339;   Tephroclystis,   328 

notataria,  Eufidonia,  337 

notatella,   Nycterophasta,   221 

Notch-wing,   The,    348 

Notodonta,  genus,  294;  basitriens,  simplaria, 

Notodontidae,  Family,  25,  33,  292 

Notolophus,  genus;  antiqua,  nova,  306 

norax,   Cossula,    379 

normani,   Crocigrapha,   204 

normanniana,  Noctua,  183 

Noropsis,  genus;  hieroglyphica,  233 

nova,  Notolophus,  306 

novalis,  Noctuelia,  399 

nubecularia,   Paraphia,  343 

nubihfascia,  Hormisa,  282 

nubilis,  Euparthenos,   272 

nuchalis,  Heliothis,   224 

nundina,  Schinia,  227 

nupera,  Calocampa,  208 

Nurse,  The,  263 


nurus,  Catocala,   263 

nuttalli,  Pseudohazis,  93 

Nycteola.   genus;   lintnerana    revayana,    288 

Nycteolidae,  Family,  24,  33,  288 

Nycterophseta,      genus;      luna       magdalena, 

notatella,   221 
Nyctobia,      genus;      limitata,      lobophorata, 

vernata,    324 

Nymphula,  genus;  obscuralis,  399 
Nymphulinas,   Subfamily,   399 
Nyssa  sylvaticat  161 
nyssaria,  Hyperitis,  349 


obaurata,  Celama,   357 

obeliscoides,  Euxoa,  190 

oberthuralis,  Phlyctasnodes,  396 

obesalis,  Plathypena,  287 

obfirmaria,  Gonodontis,  350 

oblata,   Noctua,    183 

oblinita,  Apatela,  157 

obliqua,   Fagitana,    217;   Heterocampa,    297, 

Sphida,    211 
obliquata,    Heliophana,    230;    Pleroma     206; 

Sphida,   211 

obliquella,  Galleria,  406 
obliquifera,   Balsa,    163 
obliquilinea,  Cargida,  300 
obliterata,  Microcnelia,  160 
obliviosa,   Hadena,   168;  Hemerocampa,   305 
oblqnga,  Nonagria,   211 
obnigralis,    Pyrausta,    398 
obrussata,  Phrygionis,  354 
obscura,  Apatela,   153;  Catocala,   262;  Erin- 

nyis,  59;  Holomelina,   115;  Pseudosphinx, 

obscuralis,   Nymphula,   399 

obscurus,   Anytus,    191 

obtusa,  Noctua,  183;  Metaponia,  250 

obtusaria,  Euchlsena,  350 

obtusula,  Metaponia,  250 

obvia,   Eucoptocnemis,    190 

occata,  Oncocnemis,   176 

occidens,   Hadena,   169 

occidentalis,     Emilia,     137;     Apatela,     155; 

Pachysphinx,   5  7 
occidentata,   Barathra,   196 
occidentis,  Epicnaptera,  314 
occulta,  Peridroma,  182;  Protoparce,  45 
ocellata,  Sphinx,  54 
Ocelli,   12 

ocellinata,   Sciagraphia,   339 
ochosalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

ochracea,   Apantesis,    130;    Platyprepia,    128 
ochraceus,  Axenus,  231 
Ochria,  genus;  sauzaelitas,  214 
ochreipennis,  Zanclognatha,   281 
ochrogaster,   Euxoa,   1 90 
octo,  Amyna,   242 
octomaculata,    Alypia,    143,    144;    Pyrausta, 

398 

oculatana,  Dysodia,  374 
oculatrix,  Paectes,  241 
oculea,  Telea,  87 
Ode  to  an  Insect,  291 
Odontosia,  genus;  elegans,  294 
odora,  Erebus,  279 
odyneripennis,  Bembecia,  383 
CEcophoridas,  Family,  26,  428 
CEhlenschlaeger,  quoted,  303 
osmearia,  Syssaura,  352 
ceneiformis,  Ccenocalpe,  332 
cenotrus,   Erinnyis,   59 

Ogdoconta,  genus;  atomaria,  cinereola,   241 
Oiketicus,  genus;  abboti,  361 
oithona,  Apantesis,  129 


467 


Index 


Olene,  genus;  achatina,  atrivenosa,  basi- 
flava,  cinnamomea,  leucophaea,  man  to, 
parallela,  tephra,  398 

Ohgia,  genus;  festivoides,  165;  fuscimacula 
grata,  rasilis,  166;  varia,  165 

olinalis,  Herculia,  401 

olivacea,   Mamestra,    195 

olivalis,  Euxoa,  188 

olivatus,  Heterocampa,  297 

olivia,  Catocala,   269 

olympia,  Composia,  289 

olyzonaria,  Syssaura,   352 

omega,  Autographa,   238 

Omia,  genus;  nesaea,  230 

omicron,  Autographa,  238 

Ommatostola,  genus;  lintneri,  211 

omphale,  Cosmospma,  98 

onagrus,  Spragueia,  252 

Oncocnemis,  genus;  atrifasciata,  Black- 
banded,  chandler!,  Chandler's,  cibalis, 
dayi,  Day's,  Gray,  tricolor,  Iris-colored, 
Narrow-banded,  qccata,  tenuifascia,  176 

ontariella,  Depressaria,  428 

onusta,  Macronoctua,   170 

oo,  Autographa,   238 

opacalis,  Hypenula,  283 

opacifrons,  Semiophora,   180 

opella,  Holomelina,  115 

opercularis,  Megalopyge,  369 

operculella,   Phthorimaea,   424,  425 

Opharus,  genus;  albicans,  astur,  maculicollis, 
pustulata,  139 

Ophideres,  genus;  calaminea,  hybrida,  ma- 
terna,  276 

ophthalmica,  Baileya,   162;  Sphinx,  ss 

opipara,  Tripudia,   250 

opina,  Valeria,  172 

oponearia,  Euchlaena,  350 

oporaria,  Eucrostis,  336 

opuscularia,  Pterospoda,  343 

orbica,  Amyna,   242 

Orbicular  spot,  18 

orbimaculella,  Yponomeuta,  423 

orciferalis,  Sysyrhypena,  282 

ordinaria,  Hadena,  169 

ordinatellus,  Yponomeuta,  423 

oregona,  Melaporphyria,  229 

oregonensis,  Euchastias,  135 

oreodaphne,  Hyloicus,  50 

Oreta,  genus;  americana,  formula,  irrorata, 
rosea,  321 

orgyiae,  Prothymia,   248 

orilliana,  Pachnobia,  180 

orina,  Calymnia,  219 

orizaba,  Rothschildia,   82 

ornata,  Acherdoa,  234;  Apantesis,  130; 
Melalopha,  293 

ornatrix,  Utetheisa,  117 

Orneodes,  genus;  hexadactyla,  417 

Orneodidae,  Family,   25,'  417 

ornithogalli,   Prodenia,    174 

orobia,  Graphiphora,   204 

orosusalis,  Pyrausta,  397 

orphisalis,   Pyrausta,   397 

Orrhodia,  genus,  calif ornica,  218 

Orthodes,  genus;  candens,  crenulata,  cynica, 
enervis,  griseocincta,  nirr.ia,  nitens,  pro- 
deuns,  203;  pueriiis,  204;  tecta,  togata, 
vecors,  velata,  203 

Orthofidonia,  genus;  junctaria,  semiclarata, 
vestaliata,  viatica,  337 

Orthosia,  genus;  bicolorago,  helva,  217 

orthosioides,  Phoberia,  273 

Ortmann,  A.  E.,  377 

ortonii,  Peridroma,   182 

osculata,  Catocala,  265 

ossularia,  Eois,  335 


ostenta,  Holomelina,  115 

otiosa,  Apantesis,  131 

ou,  Autographa,   238 

ovalis,  Abrostola,  240 

ovjduca,  Graphiphora,  204 

ovilla,   Nola,  357 

oviplagalis,  Tosale,  402 

Oviposition,  Time  of,  5 

ovulalis,  Conchylodes,  393 

Owls,  78 

oxybaphi,  Celerio,  76 

Oxycnemis,  genus;  fusimacula,  221 

Oxydia,  genus;  vesulia,  352 

oxygramma,  Autographa,   239 

oxymorus,  Admetovis,  196 

Sxyptilus,   genus;  periscelidactylus,   416 
zonadia,  genus,  108 


Pachnobia,  genus;  claviformis,  ferruginoides, 

littoralis,     orilliana,     pectinata,     Reddish, 

salicarum,  Willow,   180 
Pachylia,  genus,  60;  aterrima,  crameri,  ficus, 

lyncea,      undatifascia,     venezuelehsis,     60 
Pachysphinx,  genus,  56;  imperator,  modesta, 

occidentalis,   princeps,   57 
pacificaria,  Eois,  336 
Packard,  A.  S.,  p.  30,  31,  33,  34,  35,  145 
packardi,     Estigmene,     123;     Hippia      296; 

Mice,  109;  Scepsis,  101;  Schinia,  228 
Packardia,    genus;    elegans,    367;    geminata, 

368;  nigripunctata,  367 
Paectes,      genus;      abrostoloides       oculatrix, 


pygmasa,   241 
paenulata,  Euclea, 


365 


pagenstecheri,  Hormoschista,  253 

Palada,  genus;  scarletina,  229 

palaeogama,  Catocala,  266 

paleacea,  Cosmia,  217 

Paleacrita,     genus;     autumnata,     merricata, 

sericeiferata,  vernata,  324 
Paleontology,  22 
Palindia,  genus;  dominicata,  273 
pallens,  Cressonia,  S7 
pallescens,  Melipotis,  258 
pallialis,  Bomolocha,   286 
palliatricula,   Chytonix,   161 
pallida,     Crambidia,     104;     Cyathissa,     161; 

Erinnyis,  59;  Hyphantria,  124 
pallidior,  Palpidia,   105 
pallidulus.  Sphinx,  55 
palmeri,  Lycomorpha,  101 
Palmer-worms,  114 
Palmia,  genus;  praecedens,  383 
palpalis,  Haemorrhagia,  64;  Plathypena,  287 
Palpi,  7,  12 

Palpidia,  genus;  pallidior,  105 
Palthis,   genus;    angulalis,    asopialis,   aracin- 

thusalis,  285 

Palyadinae,  subfamily,  354 
Palyas,  genus;  auriferaria,  354 
pamina,  Automeris,  89 
pampjna,  Eucirrosdia,  215 
pampinaria,  Cleora,  344 
pampinatrix,  Darapsa,  68 
Panapoda,    genus;    carneicosta,    combinata, 

cressoni,  rubricosta,  rufimargo,  scissa     273 
Panchrysia,  genus;  purpurigera,  236 
pandana,  Caberodes,  352 
pandora,  Coloradia,  91 
pandorus,  Pholus,  65 
Pangjapta,     genus;      decoralis,     elegantalis, 

epionoides,    geometroides,    recusans,     254 
panisaria,  Therina,  348 
Panthea,  genus;  Eastern,  furcilla,  portlandia, 

Western,    152 


468 


Index 


Pantographa,  genus;  limata,  suffusalis,   393 

Panula,  genus;  inconstans,  258 

Paota,  genus;  fultaria,  332 

Papaipema.  genus,  213;  cataphracta,  cerus- 
sata,  furcata,  214;  inquassita,  2 1 3 ;  margini- 
dens  necopina,  nitela,  213,  214;  purpu- 
rifascia,  213 

Pawpaw,  The,  46 

paphia,  Telea,  87 

paradoxica,   Prodoxus,   438 

paradoxus,  Heliochilus,  222 

Paragrotis,  genus,  188 

parallela,  Archips,  422;  Olene,  308 

Parallelia,  genus;  amplissima,  bistriaris,   273 

parallelia,  Pherne,  351 

paralleliaria,   Pherne,   351 

Paranthrene,  genus;  heucherae,  387 

Paraphia,  genus;  exsuperata,  impropriata, 
mammurraria,  nubecularia,  subatomaria, 
triplipunctaria,  unipuncta,  unipunctata, 

Parasemia,    genus;    geometrica,    plantaginis, 

Parasitized  larva,   69 

Parastichtis,   genus;   discivaria,   gentilis,    217 

parce,   Hemeroplanes,   60 

parentalis,   Richia,    190 

Pareuchaetes,  genus;  eglenensis,  Gray-winged, 
insulata,  134;  tenera,  134,  135;  Yellow- 
winged,  134 

Parharmonia,  genus;  pini,  384 

Parora,  genus;  texana,  255 

parta,  Catocala,   264 

parthenice,  Apantesis,  1 29 

parthenos,  Hyphoraia,  128 

partita,  Galgula,  247 

passer,   Hadena,    168 

pastillicans,  Epiglaea,   219 

pastinacella.   Depressaria,  428 

pasulella,  Ephestia,  414 

Patagium,  p.  18 

patalis,  Xylomiges,   197 

patefacta,   Noctua,   184 

patella,  Clemensia,   108 

patibilis,   Drasteria,   257 

patruelis,  Eumestleta,  249 

patula,   Eumestleta,    249;   Porosagrotis,    187 

paulina,  Catocala,  261 

pavitensis,  Cirrhobolina,  259 

pavonina,  Calasymbolus,   56 

Parsnip  Web-worm,  The,  428 

Peach-borer,   The,    384 

Peach-twig  Borer,  The,  426 

pectinaria,  Euchlaena,  350 

pectinata,  Pachnobia,   t8o 

pelasgus,   Hasmorrhagia,   62 

pellionella,  Tinea,  433 

pellucida,  Anisota,  95 

pellucidaria,  Nepytia,  343 

penasus,  Erinnyis,   59 

pendulinaria,  Cosymbia,  333 

peninsularia    Mecoceras,  354 

Penitent,  The,   266 

pennsylvanica,  Euthyatira,  304 

pepita,  Basilodes    234 

peplaria,  Azelina,  352 

pepsidiformis,  Sanninoidea,  384 

perangulalis,  Bomolocha,  286 

perarcuata,  Cymatophora,  341 

perattenta,  Eueretagrotis,   179 

percara,  Cyathissa,  161 

Percnoptilota,  genus;  fluviata,  330 

perconflua,  Noctua,  183 

perditalis,  Hyamia,  254 

perelegans,  Hyloicus,  51 

perflava,  Metaponia,  230 

pergentilis,  Hadenella,  162 


Pericopidae,  Family,  *4,  33,  289 

periculosa    Trigonophora,   215 

Peridroma,      genus,      182;      alabamae,      183, 

astricta,   182;  incivis,   183;  inermis,  nigra, 

occulta,    ortonii,     saucia,    182;   simplaria, 

183 

Pengea,  genus;  vecors,  xanthioides,  165 
Perigonica,  genus;  fulminans,  205 
Perigrapha,  genus;  prima,  205 
Periodicals     containing     information     as     to 

moths,  28 

periscelidactylus,  Oxyptilus,  416 
perlaria,  Metrocampa,  348 
perlata,    Metrocampa,    348;    Remigia,    274 
perlaeta,  Melipotis,  258 
perlevis,  Euchaetias,   135 
perlineata,  Venusia,  328 
perlubens,  Xylomiges,   197 
perlucidula,  Pyromorpha.  371 
permaculata,  Turuptiana,   121 
permagna,   Nonagna,   2 1 1 
perophoroides,  Hyparpax,   299 
perplexa,  Synanthedon,  385 
perpolita,  Euxoa,  188 
perpura,  Anarta,  199 
perscripta,  Lepipolys,  177 
persephone,  Apantesis,  130 
persica,  Sanninoidea,   384 
Persimmon,   87,   382 
personata,  Euxoa,  188;  Raphia,  153 
perspicua,  Datana,  294;  Thyris,  374 
perstrialis,  Scirpophaga,  402 
pertextalis.  Pyrausta,  397 
peruviana,  Noctuelia,  399 
perversa,  Malacosoma,  313 
pettitana,  Cenopis,  422 
petulca,  Xylina,  206 
pexata,  Xylina,  207 
phaealis,  Epizeuxis.   280 
phaeton,  Euproserpinus,   74 
Phalaenostola,  genus;  larentioides,  254 
phalanga.  Catocala.  266 
phalaris    Erinnyis,  59 
phalerata,  Apantesis,  132 
phasianaria.  Caberodes.  352 
phasma,  Euerythra,  120 
Pheocyma,  genus;  lineola,  lucifera,   278 
Pheosia,  genus;   californica,   descherei,   dimi- 

diata,  portlandia,  rimosa,  295 
Pherne,  genus;  jubararia,  mellitularia,  paral- 
lelia, paralleliaria,  placearia,  351 
Phigalia,  genus;  revocata,  strigataria,  titea, 

titearia,  347 
Philagraula,  genus,  356 
Philedia,  genus;  punctomacularia,  343 
Philereme,  genus;  californiata,  329 
Philobia,  genus;  aemulataria,  enotata,  notata, 

sectomaculata,  339 
philodina,  Clemensia,   108 
Philometra,      genus;      goasalis,      longilabris, 

metonalis,   282 
Philosamia,    genus,    82;    aurotus,    canningi, 

82;  cynthia,  81,  82;  insularis,  pryeri,  vesta, 

walkeri,   82 
Phiprosopus,  genus;  acutalis,  callitrichoides, 

nasutaria,  245 
Phlyctsenia,     genus;      plectilis,     syringicola, 

tertialis,    397 
Phlyctsenodes   genus;   fuscalis,  39S;  oberthur- 

alis,   396;    sordida,  sticticalis,  tetragonalis, 

triumphalis,  395 
Phoberia,    genus;    atomaria,    forrigens,    in- 

genua,  orthosioides,  273 
Phobetron,  genus;  abbotana,  hyalinus,  nigri- 

cans,  nondescriptus,   pithecium,  tetradac- 

tylus,  366 


469 


Index 


Pholus,  genus,  65;  achemon,  66;  ampelo- 
phaga,  65,  clotho,  67;  crantor,  66,  fascia- 
tus,  hornbeckiana,  jussieuae,  labruscae, 
linnei,  67;  pandorus.  65;  posticatus,  66; 
satellitia,  65;  strigilis,  67;  typhon,  65; 
vitis,  67 

pholus,  Darapsa,  68;  Lycomorpha,  101 

phrada,  Ptychoglene,   no 

Phragmatobia,  genus;  beani,  brucei.  fuligi- 
nosa,  126;  remissa,  127;  rubricosa,  126; 
yarrowi,  127 

Phryganidia,  genus;  californica,    291 

Phrygionis,  genus;  argenteostriata,  cerussata, 
obrussata,  354 

Phthorimaea,  genus,  425;  operculella,  424, 
425;  solanella,  tabacella,  terrella,  425 

Phurys,  genus;  lima,  vinculum,  275 

Phycitinae,   Subfamily,   407 

Physpstegania,  genus;  pustularia,  338 

piatrix,  Catocala.,  266 

pica,  Pseudohazis,  93 

Pickle-worm,  The,  394 

picta,  Arachnis,  124;  Erinnyis,  59;  Mamestra, 


pictipes,  Synanthedon,  386 

Piers  Plowman,  quoted,  288 

Pigea,  genus;  multilineata,  333 

pinaria,  Nepytia,  343 

pinastri,  Hyloicus,  52 

Pinconia,  genus;  coa,  369 

pineum,  Lapara,  53 

pini,   Parharmonia,  384 

piniaria,   Caripeta,   342 

Pinion;  Ashen,   206;  Bailey's,  Broad  Ashen, 

Dowdy,  207;  Green  Gray,  206;  Nameless, 

Nappy,     Thaxter's,     207;     Wanton,     206; 

Warm  Gray,  207 
pinorum,  Vespamima,  384 
piperis,   Erinnyis,   59 
Pippona,  genus;  bimatris,   221 
pithecium,  Phobetron,  366 
pityochromus,   Plagiomimicus,   235 
pityochrous,   Euxoa,    1 88 
placearia,  Pherne,  351 
placida,  Rhynchagrotis,   178 
plagiata,  Laphygma,   174;  Noctua,  183 
Plagiomimicus,  genus;  pityochromus,    235 
Plagodis,     genus;     arrogaria,     emargataria, 

floscularia,    keutzingaria,    keutzingi,    seri- 

naria,  subprivata,  349 
plantaginis,   Parasemia,   134 
Plantago,  120,  125,  134 
Platagrotis,  genus;  pressa,  179 
Platanus,  87,  367 
Platea,   genus;   californiaria,    342;   dulcearia, 

trilinearia,  343;  uncanaria    342 
Plathypena,      genus;      crassatus,      erectalis, 

obesalis,  palpalis,  scabra,  287 
platinalis,  Conchylodes,  393 
Platynota,     genus;     concursana,     flavedana, 

labiosana,  laterana,  422 
Platyperigea,    genus;    discistriga,    praeacuta, 

164 
Platyprepia,   genus;   guttata,    ochracea,    vir- 

ginalis,    128 

Platypterygidae,  Family,  24,  34,  320 
Platysenta,    genus;    albipuncta,    atriciliata, 

indigens,  meskei,  videns,  163 
plebeja,  Atreides,  49 
pleciasformis,  Bembecia,  383 
plecta,    Noctua,    184 
plectilis.   Phlyctasnia,   397 
plena,    Dysodia,    375 
pleonectusa,  Ipimorpha,  220 
Pleonectyptera,      genus;      floccalis,      irrecta, 

pyralis,   246 


polyg 
Polyg 


Pleroma,  genus;  obliquata,  206 

plicatus,  Ufeus,  191 

Plodia,  genus;  interpunctella,  zeae,  415 

plota,  Hyloicus,  51 

plumbea,  Hypoprepia,  106;  Illice,  109 

plumbifimbriata,  Spragueia,   252 

Plume,  The  Grape-vine,  416 

Plumeria,  58 

plumeriae,   Pseudosphinx,  57 

plumifrontellus,  Acrolophus,  443 

plumigeraria,   Coniodes,  345 

Plusia,  genus,  8,  237;  aerea,  aeroides,  balluca, 

237 
Plusiodonta,      genus;     compressipalpis,     in- 

signis,  235 

pluto,  Xylophanes,  75 
Poaphila,  genus;  quadrifilaris,  274 
Podagra,  genus;  crassipes,  178 
Podosesia,  genus;  longipes,  syringae,  382 
pcecila,  Hyloicus,  51 
poetica,  Neumcegenia,  235 
Pogocolon,    genus,    72;   gaurae,    72;    juanita, 

vega,    73 

Polia.   genus;    diversilineata,   illepida,   Theo- 
dore's, theodori,  Varied-banded,  171 
Poling,  O.  C.,  ix 
polistiformis,   Memythrus,  382 
politia,  Sabulodes,  353 
Polychrysia,  genus;  formosa,  moneta,  trabea, 

236 

jlygama,  Catocala,  268 

Dlygamist,  The,  268 
Polygonum,    157 
Polygrammate,    genus;    hebraea,   hebraicum, 

1 60 

polyphemus,  Telea,  87 
pometaria,  Alsophila,  326 
pomifoliella,   Bucculatrix,  431 
pomonella,  Bucculatrix,  431 
Pope,  Alexander,  quoted,  289 
popeanella,  Anaphora,  44^ 
populi,  Apatela,   154;  Cleosiris,  205 
Populus,    57,    155,   378 
Porosagrotis,   genus;    da?dalus,   fusca,   muras- 

nula,     patula,     rileyana,     septentrionalis, 

tripars,  vetusta,  worthingtoni,  187 
porphyria,  Halisidota,  138 
Porrima,  genus;  regia,  226 
Porthesia,  genus,  305 
Porthetria,  penus;  dispar,   308 
portlandia,  Panthea,   152;  Pheosia,  295 
posticatus,    Pholus,   66 
Potato-moth,  The,  425 
praeacuta,  Platyperigea,   164 
prascedens,  Palmia,  383 
pneclara,  Catorala,   269 
prasgrandaria,  Metrpcampa,  348 
pragatomata,  Macaria,  340 
prasina,  Adelphagrotis,   179 
precationis,   Autographa,    238 
pressa,  Platagrotis,  179 
prima,    Anorthodes,     164;    Estigmene,    122. 

Perigrapha,  205 
princeps,  Pachysphinx,  57 
Prinos,  46 

Priocycla,  genus;  armataria,  351 
Prionoxystus,     genus;    macmurtrei,     querci- 

perda,  robinia?,  378 
pnvatus,  Anytus,   191 
Privet -moth,  The,  394 
proba,  Diacrisia,   128 
Proboscis,  12 
procinctus,  Dargida,  196 
proclivis,  Rhizagrotis,   185 
Prodenia,    genus;    commelinae,    ornithogalli, 

prodeuns,  Orthodes,  203 


470 


Index 


Prodoxus,  genus;  cinereus,  441 1  coloradensis, 

440;     decipiens,     438;     margmatus,     439; 

paradoxica,    quinquepunctella,     438;   reti- 

culata,  440;  y-inversa,  439 
profecta.  Bomolocha,  286 
progressata,  Triphosa,  331 
Prolegs,  abdominal,  anal,  7 
Prolimacodes,   genus;  undifera,   scapha,   367 
promethea,  Callosamia,  84 
promptella,  Doryodes,  245 
Pronoctua,  genus;  typica,  185 
Pronuba,  genus,  441;  maculata,  synthetica, 

442;  yuccasella,  441 
propinqua,  Copicucullia,  208 
Dropinquajis,  Rivula,   245 
propinquilinea,   Demas,    152 
propriaria,  Euchoeca,  32&;  Euchlaena,  350 
proprius,  Sympistis,  229 
propugnata,  Gypsochroa,  ,132 
propugnaria,  Gypsochroa    332 
proserpina,  Hemileuca,  91 
Proserpinus,    genus,     72,     '.-3,     74;    clarkiae, 

flavofasciata,  73 

Protambulyx,  genus,  54;  strigilis,  carteri,  54 
Prothymia,     genus;     coccineifascia,     orgyiae, 

rhodarialis,  semipurpurea,   248 
Protoparce,    genus,    44;     Carolina     Linnaeus; 

Carolina  Donavan;  celeus;  chionanthi;  ly- 

copersici;  nicotianae  occulta,  45;   quinque- 

maculatus,  41,  43,  45;   rustica  sexta,  45 
Protosia,  genus,  in 
protumnusalis,  Zanclognatha,  281 
proxima,  Apantesis,   131;  Synanthedon,  387 
proximalis,  Titanio,  396 
prunata,  Eustroma,  329 
pruniella,  Anarsia,   426 
Pryer,  Henry,  79 
pryeri,   Philosamia    82 
Psaphidia,  genus;  grotei,  muralis,  resumens, 

viridescens,    177 

Pseudacontia,  genus;  crustaria,  225 
Pseudalypia,  genus;  crotchi,  232 
Pseudanarta,  genus;  crocea,  falcata,  Falcate, 

flava,  Single,  singula,  Yellow,  175 
Pseudanthoecia,  genus;  tumida,  228 
Pseudanthracia,  genus;  coracias,  278 
pseudargyria,  Heliophila,  201 
pseuderminea,  Estigmene,   123 
pseudogamma,  Autographa,   238 
Pseudoglaea,  genus;  blanda,  decepta,  tasdata, 

216 
Pseudohazis,  genus,  93;  denudata,  eglanteri- 

na,  hera,  nuttalli,  pica,  shastaensis,  93 
Pseudolimacodes,  genus,  217 
Pseudomya,  genus;  minima,  99 
pseudoneustria,  Malacosoma,  313 
Pseudorgyia,  genus,  versuta,  245 
Pseudorthosia,  genus;  variabilis,  216 
Pseudosphinx,  genus,  57;  asdrubal,  hasdrubal, 

obscura,  plumeriae,  rustica,  tetrio,  57 
Pseudotamila,  genus;  vanella,  229 
Pseudothyatira,      genus;      cymatophoioides, 

expultrix,   304 
psidii,  Gloveria,  311 
Psidium  pyrifera,  140 
Psilura,  genus;  monacha,  309 
Psychidas,  Family,  7,  25,  35,  360 
Psychomorpha,  genus;  epimenis,   232 
ptelearia,  Eois,  334 
Pteraetholix,  genus;  bullula,  243 
pteridis,  Diacrisia,  128 
Pterophoridaa,  Family,  25,  37,  415 
Pterospoda,  genus;  opuscularia,  343 
Ptychoglene,     genus;     coccinea,     flammans, 

phrada,  sanguineola,  tenuimargo,  no 
ptycophora,  Fala,  235 
puber,  Syssaura,  353 


pudens,  Euchaetias,   135;  Euthyatira,  304 

pudorata,  Apatela,  156 

puera,  Hyblaea,  288 

puerilis,  Orthodes,  204 

pulchella,  Xylomiges,  197 

pulcher,  Hepialus,  444 

pulcherrima,  Eutelia,  242 

pulchraria,  Nepytia,  343 

pulchripennis,  Melicleptria,  230 

pulchripictalis,  Cindaphia,  397 

pullata,  Lathosea,   209 

pultaria,  Therina,  348 

pulverea,  Heterocampa,  297;  Narthecophora 
235 

pulverilinea,  Matigramma,  276 

pulverina,  Bruceia,  108 

Pulvillus,   14,   IS 

punctata,  Dasylophia,  296;  Diacrisia,  128 

punctatissima,  Basilona,  97;  Hyphantria,  123 

punctistriga,  Artace,  312 

punctivena,   Capnodes,    277;   Caradrina,    165 

punctomacularia,  Philedia,  343 

pungens,  Herse,  43 

Pupae,  9 

pupillaris,  Sysyrhypena,  282 

pupula,  Eustixia,  149,  398 

pura,  Carama,  368;  Catocala,  264;  Utetheisa, 
117 

purgata,  Csenurgia,  257 

purpurana,  Archips,  422 

purpurascens,  Calpe,  236 

purpurifascia,  Papaipema.   213 

purpurigera,  Panchrysia,  236 

purpurissata,  Mamestra,  192 

pustularia,  Physostegania,  338 

pustulata,  Celama,  357;  Opharus,  139 

putnami,  Euchalcia,  237 

putrescens,  Homoptera,  278 

Pygarctia,  genus;  abdominalis,  elegans,  Ele- 
gant, Orange-bodied,  spraguei,  Sprague's, 
vivida,  136 

pygmasa,  Adoneta,  365;  Dircetis,  284; 
Paectes,  241 

Pygoctenucha,  genus;  funerea,  harrisi,  pyr- 
rhoura,  terminalis,  votiva,  1 1 1 

PyralidcE,  Family,  21,  25,  36,  246,  391 

Pyralinae,  Subfamily,  399 

Pyralis,  genus;  farinalis,  400 

pyralis,  Apharetra,  159;  Pleonectyptera,  246 

pyramidalis,  Albuna,  384 

pyramidoides,  Pyrophila,   149,   173 

pyramus,  Hasmorrhagia,  63 

pyramusalis,  Heterogramma,  284 

Pyrausta,  genus;  adipaloides,  arsaltealis, 
badipennis,  397;  bellulalis,  diffissa,  emci- 
talis,  erosnealis,  398;  euphoesalis,  fascialis, 
fumalis,  397;  funebris,  generosa,  398; 
gentilis,  397;  glomeralis,  398;  guttulosa, 
397;  hircinalis,  398;  illibalis,  397;  inse- 
qualis,  398;  langdonalis,  397;  madetesalis, 
398;  magniferalis,  397;  niveicilialis,  ob- 
nigralis,  ochosalis,  octomaculata,  398; 
orasusalis,  orphisalis,  pertextalis,  397; 
repletalis,  398;  subjectalis,  397;  subolivalis, 
subsequalis,  398;  thesealis,  397;  tyralis, 
398;  unifascialis,  397;  unimacula,  398 

Pyraustinae,  Subfamily,  392 

pyri,  Synanthedon,  387 

pyrina,  Zeuzera,  376 

Pyromorpha,  genus;   dimidiata,  perlucidula 

Pyrophila,  genus;  glabella,  Gray,  Mouse- 
colored,  pyramidoides,  repressus,  trago- 
poginis,  173 

pyrrha,  Cargida,  301 

Pyrrhia,  genus;  tunbra,  214 

pyrrhoura,  Pygoctenucha,  111 


471 


Index 


pythion,  Charadra,  152 
pyxidifera,  Lagoa,  369 

Q 

quadrata,  Apatela,  136 

quadriannulata,  Cosymbia,  333 

quadricornis,  Ceratomia,  47 

quadridentata,  Euxoa,  188 

quadrifilaris,  Poaphila,  274 

quadriguttalis,  Alypia,  144 

quadriguttatus,  Sthenopis,  443 

quadrinotata,  Heterophleps,  327 

quadripunctaria,  Eufidoma,  337 

quadristigmalis,  Glyphodes,   394 

Quaker,  Boyish,  204;  Cynical,  Rustic,  Small 

Brown,  203 

quinquecaudatus,  Sannina,  382 
quinquelinearia,  Leptomeris,  333 
quinquemaculatus,   Protoparce,  45 
quinquepunctella,  Prodoxus,  438 
quenseli,  Apantesis,  131 
quercicola,  Euclea,  365 
querciperda,  Prionoxystus,  378 
quercivoraria,  Metanema,  351 
quercus,  Hemihyalea,  138 
quernaria,  Nacophora,  345 
questionis,  Autographa,  238 


Rachela,  genus;  bruceata,  324 

rachelse,  Apocheima,  345 

Racheospila,     genus;     hollandaria,     lixaria, 

saltusaria,  336 
radians,  Apantesis,  132 
radix,  Mamestra,  193 
Ragonot,  E.  L.,  37,  408 
ramosula,  Actinotia,  173 
Rancora,  genus;   solidaginis,   strigata,    209 
Raphia,    genus;    abrupta,   coloradensis,   flex- 

uosa,  f rater,  personata,  153 
Rascal  Leaf-crumpler,  The,  409 
rasilis,  Oligia,    166 
raspa,  Syssphinx,  96 
Ratarda,  genus,  305 
reciprocata,  Euchoeca,  328 
reconditaria,  Synelys,  333 
rectangula,  Autographa,  239 
rectangulata,  Hydriomena,  331 
rectaria,  Anaplodes,  337 
rectifascia,  Atethmia,  220 
rectilinea,    Apantesis,    129;    Cochlidion,    367 
recurvalis,  Zinckenia,  392 
recusans,  Pangrapta,  254 
redimicula,  Euxoa,  190 
reducta,  Turuptiana,  121 
refractaria,  Gonodontis,  350 
refusata,  Nannia,  327 
regalis,  Citheronia,  97 
regia,  Citheronia,  97;  Porrima,  226 
regnatrix,  Xanthopastis,  231 
Relict,  The,  262 
relicta,  Catocala,  149,  262 
Remigia,  genus;  indentata,  latipes,  perlata, 

repanda,  texana,   274 
remissa,  Phragmatobia,  127 
remissaria,  Caberodes,  352 
Renia,  genus;  discoloralis,  fallacialis,  gener- 

alis,  thraxalis,   283 
Reniform  spot,   18 
reniformis,  Heliotropha,  173 
renigera,   Mamestra,    195 
repanda,  Remigia,  274;  Siavana,  273 
repentinus,  Ceratomia,  48 
repentis,  Euxoa,  189;  Yrias,  277 
repletalis,  Pyrausta,  398 


repressus,  Pyrophila,  173 

resistaria,  Ania,  349 

restituens,  Alsophila,  326 

restrictalis,  Heliodes,  230 

restorata,  Sciagraphia,  339 

resumens,  Psaphidia,  177 

retecta,  Catocala,  262 

retectata,  Macaria,  339 

retentata,  Macaria,  339 

reticulata,  Prodoxus,  440 

reticulina,  Hexeris,  375 

Retinaculum,  17 

revayana,  Nyctepla,  288 

revocata,  Phigalia,  347 

Rheumaptera,  genus;  hastata,  329;  luctuats, 

rubrosuffusata,  330 
rhexiae,  Chloridea,  222 
Rhizagrotis,  genus;  proclivis,  185 
rhoda,  Apantesis,  132 
rhodarialis,  Prothymia,  248 
Rhododendrons,    173 
Rhododipsa,  genus  ;masoni,  miniana,  volupia, 

Rhodophora,      genus;     citronellus,      florida, 

gauras,  matutina,  224 
Rhodosea,  genus;  julia,  225 
rhcebus,  Erinnyis,  59 
Rhopalocera,  3 
Rhynchagrotis,  genus;  alternata,  179;  ancho- 

celioides,    cupida,    gilvipennis,    178;    mini- 

malis,  178,  179;  placida,  rufipectus,  velata, 

178 

ribearia,  Cymatophora,  340 
ribesiaria,  Eustroma,  329 
richardsoni,  Anarta,  199 
Richia,  genus;  aratrix,  parentalis,  190 
Richter,  Jean  Paul,  quoted,  417 
rickseckeri,  Estigmene,  123 
ridingsi,  Alypia,  143,  145 
Riley,  C.  V.,    30,    141,  154,  175,    201,    223, 

232.    233,    239,    243,    280,    281,    33S,    362, 

rileyana,     Heter'opacha,     314;     Porosagrotis, 

187;  Synanthedon,  385 
rimosa,   Pheosia    295 
Rivula,  genus;  propinqualis,  245 
rivulana,  Almodes,  354 
rivulosa,  Schinia,  228 
Robinia,  pseudacacia,  378,  419 
robiniae,  Prionoxystus,  378 
Robinson,  C.  T.,  29,  30,  37 
robinsoni,     Catocala,     262;     Cressonia,     57; 

Lerina,   1 1 1 
Roeselia,  genus;  conspicua,  fuscula,  minuscula, 

358 

rogationis,  Autographa,  238 
Rosaceae,  83,  155,  366,  410 
rosaceana,  Archips,  422 
rosacearum,  Calasymbolus,  56 
rosalinda,  Catocala,  268 
rosea,    Euhyparpax,    298;    Hyparpax,    299; 

Mamestra,  193;  Oreta    321;  Thyreion,  222 
roseitincta,  Schinia,  227 
rossi,  Gynasphora,  305 
Rothschild,  Hon.  Walter,  ix,  31 
Rothschildia,  genus,  82,  83;  jorulla,  orizaba, 

82 

rotundata,  Chlasnogramma,  46 
Royal  Walnut-moth,  6 
rubens,  Hsemorrhagia,  64 
rubi,  Bembecia,  383 

rubicunda,  Anisota,   93;  Euherrichia,   253 
rubra,  Diacrisia,  128;  Samia,  84 
rubricosa,  Phragmatobia,  126 
rubricosta,  Holomelina,   115 
rubripalpis,  Artace,  312 
rubrolinearia,  Leptomeris,  333 


472 


Index 


mbrolineata,  Leptomeris,  333 

rubroscapus,  Ctenucha,   102 

rubrosunusata,  Rheumaptera,  330 

rude,  Natada,  366 

rufago,  Jodia,  215 

ruficaudis,  Hasmorrhagia,  62,  63 

ruficillata,  Mesoleuca,  330 

rufipectus,  Rhynchagrotis,  178 

rufostriga,  Caradrina,  165 

rufula,  Diacrisia,  128 

rugifrons,  Stiria,   234 

rugosa,  Mamestra,  194 

rupta,  Gluphisia,  300 

rurigena,  Heterogramma,  284 

Rustic;    Brown-streaked,     Civil,     Convivial, 

165;  Mooned,  Speckled,  164 
rustica,  Erinnyis,  59;  Protoparce,  45;  Pseu- 

dosphinx,  57 
rutila,  Autographa,  238 
rutilans,  Synanthedon,  385 


Sabal  palmetto,  122 

Sabulodes,  genus;  _  arcasaria,  cpntingens, 
depontanata,  goniata,  imitata,  incurvata, 
lorata,  politia,  sulphurata,  transfindens, 
transmutans,  transposita,  transvertens, 
truxaliata,  353 

sabulosa,  Cissusa,  256;  Tuerta,  143 

Sack-bearer,    Melsheimer's,   Scalloped,    359 

sacramenti,  Alypia,   145 

Saddle-back,  The,'  364 

saga,  Hyblaea,   288 

Salia,  genus;  interpuncta,  285 

salicarum,  Pachnobia,  180 

saliceti,  Sphinx,  55 

salicis,  Apatela,  157 

saligneana,  Eucosma,  418 

Sallow;  Angle-striped,  217;  Anointed,  218; 
Even-lined,  220;  Lost,  Moffat's,  218; 
Red-winged,  215;  Roadside,  218;  Round- 
loaf,  219;  Silky,  218;  Sloping,  Smudged, 
219;  Unsated,  Walker's.  218 

Salobrana,  genus;  tecomse,  401 

saltusaria,  Racheospila,  336 

sambuci,  Zotheca,  219 

Sambucus,  212,  219 

Samea,  genus;  castellalis,  disertalis,  ecclesi- 
alis,  luccusalis,  393 

Samia,  genus,  83;  calif ornica,  ceanothi,  84; 
cecropia,  83,  84;  Columbia,  euryalus, 
gloveri,  rubra,  84 

sanborni,  Acoloithus,  371 

sanguineola,  Ptychoglene,  no 

sanguivenosa,  ^Emilia,  137 

saniaria,  Haematopsis,  332 

saniptri,  Hyloicus,  52 

Sannina,  genus;  quinquecaudatus,  uroceri- 
formis,  382 

Sanninoidea,  genus;  exitiosa,  pepsidiformis, 
persica,  xiphiasforniis,  384 

saporis,  Triocnemis,  225 

sappho,  Catocala,  260 

satellitia,  Pholus,  65 

saturata,  Schinia,  227 

Saturnia,  genus,  89;  mendocino,  89 

Saturniidae,  Family,  9,  12,  24,  31,  80 

Saturniinas,  80,  81,  86 

satyricus,  Ufeus,  191 

satyriniformis,  Melittia,  380 

saucia,  Peridroma,   182 

Sauer-kraut,  239 

saundersi,   Apantesis,    129;   Homoptera,    278 

sauzaslitas,  Ochria,  214 

saxea,  Syneda,  259 

scabra,  Plathypena,  287 


scaftnuscula,  Dipterygia,  172 

Scale  insects,  fed  upon  by  larvae,  6 

Scape-moth,  The  Yellow-collared,  The  White- 
collared,  I  01 

scapha,  Prolimacodes,  367 

Scarce  Bordered  Straw,  222 

scardina,  Anaphora,  443 

scarletina,  Palada,  229 

Scepsis,  genus,  100;  fulvicollis,  matthewi, 
packardi,  semidiaphana,  wrighti,  101 

Schaus,  W.,  33 

Schidax,  genus,  356 

Schinia,  genus,  226;  acutilinea,  227;  alba- 
fascia,  228;  aleucis,  227;  arcifera,  atrites, 
brevis,  228;  brucei,  chrysellus,  227;  con- 
tracta,  228;  cumatilis,  227;  designata, 
divergens,  228;  exaltata,  227;  jaguarina, 
228;  lineata,  lynx,  227;  marginata,  mortua, 
228;  nigrirena,  227;  nobilis,  228;  nundina, 
227;  packardi,  rivulosa,  228;  roseitincta, 
saturata,  separata,  simplex,  227;  spraguei, 
tertia,  thoreaui,  228;  trifascia,  227 

Schizura,  genus;  badia,  229;  cinereofrons, 
concinna,  conspecta,  edmandsi,  humilis, 
ipomceas,  298;  leptinoides,  mustelina, 
299;  nitida,  298;  significata,  299;  unicornis, 
298 

schlaegeri,  Stenoma,  428 

schoenherri,  Anarta,  199 

Schcenobiinae,  Subfamily,  402 

schwarziorum,   Illice,   109 

Sciagraphia,  •  genus;  duplicata,  granitata, 
heliothidata,  mellistrigata,  ocellinata,  res- 
torata,  subcolumbata,  339 

sciata,  Therina,  348 

scintillans,  Catocala,  266 

Scirpophaga,  genus;  macrinellus,  perstrialis, 
serriradiellus,  402 

scissa,  Canidia,  226 

scitipennis,  Hyperasschra,  294 

scitiscripta,  Cerura,  299 

scitula,  Synanthedon,  387 

scobialis,  Epizeuxis,  281 

Scolecocampa,  genus;  liburhi,  ligni,  244 

Scoliopteryx,  genus;  libatrix,  215 

scolopendrina,  Harpyia,  299 

Scoparia,  genus,  399 

Scopariinse,  Subfamily,  399 

Scopelosoma,  genus,  217;  ceromatica,  devia, 
moffatiana,  walkeri,  218 

Scotchmen,  80 

Scotogramma,  genus;  inconcinna,  infuscata, 
submarina,  198 

Scribbler,  The,  324 

scribonia,   Ecpantheria,   120 

scripta,  Habrosyne,  303 

scriptipennis,  Epizeuxis,  280 

scudderiana,  Eucosma,  418 

sculptus,  Anytus,  191 

scutellaris,  Bomolocha,  286 

scutosus,  Heliothis,  224 

Sebastiania,  417 

Seckel  pear,  410 

sectilis,  Morrisonia,  196 

sectomaculata,  Philobia,  339 

sedata,  Tarache,  251 

Seirarctia,  genus;  echo,  niobe,  122 

selecta,  Autographa,   239 

Selenis,  genus;  monotropa,  277 

Selicanis,  genus;  cinereola,  216 

semiaperta,  Tricholita,   205 

semiauratus,  Sthenopis,  443 

semiclarata,  Feltia,  186;  Orthofidonia,  337 

semiclusaria,  Nepytia,  343 

semicrocea,  Exyra,  248 

semidiaphana,   Scepsis,    101 

semifascia,  Monoleuca,  365 


473 


Index 


semiflava,  Xanthoptera,  249 

•semifusellus,  Crambus,  402 

semilineata,  Hyamia,  254 

semilunata,  Hadena,   169 

seminudaria,  Therina,  348 

seminudata,  Therina,   348 

Semiophora,     genus;     badicollis,     catharina, 

dilucidula,    elimata,    janualis,    manifesto- 

labes,  opacifrons,  tenebrifera,  180 
Semioscopis,  genus;  merricella,  429 
semiplaga,  Heterocampa,   297 
semipurpurea,  Prothymia,  248 
senatoria,  Anisota,   94 
senta,  Haemorrhagia,  64 
sentinaria,   Leptomeris,   333 
separata,  Schinia,  227 
separates,  Hyloicus,  50 
septentrionalis,  Gluphisia,  300;  Porosagrotis, 

187 

sepulchralis,  Citheronia,  97;  Thyris,  374 
Sequoia,   52 

sequoias,  Hyloicus    52;  Vespamima,  384, 
serena,  Catocala,  267 
sericea,  Glaea,  218 
sericeiferata,  Paleacrita,  324 
serinaria,  Plagodis,  349 
serrata,    Euchlaena,    35°;   Trichopolia,    199 
serrataria,  Euchlaena,  350 
serriradiellus,  Scirpophaga,  402 
Sesia,  genus,  61,  379;  fadus,  tantalus,  titan 

62 

Sesiidae,  Family,  379 
Sesiinas,  Subfamily,  57 
sesquilinea,   Syssaura,   352 
sesquistriaris,  Agnomonia,  274 
Setagrotis,  genus;  terrifica,  181 
Setting-board,  20 
Setting-needle,    1 9 
severa,  Gluphisia,  300 
sevorsa,  Fenaria,  233 
sexatilis,   Euxoa,    1 90 
sexfasciata,  Synanthedon,  385 
sexmaculata,  Celama,  357 
sexpunctata,  Hyamia,  254 
sexsignata,  Litocala,  272 
sexta,  Protoparce,  45 

Shakespeare,  quoted,  94,  103,  356,  379,  423 
Sharp,  David,  quoted,  3,  17,  30 
shastaensis,  Apantesis,   131;  Pseudohazis,  93 
Sheep-moth,  Nuttall's,  93 
Siayana,  genus;  auripennis,  repanda,   273 
Sibine,  genus;  ephippiatus,  stimulea,   364 
siccaria,  Therina,  348 
Sicya,  genus;  macularia,  347 
Sideraria,  Eois,  336 
sigmaria,  Cymatophora,  340 
sigmoides,  Eueretagrotis,   179 
signata,   Dasylophia,    296;   Tricholita,   203 
signataria,  Melanolophia,  344 
signifera,  Laphygma,   174 
significans,  ^Emilia,  137 
significata,   Schizura,   299 
silago,  Xanthia,  214 
Silk -culture,  The  History  of,  316 
Silk -moth,    The    Ailanthus,    82;    Ceanothus, 

Columbian,   Glover's,   84;   Mendocino,   89; 

Orizaba,   82;    Spice-Bush,   84;    Tulip-tree, 

86;  Zephyr,  89 
simalis,  Cornifrons,  399 
similana,  Eucosma,  418 
similis,  Alypia,  143;  Catocala,  268 
simplaria,   Notodonta,    295;   Peridroma,    183 
simplex,    Autographa,    240;    Comacla,    107; 

Xylomiges,    197 
simulans,  Memythrus,  383 
singula,  Pseudanarta,   175 
sinualis,  Melipotis,  258 


Sister,  The  Little,  269 

Sisyrosea,  genus;  inornata,  textula,  366 

sitellata,  Gypsochroa,  332 

Six-plume  Moth,  The,  417 

Skeletonizer,  The  Apple-leaf,  411 

Skinner,  Henry,  ix 

slossoni,  Gluphisia,  300 

slossoniae,  Alarodia,  366 

Slug;   Monkey,   366;    Nason's,    366;    Pygmy. 

365;  Slosson's,  366,  Spiny  Oak-,  365 
Small  Angle  Shades,   172 
Smerinthus,    54 
Smith,  Herbert  H.,  20 
Smith,  John  B.,  viii,  29,  30,  32,  33,  34,  118, 

smithi,  Grammodes,  274 

Smythe,  Ellison,  63 

Snout-moth,  The  Meal,  400 

snoviaria,  Mellilla,  338 

snowi,  Melittia,  381 

sobria,  Calpe,  236;  Drasteria,  257;  Eois,  335; 

Nephelodes,   199 
socia,  Syneda,  259 
socors,  Caenurgia,  257 
Solanaceae,  45 
solanella,  Phthorimaea,  425 
Solenobia,  genus,  360 
solidaginis,   Rancora,   209 
Solidago,  101,  117,  126,  252,  418 
Solidago  Gall-moth,  The,  425 
solituda,  Gaea,  381 
Somites,  in  body  of  larvae,  6 
somnus,  Catocala,  263 

sordida,  Hyloicus,  49;  Phlyctaenodes,  395 
sordidata,  Hydriomena,  331 
sororius,  Hemileuca,  91 
Southey,  quoted,   77 
stellata,  Derrima,  224 
stellidaria,  Almodes,   354 
Stenaspilates,  genus;  zalissaria,  351 
Stenoma,  genus;  schlaegeri,  428 
Sthenopis,  genus;  alni,  argentata,  argenteo- 

maculata,      quadriguttattis,      semiauratus, 

443 

Stibadium,  genus;  spumosum,  234 
sticticalis,  Phlyctaenodes,  395 
stigma,  Anisota,   94 
stigmata,  Dryobota,  171 
stigmosa,  Feltia,  186 
stimulea,  Sibine,  364 
Stinging  Caterpillars,  90;  spines,  9 
Stiria,  genus;  rugifrons,  234 
stragula,  Hyperaeschra,  294 
Strawberry-borer,  The,  385 
Strawberry  Leaf -roller,  419 
Strecker,  Herman,  30,  52 
Strenoloma,  genus;  lunilinea,  147,  276 
Stretch,  R.  H.,  32,  35 
stretchi,  Catocala,  263;  Syneda,  260;  Utethe- 

Stretchia,  genus;  muricina,  205 

striata,  Illice,  109 

striatella,  Euchalcia,   237 

strigata,     Calophasia,      170;     Euclea,     36^; 

Eucalyptera,  244;  Rancora,  209 
strigataria,  Phigalia,  347 
strigicollis,  Mamestra,  195 
strigilis,  Pholus,  67 
strigosa,     Apantesis,     131;     Calidota,     139; 

Melalopha.  293 
strigularia,  Cosnocalpe,  332 
stygiaria,  Azelina,  352 
stylata,  Cerapoda,  177 
stylobata,  Campometra,  276 
Stylopoda,  genus;  cephalica,  229 
spadix,  Cissusa,  256 
Span-worm;  Goose-berry,  340;  Walnut,  345 


474 


Index 


Sparrows,  English,  325 

Spear-mark,  The,  329 

Specimens,  capture  of,  killing,  mounting,  19 

speciosa,  Apantesis,  131 

speciosata,  Hydriomena,  331 

spectanda,  Chloridea,  222 

spectans,  Apatela,  156 

Spectre,  The,  77 

Spencer,  Herbert,  quoted,  364 

sperataria,   Lycia,   345 

Spermacoce,   75 

speyeri,  Cucullia,  208 

Sphacelodes,    genus;    floridensis,    vulnerana, 

Sphacelodinae,  Subfamily,  354 
Sphecodina,  genus,  70;  abbotti,  70 
Sphida,  genus;  obliqua,  obliquata,  211 
Sphingidae,  12,  25,  30,  41 
Sphinx,  genus,    54;   astarte,   55 ;  cerisyi,   54; 

geminatus,   jamaicensis,    55;   ocellata,    54; 

ophthalmica,   pallidulus,   saliceti,   triparti- 

Sphinx,  Abbot's,  70;  Abbot's  Pine,  53; 
Achemon,  66;  Alope,  58;  Ash,  46;  Azalea, 
68;  Bear,  71;  Big  Poplar,  57;  Blinded, 
56;  Bpmbyx,  53;  Catalpa,  48;  Cerisy's,  54; 
Chersis,  50;  Clark's  Day-,  73;  Colorado, 
52;  Cramer's,  59;  Cypress,  48;  Domingo, 
59;  Ello,  58;  Euterpe,  74;  Fig,  60;  Four- 
horned,  47;  Galium,  76;  Gaudy,  67;  Gaura, 
72;  Giant  Gray,  57;  Gprdian,  51;  Grote's, 
61;  Hermit,  Hermit-like,  49;  Hog,  68; 
Huckleberry,  56;  Hydrangea,  69;  Laurel, 
51;  Lesser  Vine,  67;  Lettered,  71;  Lintner's. 
51;  Lintner's  Pine,  53;  Madame  Merian's, 
58;  Mourning,  61;  Nessus,  72;  Neumcegen's, 
50;  Obscure,  59;  Occult,  45;  CEnotrus,  59; 
Papaw,  46;  Phaeton,  74;  Pine,  52;  Pluto, 
75;  Rustic,  45;  Satellite,  65;  Sequoia,  52; 
Silver-spotted,  60;  Small-eyed,  56; 
73;  Striped  Morning,  76; 

.„;  Tomato,  45;  Twin-spot,  55; 

Vancouver,  50;  Vine,  67;  Walnut,  75; 
Waved,  48;  Western  Poplar,  57;  White- 
banded  Day-,  62;  Wild  Cherry,  52;  Yellow- 
banded  Day-,  73 

spilomela,  Caradrina,   165 

Spinneret,  7 

spinosae,  Eupanychis,  226 

spinuloides,  Adoneta,  365 

Spiraea,  237,  366 

spissa,  Euxoa,   189 

"Splitters"  and  "Lumpers,"  112 

Sport,  The,   152 

Spots  on  wings  of  noctuid  moth,  18 

spraguei,  Pygarctia,  136;  Schinia,  228 

Spragueia,  genus;  dama,  guttata,  onagrus, 
plumbifimbriata,  trifariana,  252 

spumosum,  Stibadium,  234 

spuraria,  Leptomeris,  333 

Spurs,  tibial,  14,  15 

sputatrix,  Hadena,  168 

squamigera,  Almodes,  354 

s-signata,  Macaria,  339 

subaequaria,  Apaecasia,  342 

subalbicans,  Heterpcampa,  257 

subapicalis,  Xylomiges,  197 

subatomaria,  Paraphia,  343 

subcedens,  Hadena,  167 

subcinctaria,  Macaria,  339 

subcitrina,  Megalppyge,  369 

subcolumbata,  Sciagraphia,  339 

subdolens,  Nephelodes,  199 

subflava,  Nonagria,  211 

subgothica,  Feltia,  186 

sutyecta,  Illice,  109 

subjectalis,  Pyrausta,  397 


Strecker's, 
Tersa, 


subiuncta,    Hadenella,    162;   Mamestra,    193 

sublunaria,  Cleora,   344 

submarina,  Scotogramma,  198 

subnata,  Catocala,  266 

subolivalis,  Pyrausta,  398 

subornata,  Hypoprepia,  106 

subpartita,  Galgula,  247 

subprivata,  Plagpdis,  349 

subpunctata,  Heliophila,  201 

Subregions,  Faunal,  387 

subsequalis,   Pyrausta,  398 

subsignarius,  Ennomps,  348 

subsinuaria,  Hyperitis,  349 

substrigata,  Noctua,  184 

Subterminal  line,   18 

subusta,  Atethmia,  220 

subviridis,  Catocala,  261 

successaria,  Cymatophora,  341;  Haematopsis, 

332 

Sudraka,  quoted,  269 
sueta,  Mehcleptria,  230 
suffusa,  Agrotis,  182;  Mamestra,  192 
suffusalis,  Pantographa,  393 
Sugar-beet  Moth,  The,  395 
Sugar-cane,  403 
Sugaring  for  moths,  146 
sulphuraria,  Alcis,  343 
sulphurata,  Sabulodes,  353 
superans,  Apatela,   156 
superaria,  Caberpdes,  352 
suppressaria,  Eois,  335 
surrectalis,  Epizeuxis,  280 
sutrix,  Tornacontia,   250 
Sweetheart,   The,   263 
Swift,  quoted,   370) 

Swordgrass ;  American,   Dot  and   Dash,    208 
Sylectra,  genus;  erycata,  254 
sylvaticpides,  Malacosoma,  313 
Symmerista,  genus;  albifrons,  296 
Sympherta,  genus;  tripunctaria,  342 
Symphoricarpus,  62,  63 
Sympistis,  genus;  proprius,  229 
Synanthedon,  genus;  acericolum,  acerni,  386; 

aemula,     albicornis,     387;     aureola,     385; 

aureopurpurea,     387;     bassiformis,     bolli, 

brunneipennis,   consimilis,   eupatorii,    385; 

gallivorum,    387;   hemizonae,    385;   hospes, 

387;  hyperici,  imitata,  imprppria,  infirma, 

383;  inusitata,   386;  kcebelei,   387;  lupini, 

lustrans,    madariae,     385;    mpdesta,     387; 

neglecta,     perplexa,     385;    pictipes,     386; 

proxima,  pyri,  387;  rileyana,  rutilans,  385; 

scitula,      387;      sexfasciata,      tipuliformis, 

washingtonia,  385 

Synchlora,  genus;  liquoraria,  tricoloraria,  336 
Syneda,     genus;     adumbrata,     alleni,     259; 

athabasca,  260;  capticola,  divergens,  259; 

edwardsi,    260;    graphica,    259;   howlandi, 

hudsonica,  260;  saxea,  socia,  259;  stretchi, 

260 
Synelys,      genus;      alabastaria,     ennucleata, 

reconditaria,  333 

Syngrapha,  genus;  alticola,  devergens,  diver- 
gens,  hochenwarthi,  240 
synochitis,  Eustrotia,  247  _ 
Syntomeida,   genus;   epilais,   euterpe,   ferox, 

ipomeae,  99 
Syntomidae,  24,  31,  98 
syracosia,  ^Emilia,   137 
Syringa,   382 
synngae,  Podosesia,  382 
syringicola,  Phlyctaenia,  397 
Syssaura,  genus;  aequosus,  biclaria,  ephyrata, 

infensata,  juniperaria,  cemearia,  olyzonaria, 

puber,  sesquihnea,  varus,  352 
Syssphinx,    genus,    96;    albolineata,    heilig- 

brodti,  raspa,  White-lined,  96 


471 


Index 


Sysyrhypena,  genus;  harti,  orciferalis,  pupil- 
laris,   282 


tebacella,  Phthorimaea,  425 

tactus,  Homopyralis,  256 

tasdata,  Pseudoglaea,   216 

talidiformis,  Crambodes,  163 

tantalus,  Sesia,  42,  61,  62 

tapayusa,  Cocytius,  44 

tapetzella,  Trichophaga,  434 

Tapinostola,  genus;  variana,  216 

Tarache,    genus;    aprica,    binocula,    delecta, 

erastrioides,  flavipennis,  lactipennis,  lanceo- 

lata,  libedis,  metallica,  sedata,  terminima- 

cula,  virginalis,  251 
tardigrada,  Euclea,  365 
Tarsius  spectrum,  77 
Tarsus,    14,    15 
Taylor,  J.,  quoted,  322 
tearli,  Bombycia,  304 
Tecoma,  40,  401 
tecomae,  Salobrana,  401 
tecta,  Amyna,  242;  Orthodes,  203 
Telea,   genus,    87;   fenestra,   oculea,   paphia, 

polyphemus,   87 
telifera,  Agrotis,  182 
teligera,  Mamestra,  195 
telum,  Apatela,  155 
tenebrifera,   Semiophora,    1 80 
tenebrosata,  Cymatophora,  341 
tenera,  Pareuchaetes,  134 
Tennyson,  Alfred,  quoted,   22,  445 
tenuifascia,  Illice,  109;  Oncocnemis,  176 
tenuimargo,  Ptych9glene,  no 
tenuis,  Haemorrhagia,  63;  Isogona,  256 
tepida,  Xylina,  207 
tephra,  Olene,  308 
Tephroclystis,   genus,    327;    absinthiata,    ab- 

synthiata,  coagulata,   elongata,   geminata, 

minutata,  notata,  328 
teratophora,  Jaspidia,  160 
terlooi,  Arctonotus,   71 
Terminal  lunules,  18 

terminalis,  Pygoctenucha,  1 1 1 ;  Utetheisa,  1 1 7 
terminimacula,  Tarache,  251 
terraria,  Almodes,  354 
terrella,  Phthorimaea,  425 
terrifica,  Setagrotis,  181 
tersa,  Xylophanes,  75 
tertia,  Schinia, 
tertial: 
tessella 

tessellata,  Euxc ... 
testacea,  Tortricidia,  368 
Tetanqlita,  genus,   283;  mynesalis,   284 
Tetracis,  genus;  allediusaria,  aspilata,  crocal- 

lata,   353 

tetradactylus,  Phobetron,  366 
tetragonalis,  Phlyctaenodes,  395 
tetraspilaris,  Cochlidion,  367 
tetrio,  Pseudosphinx,  57 
texana,      Comacla,      107;      Harrisina,      372; 

Horama,   100;   Parora,   255;  Remigia,   274 
textor,   Hyphantria,    124 
textula,   Sisyrosea,   366 
thalialis,  Noctuelia,  399 
Thalpochares,  genus;  sstheria,   249 
thaxteri,  Xylina,  207 
thecata,  Himella,  204 
theodori,  Polia,  171 
Therasea,  genus;  flavicosta,  251 
Therina,  genus,   347;   sequaliaria,   athasiaria, 

bibularia,  348;  endropiaria,  347;  fervidaria, 

fiscellaria,    flagitaria,    invexata,    panisaria, 

pultaria,  sciata,  seminudaria,  seminudata, 

siccaria,  348 


i,  Schinia,  228 

ilis,  Phlyctasnia,  397 

llaris,  Halisidota,  137 


thesealis,  Pyrausta,  397 

thetis,  Haemorrhagia,  64;  Daritis,  289 

Thomas,  Edith  M.,  quoted,  358 

Thomson,  James,  quoted,  331,  390 

thoracica,   Malacosoma,   313 

thoracicoides,   Malacosoma,   313 

thorates,   Xylophanes,   75 

Thorax,  14,  18 

thoreaui,  Schinia,  228 

thraxalis,  Renia,   283 

Thyatiridae,  Family,  25,  34,  303 

thyatiroides,    Eosphoropteryx,    237;    Dosylo- 

phia,    296 

Thyreion,  genus;  rosea,   222 
Thyrididae,  Family,  24,  35,  374 
Thyridopteryx,    genus;    coniferarum,    ephe- 

merasformis,  361 
Thyris,  genus;  lugubris,  maculata,  Mournful, 

nevadae,   perspicua,   sepulchralis,    Spotted, 
^,374    . 

Thysama,  genus;  zenobia,   279 
thysbe,  Hasmorrhagia,  62 
Tibia,  14,  is 
Tiger,    78 
Tiger-moths,  115;  Aulaean,  124;  Banded,  132; 

Bean's,    126;    Blake's,    131;    Brtice's,    126; 

Eyed,     120;    Figured,     132;    Great,     134; 

Intermediate,  129;  Isabella,  125;  Labrador, 

Little    Virgin,     131;    Many-spotted,     121; 

Mexican,    131;   Nevada,    131;  Ornate,    130, 

Phyllira,     132;    Ranchman's,     128;    Ruby, 

126;     Small,      134;     St.     Lawrence,      128; 

Straight-lined,  129;  Virgin,  129;  Virginian, 

Vestal,  127;  Williams',  132;  Yarrow's,  127; 

Zuni,   124 

triangulatum,  Eustroma,  329 
triangulifer,  Cirrhophanus,  234 
tigris,  Diastema,  241 
Tilia,  300 

tiliaria,  Erannis,  347 
timais,  Xanthopastis,   231 
tinctaria,  Cleora,  344 
Tinea,  genus;  clubiella,  flavescentella,  grise- 

ella,  merdella,  pellionella,  433 
Tineidae,  Family,  6,  25,  26,  37,  430 
Tineola,  genus;  biselliella,  bisselliella,  crinella 

destructor,  lanariella,  432 
tipuliformis,  Synanthedon,  385 
titan,  Sesia,  62 

Titanio,  genus;  proximalis,  396 
titea,  Phigalia,  347 
titearia,  Phigalia,  347 
titubatis,  Euxoa,   189 
togata,  Orthodes,  203;  Xanthia,  214 
Tolype,  genus;  velleda,  312 
Topsell,     "Histqrie     of     Serpents,"     quoted, 

114;    "Historic    of    Four-footed    Beasts," 

quoted,   357 

toreuta,  Bomolocha,   286 
Tornacontia,  genus;  sutrix,  250 
torrefacta,   Apatelodes,    292 
Tortricidae,  Family,   2;.,  25,  37,  417 
Tortricidia.  genus;  caesonia,  flexuosa,   testa- 
cea, 368 

Tortrix,  genus;  albicomana,  423 
tortuosa,   Hyperasschra,   294 
Tosale,    genus;    anthoecioides,    nobilis,    ovi- 

plagalis,  402 

Toxocampa,  genus;  victoria,  273 
trabalis,  Yuma,  407 
trabea,    Polychrysia,    236 
Trachea,  genus;  delicata,  172 
Tragedy  of  the  Night-moth,  209 
tragopoginis,  Pyrophila,  173 
Trama,  genus;  arrosa,  detrahens,  276 
tranquila,  Zotheca,   219 
transducens,  Abbotana,  353 


476 


Index 


transferens,  Abbotana,  353 

transfindens.  Sabulodes,  353 

transfrons,  Hadena,  166 

translucida,  Hemihyalea,  138 

transmontana,  Arctia,  134 

transmutans,  Sabulodes,  353 

transposita,  Sabulodes,  353 

transversata,  Ellida,  300;  Sabulodes,  353 

Transverse,  anterior  line,   18;  posterior  line, 

18 

trentonalis,  Herculia,  401 
Trichoclea,  genus;  antica,   199 
Trichocosmia,  genus;  inornata,   220 
Tricholita,    genus;    semiaperta,    signata,    205 
Trichophaga,  genus;  tapetzella,  434 
rrichopolia,  genus;  serrata,  199 
Trichosellus,  genus;  crotchi,  cupes,   226 
Trichotarache,  genus;  assimilis,  246 
tricinctus,  Memythrus,  382 
tricolor,    Cerathosia,     253;     Hemileuca,     93; 

Hypoprepia,  106;  Kodiosoma,  133 
tricoloraria,  Synchlpra,  336 
trifariana,  Spragueia,  252 
trifascia,  Schinia,  227 
trifolii,  Mamestra,   193 
trigona,  Bertholdia,  140 
Trigonophora,     genus;     periculosa,     v-brun- 

neum,  215 

triguttaria,  Heterophleps,  327 
trilinearia,  Metanema,  351;  Platea,  343 
trilineata,   Gluphisia,   300 
trimaculata,  Alypiodes,   145;  Euerythra.   120 
trinotata,  Celama,  357 
Triocnemis,  genus;  saporis,  225 
tripars,  Porosagrotis,   187 
tripartita,   Dasylophia,   296 
tripartitus,  Sphinx,  55 
Triphosa,  genus;   dubitata,  indubitata,  pro- 

gressata,   331 

tnphpunctana,  Paraphia,  343 
Triprocris,    genus,    371;    cqnstans,    latercula, 

372;  rata,  371;  smithsonianus,  372 
Tripsacum  dactyloides,  405 
Tripudia,  genus;  opipara,  250 
tripunctaria,  Sympherta,  342 
triquetrana,   Celama,   357 
trisectus,  Crambus,  403 
tristis,  Catocala,   262 
Tristyla,  genus;  alboplagiata,  220 
triumphalis,    Phlyctaenodes,   395 


, 

Trochanter,   14,  15 
truncataria,  Epelis,  337 


truncatula,   Fruva,   252 

truxaliata,  Sabulodes,  353 

Tubercles,  larval,  8 

Tuerta,   genus;    noctuiformis,    sabulosa,    143 

tumida,  Pseudanthoecia,  228 

tunicana,  Epagoge,  421 

turbans,  Apantesis,   131 

turbatellus,  Crambus,  402 

turbida,  Heterocampa,   297 

turbitella,   Zophodia,   411 

turbulenta,  Hadena.  167 

Turkeys,  Shooting  wild,  148 

turns,   Euxoa,    190 

Turuptiana,    genus;    caeca,   permaculata,    re- 

ducta,  121 
Typha  latifolia,  211 
typhon,  Pholus,  65 
typica,  Pronoctua,   185 
tyralis,  Pyrausta,  398 


u-brevis,  Autographa,  238 
Ufeus,  genus;  barometricus,  plicatus,  satyri- 
cus,   191 


ulmi,  Apatela,  155;  Ceratomia,  47;  Hetero- 
campa, 297 

Ulolonche,  genus;  modesta,  198 

Ulosyneda,  genus;  valens,  257 

ultronia,  Catocala,  265 

umbellana,  Depressaria,  428 

umbellella,  Depressaria,  428 

umbra,   Pyrrhia,    214 

umbrata,  Clemensia,  108;  Heterocampa,  297 

umbrifascia,  Hyamia,   254 

uncanaria,  Platea,  342 

Underwings,  The,  260;  Agrippina,  260; 
Aholibah,  265;  Amasia,  268;  American 
Copper,  173;  Andromache,  267;  Angus', 
262;  Augusta,  264;  Babayaga,  263;  Badia, 
267;  Bianca,  262;  Briseis,  264;  California, 
263;  Carrie's,  261;  Celia,  265;  Cleopatra, 
263;  Clouded,  266;  Darling,  263;  Dejected. 
261;  Delilah,  Desdemona,  267;  Epione, 
260;  Evelina,  Faintly  Green,  261;  Faustina, 
264;  Glittering,  266;  Gloomy,  262;  Graceful, 
269;  Grote's,  264;  Hawthorn,  268;  Hermia, 
264;  Hinda,  266;  Ilia,  265;  Inconsolable, 
Judith,  262;  Little,  269;  Luciana,  26^; 
Magdalen,  267;  Marbled,  263;  Meske's, 
264;  Mopsa,  265;  Mother,  264;  Mourning, 
Obscure,  262;  Old-Maid,  268;  Oldwife,  266; 
Olivia,  269;  Once-married,  264;  Paulina, 
261;  Phalanga,  266;  Pure,  264;  Robinson's, 
262;  Rosalind,  264;  Sappho,  260;  Scarlet, 
265;  Serene,  267;  Sleepy,  Stretch's,  263; 
Tearful,  261;  Ultronia,  Yen-ill's,  265; 
Wayward,  267;  Widow,  Widowed,  261; 
Whitney's,  268;  Yellow-banded,  266; 
Yellow -gray,  262;  Youthful,  366 

undatifascia,  Pachylia,  60 

undifera,  Prolimacodes,  367 

undosus,  Cossus,  377 

undularis,  Ypsia,   278 

undulata,  Hydria,  329 

undulosa,  Ceratomia,  48 

Ungues,   14,   15 

unica,  Gonodonta,    236 

unicolor,  Eudule,  327;  Misogada  297; 
Noctua,  184 

unicornis,  Schizura,   298 

unifascia,  Illice,  109 

unifascialis,  Pyrausta,  397 

uniformis,  Cratnbidia,  104;  Haematomis,  107, 
Hasmorrhagia,  63 

unijuga,  Catocala,  264 

unilineata,  Homoptera,  278 

unimacula,   Pyrausta,   398 

unimoda,  Xylina,  207 

unio,  Euthisanqtia,   232 

unipuncta,  Heliophila,  200;  Leucania,  175; 
Paraphia,  343 

unipunctata,  Paraphia,  343 

urentis,  Abrostola,   240 

uroceriformis,  Sannina,  382 

ursina,  Lathosea,   209 

Utahensis,  Arctia,   134 

Utetheisa,  genus,  114;  The  Beautiful,  The 
Ornamented,  bella,  hybrida,  intermedia 
ornatrix,  pura,  stretchi,  terminalis,  117 

uxor,  Catocala,  265 

V 

vaccinii,  Autographa,  239 
vacciniivorana,  Alceris,  421 
Vaccinium,  56 
vagans,  Diacrisia,  128 
valens,  Ulosyneda,   257 
Valeria,  genus;  opina,   172 
vancouverensis,   Feltia,    186;  Hyloicus,   50 
vanella,  Pseudotamila,  229 


477 


Index 


varadaria,  Caberodes,  352 

varia,    Automeris,    89,    Heterocarapa,    297; 

Oligia,    165 

variabilis,   Pseudorthosia,   216 
variana,  Tapinostola,  216 
variolana,  Alceris,  421 
variolaria,  Deilinea,  338 
varus,  Syssaura,  352 
vashti,  Hyloicus,  50 
vau,  Melalopha,  293 
v-brunneum,  Trigonophora,   215 
vecors,  Orthodes,  203;  Perigea,  165 
vega,   Pogocolon,   73 
vegeta,   Cissusa,    256 

velata,    Orthodes,    203;    Rhynchagrotis,    178 
velleda,  Tolype,  312 
velleripennis,  Euxoa,   188 
vellifera,  Bomolocha,  286 
Venation  of  wings,  16 
venerabilis,  Feltia,   186 
venezuelensis,   Pachylia,   60 
venosa,  Ctenucha,  101 
ventilator,  Marasmalus,  242 
venus,  Hyparpax,  299 
Venusia,   genus;   cambrica,   comptana,   con- 

densata,     duodecimlineata,     inclinata,     in- 

clinataria,  perlineata,  328 
venusta,    Euchalcia,    237;    Hyparpax,    299 
verbascoides,  Hadena,  169 
Verbena,    163 

vermiculata,  Gnophaela,  290 
vernata,  Euclea,  365;  Nyctobia,  324;  Palea- 

crita,  324 

verrilliana,  Catocala,  265 
verruca,  Autographa,  238     . 
versicolor,  JDarapsa,  69 
versuta,  Hadena,  167;  Pseudorgyia,  245 
verticalis,  Euxoa,  189 
vesca,  Galgula,  247 

Vespamima,    genus;    pmorum,    sequoias,    384 
vespiformis,  .digeria,  383 
vesta,  Philosamia,  82 
vestaliata,  Orthofidonia,  337 
vestalis,  Hapk>a,  118;  Maenas,  127 
vestitaria,  Ania,   349 
vesulia,  Oxydia,  352 
vetusta,   Hemerocampa,    306;    Porosagrotis, 

187 

viatica,  Glaea,  218;  Orthofidonia,  337 
Viburnum,  62,  63 
vicaria,  Noctua,  184 
vicariana,  Archips,  422 
vicina,  Mamestra,  195 
victoria,  Toxocampa,  273 
videns,  Platysenta,   163 
vidua,  Catocala,  261 
viduata,  Catocala,  261 
vinculum,   Phurys,   275 
vinela,   Hadena,    170 
vinnula,  Apatela,  156 
vinesaria,   Euchlaena,   350 
violacea,  Hadena,  167 
violans,  Nephelodes,  199 
viralis,  Hadena,  168 
virescens,  Chloridea,  222 
virgata,  lanassa,  298 
virginalis,  Platyprepia,  128;  Tarache,  251 
virginaria,  Epimecis,  344 
virginica,  Ctenucha,  102;  Diacrisia,  127 
virginiensis,  Anisota,  94,  95 
virgo,  Apantesis,  129 
virguncula,  Apantesis,  131 
viridans,  Homoptera,  278 
virjdescens,  Psaphidia,  177 
viridiclava,  Euclea,  365 
viridiSj  Euclea,  365 
viridisignata,  Autographa,  239 


vmdoperlata,  Metrocampa,  348 

viridula,  Zotheca,  219 

Vitaceae,  61,  65,  70 

vitis,  Pholus,  67 

vittata,  Apantesis,    132;   Hypoprepia,   106 

vivida,   Pygarctia,   136 

volubilis,   Feltia,    186 

volupia,  Rhododipsa,   225 

voluta,  Adoneta,  365 

vomerina,  Morrisonia,   196 

votiva,  Pygoctenucha,  1 1 1 

v-signatana,  Archips,  422 

vulneraria,  Sphacelodes,  354 

vulnifica,  Bellura,  211 

vultuosa,  Hadena,  168 

W 

Wainscot;  Comma,  203;  Dark-winged, 
False,  201;  Heterodox,  202;  Lesser,  201; 
Many-lined,  202;  White-lined,  201 

wakarusa,  Yponomeuta,  423 

Walker,  Francis,  27,  30 

walkeri,    Philosamia,    82;    Scopelosoma,    218 

Walking  as  a  Fine  Art,  270 

Walnut  Case-bearer,  The,  408 

Walnut  Span-worm,  The,  345 

Walshia,  genus;  amorphella,  430 

Walsingham,  Lord,  37,  38 

walsinghami,  Ctenucha,   102 

Walton,  Izaak,  quoted,  374 

washingtonia,  Synanthedon,  385 

washingtoniana,  Xylina,  207 

Wasp-moth;  Double-tufted,  99;  Edwards', 
100;  Lesser,  99;  Polka-dot,  99;  Scarlet- 
bodied,  98;  Texan,  100;  Yellow-banded,  99 

Web- worm,  The  Parsnip,  428 

Westwood,  J.  O.,  35,  370,  428 

whitneyi,  Catocala,   268 

Whittier,  J.  G.,  quoted,  292    320 

Wife,  The,  265 

williamsi,  Apantesis,   132 

wilsoni,  Ciris,  233 

Wings,  structure  of,  p.  15 

wiskotti,  Arctia,  134 

Wittfeldi,  Alypia,  143,  144 

Wood,  Rev.  J.  G.,  quoted,  360 

woodi,  Homoptera,  278 

Woodling,  Beautiful,  Brown,  Fletcher's 
Grieving  Hardened,  Oregon,  Simple,  197 

Wood-nympn,  Beautiful,  Pearly,   232 

Woolly  bears,   115,  125 

Wordsworth,  quoted,  415 

worthingtoni,  Porosagrotis,  187 

wrighti,  Gluphisia,  300;  Scepsis,  101 


Xanthia,  genus;  flavago,  silago,  togata,  214 

xanthioides,   Perigea,   165 

xanthometata,  Mellilla,  338 

Xanthopastis,  genus;  regnatrix,  timais,   231 

Xanthoptera,  genus;  nigrofimbria,  248; 
semiflava,  249 

Xanthothrix,  genus;  neumosgeni,  231 

Xanthotype,  genus;  caelaria,  citrina,  cro- 
cataria,  349 

xiphiseformis,  Sanninoidea,  384 

Xylina,  genus;  antennata,  206;  baileyi,  207; 
cinerea,  disposita,  206;  innominata,  latici- 
nerea,  207;  petulca,  206;  pexata,  tepida, 
thaxteri,  unimoda,  washingtoniana,  207 

xylina,  Alabama,  243 

xylinoides,  Hyppa,   171 

Xylomiges,  genus;  cognata,  crucialis,  dolosa 
fletcheri,  indurata,  patalis,  perlubens 
pulchella,  simplex,  subapicalis,  197 


478 


Index 


Xylophanes,   genus,    75;   boerhaviae,   croesus 

eson,  pluto,  tersa,  thorates,  75 
Xylorictidge.  Family,  26,  428 


Yarrowi,  Phragmatobia,  127 

yavapai,  Hemileuca,  92 

y-inversa,   Cochlidion,   367;  Prodoxu§,   439, 

yosemitre,  Fishea,  170  *,      j»  ^ 

Yponomeuta,     genus;     euonyniellfl|HlB- 

punctella,  orbimaculella,   ordinafellus,    \va- 

karusa,  423 

Yponomeutidae,  Family,  26,  38,  423 
Ypsia,  genus;  undularis,  278 
ypsilon,  Agrotis,   140,  182 
Yrias,  genus;  clientis,  repentis,  277 
Yucca,    437;   angustifolia,   filamentosa,    442; 

whipplei,  440,  442 
Yucca-moth,  441 
yuccasella,  Pronuba 
Yuma,  genus;  adulatalis,  trabalis,  407 


Zale,  genus;  horrida,  277 

zalissaria,  Stenaspilates,  351 

Zanclognatha,     genus;     laevigata,     lituralis, 

minimalis,  ochreipennis,  protumnusalis,  281 
zeae,  Achatodes,  212;  Plodia,  415 
zelatella,  Mineola,  409 
Zfller.  P.  C.,  37 
,zelleri,  Automeris,  89 
zenobia,   Thysania,   279 
zephyria,  Automeris,  89 
Zexizera,    genus;    sesculi,    decipiens,    hiiaris 

hypocastrina,  pyrina,  376 
Zinckenia,     genus;     albifascialis,     angustalis, 

diffascialis,  fascialis,  recurvalis,  392 
zonata,  Homopyralis,  256 
Zophodia,  genus;  grossulariae,  turbitella,  411 
Zosteropoda.  genus;  hirtipes,  203 
Zotheca,  genus;  sambuci,  tranquila,  viridula 

219 

zuni,  Arachnis,  124 
Zygaenidae,  Family,  25,  35,  233,  371 


479 


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